Psychology Chapter 6

What are ways in which the misinformation effect might play a role when a man tells a story about something that happened to him?

-He might include some incorrect details. -He might tell the story, but not be able to remember when it occurred. -He might tell the story as if it happened to him, although it actually happened to his wife.

Sarah is a bottom-up processor. In deciding which soccer league to enroll her son in, she will likely consider all of the following:

-how many practices per week -the distance to and from the soccer field -how many of his friends are in each league -the cost of each program

Organizing J F K O R D L A X into JFK, ORD, and LAX is an example of:

Chunking

Using Roy G Biv to learn the colors of the rainbow is an example of _____.

an acronym

Ulric Neisser and his colleagues said that intelligence includes

engaging in reasoning learning from experience understanding complex ideas adapt effectively to environment

David Wechsler believed that intelligence tests

should measure more than a single quantity

You remember that somebody told you the story about dropping a Thanksgiving turkey, but no matter how hard you try you can't remember who it was. This is an example of ____

source amnesia

The idea that intelligence is not composed of just one single factor is supported by _____

the Theory of Multiple Intelligences

choice-supportive bias

the brain's trick to make you feel better about your decisions

People are more creative in an area if

they are intrinsically interested in that area.

five key stages of language development in children

1. uttering speechlike sounds/ syllables 2. repetitive syllables 3. Saying one word at a time 4. recognize and point to objects when they are named. form 2-word sentences 5. complex sentences, consisting of three or more words.

declarative

A memory that you can clearly picture in your head

Which of the following students taking Binet's test would the French Government have been most interested in?

A student that continually struggled in reading and mathematics.

Recently, you've seen several reports of shark attacks in Florida on the news. You go to a beach in California and can't make yourself get in the water because all you can think about are sharks. This is an example of what type of heuristic?

Availability

When you make a judgment based on probability, you use which type of heuristic?

Base rate

Linguistic Intelligence

Being word smart. These people talk things out/write things out. WRITERS/TALKERS

Possible causes of the Flynn Effect

Better medical care Improved edu system Improved nutrition

Which statement correctly compares the function of Broca's area and Wernicke's area?

Broca's area is involved with production and Wernicke's area with

Jared has been searching for a new car to buy for more than a year. When he finally buys a car, which of the following would demonstrate choice supportive bias on Jared's part?

His belief that the car he chose was clearly far superior to others he considered.

biology's effect on intelligence?

Identical twins often have very similar IQs

If you are using spaced learning to study for a test on Friday, you may study on _____.

Saturday, Monday, and Thursday

intrapersonal intelligence

Self smart people that are good at introspection, reflecting on their own emotions and thoughts about things.

8 types of intelligence

Visual Linguistic Logical/Mathematical Musical Bodily & Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic

who developed verbal-based questions and non-verbal tasks like pattern recognition to assess intelligence?

Wechsler

A seven month old baby repeatedly babbles 'bababa' and 'dadada'. This is an example of

a baby's use of phonemes from his native language.

schema

a set of expectations. used to explain how you organize information.

Specific intelligence refers to

an aspiring chemist performing well on a chemistry quiz

The relationship between poverty and intelligence is an example of which of the following?

an environmental factor

A student scored 100% on a math computation test. What type of intelligence does this exhibit?

analytical

Charles Spearman theorized that intelligence levels

are consistent across a variety of mental tasks.

The holophrastic stage refers to the time when

babies can use a few words and understand many more.

George Miller's study concluded that our short-term memory can hold

between five and nine items (magical number 7)

Many studies suggest that intelligence is affected by

both genetic and environmental factors

Long-term memories include

episodic memory implicit memory procedural memory semantic declarative explicit

Selective attention involves...

focusing on certain things while ignoring others

Multitasking may _____.

hamper attention

heuristics positive and negative point.

help make decisions quickly & can lead to errors in judgement.

semantic memory

helps you remember information and concepts

episodic memory

helps you remember specific events or people.

