Psychology Chapter 6

In general, infant fear first emerges at ___ months and peaks at about ___ months.

1. 6 2. 18

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

1. 7-year-old harry, who is embarrassed 2. 4-year-old sam, who feels shame

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?

1. East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-latino white infants 2. non-latino white mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed 3. Japanese parents try to prevent their children form experiencing negative emotions

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?

1. ability to distract oneself 2. waiting longer to express anger

A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following?

1. age-appropriate 2. a safe environment 3. age-appropriate activities

Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) ___ cry, and a(n) ___ cry.

1. anger 2. pain

Identify the major criticisms of attachment theory.

1. culture plays a role in socialization in infants environment 2. it assumes that there is a critical sensitive period of development in infants 3. there are biological factors that play a role in temperament

According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project?

1. fathers were more sensitive and involved 2. mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include?

1. fear 2. frustration 3. sadness 4. discomfort

Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important.

1. feeding 2. contact comfort

Which of the following statements are true in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys?

1. feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process 2. contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process

Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following?

1. gaze following 2. joint attention

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

1. goodness of fit influences 2. cultural influences

An inhibited temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes:

1. high and stable hear rate 2. high level of the hormone cortisol 3. high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain

The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.)

1. interviews 2. questionnaires 3. trained observers

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

1. it begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age 2. it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply.)

1. it begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age 2. it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

1. low activity level 2. low intensity of mood 3. somewhat negative affect

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?

1. neglect 2. abuse

According to the most current and common view among developmentalists, when should the soothing of infants by their caregivers occur?

1. occur regularly, because an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life 2. occur regularly, because it fosters a sense of trust and secure attachment

Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description.

1. phase 1: birth to 2 months : children instinctively direct attachment to human figures 2. phase 2: 2 to 7 months : attachment becomes focused on one figure 3. phase 3: 7 to 24 months : specific attachments develop 4. phase 4 : 24 months on : children become aware of others feelings, goals, and plans

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ___ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ___ emotions.

1. positive 2. negative

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?

1. reciprocal 2. synchronous

Which of the following are research-based recommendations in regard to rearing children with different types of temperament?

1. recognize individuality 2. avoid labeling 3. be flexible

Which of the following recommendations are strategies advocated by child-care experts?

1. recognize that quality of parenting is a key factor in child development 2. critically evaluate child-care situations for quality 3. monitor your child's behavior

A(n) ___ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) ___ smile does.

1. reflexive 2. social

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description.

1. secure : sensitive, consistent 2. avoidant : unavailable, rejecting, irritable 3. resistant : inconsistent unaffectionate 4. disorganized : neglectful, abusive

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

1. slow-to-warm-up 2. difficult 3. easy

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?

1. smiles 2. cries

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include?

1. smiling 2. approach 3. pleasure 4. activity

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which of the following factors?

1. the brain 2. mother-infant attachment 3. hormones

Which of the following are types of infant cries?

1. the pain cry 2. the basic cry 3. the anger cry

John Watson was a behaviorist who argued that parents spend ______ time responding to infant crying and thus ______ its occurrence.

1. too much 2. increase

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?

1. women improved family task management 2. men became more concerned with intimacy 3. couples reported have a more stable couple identity 4. women more closely attended to their own personal growth

In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?

12%

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______.

13 to 25 months

In 1992, the European Union mandated a

14-week paid maternity leave

In the United States today about ____% of children aged 5 and under have been in more than one child care arrangement.

15

At what age do some infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique?

15 to 18 months

According to one survey, by 2012 the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be

2 million

By the time they are ______, most children recognize themselves in a mirror.

2 years old

The NICHD longitudinal study found that results were less optimal when children spent more than ______ in child care.

30 hours per week

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth

Which of the following parents is following recommended strategies regarding child care?

Christa, who observes her child's behavior for changes or needs

Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project?

It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.

Which behaviorist argued that parents spend too much time soothing infants and thus reinforce infant crying?

John Watson

A study of 2 and 3-year-old children showed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to

an increase in behavioral problems

The term stranger ___ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

Criticisms of ___ theory include the role that culture and biological factors have on infant's temperament.

attachment

Most developmentalists support the view that parents should soothe a crying infant in order to help the infant develop a sense of trust and secure ___

attachment

One of the main areas of focus in developmental social neuroscience is mother-infant bond, which is also called mother-infant ___

attachment

The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as ___

attachment

What is the close emotional bond between two people called?

attachment

The more advanced social cognitive skills of infants likely influence their understanding and awareness of

attachment to a caregiver

Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

he is a securely attached baby

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

he is an insecure avoidant baby

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?

he is an insecure resistant baby

Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.

high-quality

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.

