Psychology chapter 6

After chemotherapy if the waiting room started to make you nauseous the chemotherapy is the:

Unconditioned stimulus

infants by age _______ Months will imitate acts modeled on television

14

Percentage of acts of violence on US network and cable television that go unpunished

75%

Credited for identification of operant conditioning

B.F. skinner

When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of ______ Conditioning

Classical

Lightning is associated with thunder and always precedes it. Thus, when we see lighting, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterwards. This is an example of:

Classical conditioning

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) _______ perspective

Cognitive

Acquisition of mental information, weather by observing events or watching others or through language is called

Cognitive learning

Being able to visualize the layout of your house is an example of:

Cognitive map

Children were promised to pay off for playing with an interesting toy became less interested. These findings provide support for the role of ______ in operant behavior

Cognitive processes

After drinking too much tequila at a concert and vomiting and becoming nauseous to the smell. For this person to smell tequilas is now

Conditioned stimulus

Learning occurs rapidly with _____ Reinforcement

Continuous

Schedule reinforcement reinforcer Given after every instance of a behavior

Continuous

When the environment changes and the fear is no longer present like being afraid of walking down your stairs but me and OK with going up someone else's what are you demonstrating

Discrimination

Means the weakening of a response is both classical and operant conditioning

Extinction

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced in a _______ schedule.

Fixed-interval

When a reinforcer is given for the FIRST RESPONSE after a set period of time

Fixed-interval

Schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcer is given after a certain number of responses

Fixed-ratio

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which reward is not a secondary reinforcer?

Food (anything not trained to need like money, praise, grades)

Shaping is a method used by BF Skinner in order to:

Got an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations

Critics of BF Skinner were concerned that

He dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity

BF Skinner believed that behavior:

Is controlled by consequences

Who discovered classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient incentive to do so is called ______ learning

Latent

Cognitive maps are created through a process called:

Latent learning

James always bites his nails when he watches a suspenseful movie. This demonstrates that _______ Is related to habitual behaviors.

Learning

Process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called

Learning

Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment Children who observe the models aggressive outburst were _______ to Lash out

Much more likely

Gets grounded for a week phone taken not allowed to leave

Negative punisher

Removing unpleasant stimulus

Negative reinforcer

John B Watson believe that psychology should be the science of

Observable behavior

Learning because of ____ Extinguishes slowly

Partial reinforcement

For his studies of digestion, ____ earned Russia's first noble prize

Pavlov

Treat for every time a dog pees outside

Positive reinforcer

Findings from John Garcias research on taste version and rats indicate that:

Rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste and they are to sights or sounds

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens behavior is called a

Reinforcer

What type of behavior occurs as an automatic response to stimulus?

Respondent

Although BF Skinner and other behaviorists do not think it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining learning, findings from experience with route so just otherwise. Which finding suggest that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

Roads appear to exercise latent learning while exploring mazes

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through ________; That is, by providing well anytime rewards as the animals progressively better approximate behaviors.

Shaping

States that rewarded behavior tends to be repeated and is the base for Skinners work

The law of effect

Who named and identified the law of effect

Thorndike

Most learning involves the process of associations. In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate:

Two stimuli

Most effective models in observational learning

Use consistent actions and words

Reinforcement schedule that gives the reinforcer after a varying number of responses

Variable ratio

What kind of reinforcement schedule gives the reinforcer for the FIRST RESPONSE that occurs after a varying period of time elapsed

Variable-interval

Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling I need to gamble in fish, respectively, because of the ______ Schedule of reinforcement

Variable-ratio

Gives reinforcement after a varying number of responses

Variable-ratio

fixed ratio example

after buying 10 coffees your get a free one

Learning that certain events occur together

associative learning

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

biological predispositions

Fixed-interval example

checking frequently for mail as mail time approaches

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

conditioned

Months after she was beaten up by a robber, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.

conditioned stimulus

Variable-ratio example

gambling

John B Watson and Ivan Pavlov agreed that:

laws of learning are the same for all animals.

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates

operant conditioning

Variable-interval example

pop quiz (not every night of studying is rewarded but benefit to studying over long term

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

variable ratio

When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after asking questions in class, Evie started asking questions in class. This best illustrates the impact of

vicarious reinforcement