Sam is a top-down processor. In selecting a restaurant for date night, he will likely consider all of the following:

his belief that Italian may be more romantic than Chinese the ambiance of the restaurant his want for a second date his previous success in taking dates to Restaurant Row on 3rd Street

According to George Miller, chunking has the effect of ____

increasing the potential for short-term memory

A politician who excels at remembering names, fostering cooperation and inspiring those around him exhibits

interpersonal intelligence

A person with a heightened self-awareness has a high level of what intelligence

intrapersonal intelligence

A person who learns mathematics better when he or she works through problem sets instead of listening to a lecture utilizes

kinesthetic intelligence

master chess player employs what type of intelligence

logical intelligence

procedural memories

memories of how to do things you do on a regular basis

Implicit memories

memories that are unconscious

cognitive dissonance

mental discomfort experienced by a person who simultaneously holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values

Prefixes and Suffixes are examples of...

morphemes

Vowels and consonants (letters) are examples of...

phonemes

We're better able to remember material if it is ____

presented in a familiar way

...is the study of how phonemes and morphemes produce meaning.

semantics

Howard Gardner theorized that people exhibit intelligence in

several different areas at different levels

Which of the following are example of verbal mnemonic?

song rhyme poem

General global intelligence refers to

the constant level of mental performance across diverse mental tasks

When most people are presented with a situation in which they could use either the representativeness or base-rate heuristic, they _____.

typically use the representativeness heuristic.

Overextending language is when a baby

uses a single word to mean many different things.

Charles Spearman's factor analysis compares

variability across multiple tasks

explicit memory

you have to think about in order to remember

The 'Bell Curve' was controversial for suggesting that

African Americans and Latinos have a genetically lower intelligence than Caucasians and Asian Americans

Attention is the ability to focus on specific information. Which of the following is mentioned as an important component of attention?

Choice

Which strategy can increase the amount of information held in short-term memory?

Chunking

Why is it likely that an 80 yr old (say, Henry) would have a higher crystallized intelligence than a 20 year old (say, Jeanette)?

Crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age.

How does the encoding process work?

Encoding works by converting information into a form that your brain can store.

The term _____ refers to the goal of 'improving' the genetic makeup of a population.

Eugenics

Why is the philosophy of eugenics controversial?

Eugenics seeks to improve the genetic makeup of a population by eliminating certain genes.

What can best be described as a person's ability to think and reason, complete a variety of tasks and problem solve?

General intelligence

Which researcher demonstrated limits on how many new items we can introduce at any one time to our short-term memory?

George Miller

describe the role that grammar plays in language?

Grammar enables complexity of meaning in language

interpersonal intelligence

Is being people smart and being able to work well with others. These people are good at brings others together.

Which of the following is true about short-term memory?

It can hold small amounts of information briefly.

Which of the following is true about long-term memory?

It can hold vast amounts of information indefinitely.

Why is creativity important?

It helps you solve real-world problems, which require creativity along with analytical intelligence.

How might a baseball player's schema from his home ballpark help him when his team travels to another ballpark?

It might help him find the locker room at another ballpark.

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Learn by doing/moving. These people are usually dancers, athletes, people who learn hands on.

How are Henry Goddard's test and more modern tests, such as the SAT, similar?

Low scores are interpreted as inferior intelligence rather than an indication of less opportunity.

who believed that everyone has a universal grammar hard-wired into their brains.

Noam Chomsky

What is an example of self-referencing?

Remembering the name of your boss's spouse because it's also the name of your childhood pet

Which one of the following answer choices is an example of rehearsal?

Repeating your new ATM pin several times to remember it

Zoe is watching someone flip a coin several times. Someone asks her which sequence is more likely: Heads - Tails - Heads - Heads or Tails - Heads - Tails - Heads. She decides the first sequence looks more random and better matches the outcome she would expect. This is an example of which heuristic?

Representativeness

Joe recently had an accident that resulted in a brain injury. He remembers the name of every doctor and nurse he's met at the hospital but still can not recall what happened on the day of the accident. Which part of the memory process has been affected?

Retrieval

George Miller published a study called _____

The Magical Number 7, Plus or Minus Two

Which of the following is an argument against Noam Chomsky's theory of universal language?

The Pirahã people speak a language that doesn't follow usual language rules.

Which of the following would be considered an example of language according to principle of combinability?

The content of a text message

Naturalistic Intelligence

These people are nature smart and classify things in order to better understand them.

why do the alarm calls made by vervet monkeys not considered language?

They can't be combined to produce additional meanings

Why are schemas important?

They help us make sense of all the information in the world

What is the BEST way to retrieve information from your brain?

Through association.

A person's Intelligence Quotient, or IQ, is determined by

dividing mental age by chronological age