Psychology chapter 6
After chemotherapy if the waiting room started to make you nauseous the chemotherapy is the:
Unconditioned stimulus
infants by age _______ Months will imitate acts modeled on television
14
Percentage of acts of violence on US network and cable television that go unpunished
75%
Credited for identification of operant conditioning
B.F. skinner
When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of ______ Conditioning
Classical
Lightning is associated with thunder and always precedes it. Thus, when we see lighting, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterwards. This is an example of:
Classical conditioning
An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) _______ perspective
Cognitive
Acquisition of mental information, weather by observing events or watching others or through language is called
Cognitive learning
Being able to visualize the layout of your house is an example of:
Cognitive map
Children were promised to pay off for playing with an interesting toy became less interested. These findings provide support for the role of ______ in operant behavior
Cognitive processes
After drinking too much tequila at a concert and vomiting and becoming nauseous to the smell. For this person to smell tequilas is now
Conditioned stimulus
Learning occurs rapidly with _____ Reinforcement
Continuous
Schedule reinforcement reinforcer Given after every instance of a behavior
Continuous
When the environment changes and the fear is no longer present like being afraid of walking down your stairs but me and OK with going up someone else's what are you demonstrating
Discrimination
Means the weakening of a response is both classical and operant conditioning
Extinction
During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced in a _______ schedule.
Fixed-interval
When a reinforcer is given for the FIRST RESPONSE after a set period of time
Fixed-interval
Schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcer is given after a certain number of responses
Fixed-ratio
Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which reward is not a secondary reinforcer?
Food (anything not trained to need like money, praise, grades)
Shaping is a method used by BF Skinner in order to:
Got an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations
Critics of BF Skinner were concerned that
He dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity
BF Skinner believed that behavior:
Is controlled by consequences
Who discovered classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient incentive to do so is called ______ learning
Latent
Cognitive maps are created through a process called:
Latent learning
James always bites his nails when he watches a suspenseful movie. This demonstrates that _______ Is related to habitual behaviors.
Learning
Process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called
Learning
Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment Children who observe the models aggressive outburst were _______ to Lash out
Much more likely
Gets grounded for a week phone taken not allowed to leave
Negative punisher
Removing unpleasant stimulus
Negative reinforcer
John B Watson believe that psychology should be the science of
Observable behavior
Learning because of ____ Extinguishes slowly
Partial reinforcement
For his studies of digestion, ____ earned Russia's first noble prize
Pavlov
Treat for every time a dog pees outside
Positive reinforcer
Findings from John Garcias research on taste version and rats indicate that:
Rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste and they are to sights or sounds
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens behavior is called a
Reinforcer
What type of behavior occurs as an automatic response to stimulus?
Respondent
Although BF Skinner and other behaviorists do not think it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining learning, findings from experience with route so just otherwise. Which finding suggest that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?
Roads appear to exercise latent learning while exploring mazes
Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through ________; That is, by providing well anytime rewards as the animals progressively better approximate behaviors.
Shaping
States that rewarded behavior tends to be repeated and is the base for Skinners work
The law of effect
Who named and identified the law of effect
Thorndike
Most learning involves the process of associations. In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate:
Two stimuli
Most effective models in observational learning
Use consistent actions and words
Reinforcement schedule that gives the reinforcer after a varying number of responses
Variable ratio
What kind of reinforcement schedule gives the reinforcer for the FIRST RESPONSE that occurs after a varying period of time elapsed
Variable-interval
Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling I need to gamble in fish, respectively, because of the ______ Schedule of reinforcement
Variable-ratio
Gives reinforcement after a varying number of responses
Variable-ratio
fixed ratio example
after buying 10 coffees your get a free one
Learning that certain events occur together
associative learning
If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by
biological predispositions
Fixed-interval example
checking frequently for mail as mail time approaches
If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.
conditioned
Months after she was beaten up by a robber, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.
conditioned stimulus
Variable-ratio example
gambling
John B Watson and Ivan Pavlov agreed that:
laws of learning are the same for all animals.
If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates
operant conditioning
Variable-interval example
pop quiz (not every night of studying is rewarded but benefit to studying over long term
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.
variable ratio
When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after asking questions in class, Evie started asking questions in class. This best illustrates the impact of
vicarious reinforcement