imitative and reciprocal

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs

in the first year of life

According to Erikson's theory, three year old Gannon is determined to get his own juice from the refrigerator. This is a sign of Gannon striving for ___

independence

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of

independence

According to Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment

influences the child' subsequent responses to other people

A(n) ______ temperament is associated with a high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

inhibited

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ___

inhibition

Little baby Nancy is shy around new people and is quiet, but she has no trouble self-soothing. Her temperament could be described as

introverted with high effortful control

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

it appears at about 6 months of age

Which of the following statements about attachment security in infancy is true?

it does not always by itself produce long-term positive outcomes later in life

What is one of the main criticisms of the Strange Situation?

it may be culturally biased

A research study was performed in which six-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & Carrington, 2002). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted ___ . This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.

jealousy

A research study was performed in which six-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & Carrington, 2002). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted ___. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.

jealousy

When the caregiver and infant are able to focus on the same object it is called

joint attention

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

kagan

Young Marco is almost two years old. Whenever his mother goes away, he says to his babysitter, "Mommy gone, Mommy gone." This is an example of how toddlers can use ___ to define their feelings and what is upsetting them.

language

______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.

locomotion

In 1991 the NICHD conducted a comprehensive

longitudinal study of child care

In order to test visual self-recognition, researchers put a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and determine how often the infant touches its nose after being placed in front of a ___

mirror

Researchers have discovered that infants are

more socially sophisticated than previously thought

According to the NICHD longitudinal study of child-care experiences, which of the following statements is TRUE?

mothers with higher incomes placed their infants in child care at an earlier age

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.

multiple

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ___ ___ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.

negative affectivity

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?

one-third of the couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ___ (emotionality/physiology) that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology

Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?

poor-quality child care

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative

The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of ___ emotions.

primary

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ___ socialization.

reciprocal

Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of

reciprocal socialization

Social ______ involves the processing of emotional cues to determine how to act in a particular situation.

referencing

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ___ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age.

risk taking and impulsivity

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

role

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?

rothbart and bates

An important form of reciprocal socialization is ___ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

scaffolding

___ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.

securely

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

self-conscious emotions

After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of

self-recognition

The term ___ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

seperation

Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

slow-to-warm-up

One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of ___ ___

social referencing

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ___

socialization

Ainsworth created the ___ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

strange

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.

subsystems

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.

temperament

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to ___

temperament

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the ___ of a person's personality.

temperament

Kagan believes that ___ has both physiological and experiential bases. (Watch your spelling!)

temperament

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. What does this illustrate?

the concept of goodness of fit

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ___

traits

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as

transactional

True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.

true

True or false: According to the NICHD research findings, mothers who believed that maternal employment had positive effects on children were more likely than other mothers to place their infants in nonmaternal care for more hours.

true

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

true

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

true

True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's emotions.

true

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.

trust

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ___ model of attachment.

working

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old.

yelled at their infant

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds?

diverting the infant's attention

Attachment security in infancy ______ predict(s) positive outcomes in later life.

does not always

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an

emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions

___ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture

Insecure avoidant babies

engage in little interaction with the caregiver

According to Rothbart and Bates, approach, pleasure, activity, and laughter are all in the temperament classification of

extraversion/surgency

Baby Farooq enjoys meeting new people and is mostly happy, but he has trouble self-soothing. His temperament could be described as

extraverted, with low effortful control

True or false: According to Bowlby, infant attachment develops from a specific attachment to a more generalized attachment.

false

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

false

True or false: One surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality.

false

Who is more likely to bounce infants, toss them in the air, or tickle them?

fathers

Melissa is extremely shy. Her parents don't understand that social situations are very stressful for her, and they often place her in new situations without adequate support. Melissa is at risk for adjustment problems due to lack of ___ of fit.

goodness

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be unlikely to experience?

guilt

A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?

The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations regarding the best parenting strategies in relation to children's temperament?

be strict in responding to the child's characteristics

At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?

between 18 and 24 months

Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is true?

by rocking an infant to sleep, the caregiver is helping the infant soothe their emotions

The fact that German and Japanese babies often show attachment patterns different from those of American infants suggests that the Strange Situation experiment is

culturally biased

Behavioral inhibition is valued in China. This is an example of how reaction to an infant's temperament may depend in part on ___

culture

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults

cannot receive paid leave

The connections across domains over time that influences developmental pathways and outcomes is a description of the developmental ______ model.

cascade

Developmental ___ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes as well as involving social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

cascades

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

chess and Thomas

Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds is most likely

coincidental rather than cooperative

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ___ with her parents.

communicate

An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of ___

crying

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of ___ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

Two-year-old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. What does this illustrate?

developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ___ child.

difficult

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the

difficulty of interpreting infant emotions

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ___ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ___ child.

easy

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.

easy

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ___ control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

effortful

Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?

effortful control

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ___

emotion