Psychology Chapter 8
According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as ________.
Conservation
Differences between age-groups would cause the most serious problems for which developmental research method?
Cross-sectional
In a __________ design, several different age-groups of participants are studied at one time.
Cross-sectional
Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
Cross-sequential design
Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?
DNA
What stage might terminally ill patients be in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting the will die?
Denial
Which of the following does not happen in the germinal period?
Developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placenta.
Mothers who are abusive and/or neglectful were associated with the __________ type of attachment.
Disorganized-disoriented.
Which of the following is a disorder caused by having an extra chromosome?
Down syndrome
Brandy has naturally blond hair. Based on this information, what do we know about Brandy's parents?
Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair.
Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Shelby as being a(n) ________ child.
Easy
Brandon has blue eyes, even though both his mother and father have brown eyes. What do we know about Brandon's parents?
Either of his parents must have one recessive blue-eye-color gene.
Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?
Embryonic
In ________ cultures, gender roles are seen as more traditional. whereas in _______ cultures, they may be more nontraditional, especially for women.
European; Asian
According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to
Find a consistent sense of self
In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of abstract reasoning?
Formal operations
Which theory of aging states that unstable oxygen molecules tend to steal electrons as thy bounce around, thus causing damage to surrounding cells?
Free Radical Theory
First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
Germinal period
If Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents, which of the following topics will he typically be arguing over?
His taste in clothes
Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is __________.
Identity versus role confusion.
Adolescents must decide who they are, what they believe, and what they want to be as an adult.
Identity vs Role Confusion
Which of the following is a myth regarding immunizations?
If all the other children in a school are immunized, there is really no harm in not immunizing one's own child
In Erikson's crisis of __________, children are developing a sense of competence and self-esteem.
Industry versus inferiority
In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, the child learns self-control and begins to feel more capable.
Initiative versus guilt.
A sense of completeness of one's ego, or identity, is called __________.
Integrity
The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, is
Integrity vs despair
Which of the following statements about adolescence is FALSE?
It ends when puberty is complete.
What is the function of placenta?
It provides nourishment to the developing baby.
In this syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of an XXY pairing, resulting in reduced masculine characteristics and excessive height.
Klinefelter´s
In Erikson's last crisis, the life review is __________.
Looking back on the life one has lived.
Intellectual disability and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of ________ on the developing baby.
Mercury
The startle reflex in infants
Moro reflex
Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?
Nature versus nurture
Which culture discussed in the Applying Psychology section seems to have the greatest fear of the dead?
Navajo
the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
Nurture
Which of the following represents the fertilization process for monozygotic twins
One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits
The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called __________.
Perimenopause
According to Baumrind, __________ parenting may lead to an abusive relationship.
Permissive neglectful
Dr. Kahn measures how long baby Lydia looks at a particular stimulus. The technique is known as
Preferential looking
If a person has one gene for blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be what kind of trait?
Recessive
According to research, if an older person wants to adjust more positively to aging, he or she should __________.
Remain active in some way.
When you touch a babyś cheek, it will turn toward your hand, open its mouth, and search for the nipple.
Rooting reflex
mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations and events
Schemes
In the Strange Solution, _________ babies would cry when their mothers left the room, but were happy upon her return
Secure
Alex sees his mother mixing ingredients for a cake. Later, Alex takes a bowl and spoon out of the cabinet and pretends to mix some imaginary ingredients. Of which theory of gender development would this be a good example?
Sex Constancy
What part of an infant's body is said to stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells?
Stem cells
As Conrad has gotten older, he finds that it is becoming more difficult to remember certain words or the name of a new acquaintance. What is the most likely explanation for this change in memory?
Stress
What is a new explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior?
Such behavior may be due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex
Samantha enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Samantha is certain they must have been talking about her. Such a belief is an example of
The imaginary audience
Samantha refuses to go to school because her chin has a "huge" pimple on it and she is afraid that everyone will laugh at her and point. Samantha is a victim of __________.
The imaginary audience
Which term best describes Abby and Brittany Hensel?
They are dicephalic twins.
Which of the following statements about Abby and Brittany Hensel is FALSE?
They could have been successfully separated.
Vygotsky defines __________ as the difference between what a child can do and what that child can do with help.
Zone of proximal development
Little Kashif held his empty cup up to his mother and said, "Milk!" His use of this word is labeled __________.
a holophrase
A change in the body of young boys such as appearance and growth of body hair is considered
a secondary sex characteristic
Which of the following is one of the most common teratogens and can result in a malformed head and brain damage?
alcohol
What is the cause of Down syndrome?
an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
according to erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control their own actions?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Baby Lisa is beginning to learn more about herself. When she sees herself in a mirror, she smiles and laughs but no longer needs to touch the mirror or look behind it to find the baby that she sees. Researchers would say that baby Lisa is developing
awareness of herself
Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage?
centration
The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a(n)
cohort effect
In which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed the ability to conserve
concrete operations
As children grow from the preschool years into middle childhood, the big changed in the capacity of short-term memory are most likely due to an increase in the use of __________.
control strategies
According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the __________ level of morality.
conventional
Which of the following tends to occur first in a child's language development?
cooing
Which of the following is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance?
cystic fibrosis
According to Kubler-Ross, when bargaining fails, __________ usually results.
depression
According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and is negative and loud is labeled a __________ child.
difficult
A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a ________ gene.
dominant
Mary's baby was born with a smaller than normal head, some facial malformations, and is mentally retarded. Mary most likely __________ during her early pregnancy.
drank alcohol
The 2nd week through the 8th week of pregnancy is commonly referred to as the _______ stage.
embryonic
The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the __________ period.
embryonic
When do most miscarriages occur?
first three months
Today's workers may change careers as many as __________ times.
five to seven
The development of a personś sense of being male or female.
gender identity
As an infant, Liz never liked change, but if you introduce new things gradually, she will eventually accept them without too much fuss. Liz is most likely __________.
slow to warm up
The structures on the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time a cell reproduces are called
telomeres
any factor that can cause a birth defect
teratogen
According to research, the reason many older people are no longer living in the community is because
they are not asked to take part
According to Thomas and Chess, temperament styles often last ___________ and are often influenced by ___________
through adulthood; heredity
As William celebrates his 70th birthday, he finds that he is happy with how things have turned out with his life. According to Erikson, William's life review will cause him
to develop a sense of ego integrity
According to Erikson, the primary task of an early adulthood is
to find a mate
Which of a baby's senses is the most well developed at birth?
touch
Which of the following represents dizygotic twins?
two eggs get fertilized by two different sperm.
Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?
vision
The fertilized egg cell is called a
zygote
What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her away?
Ambivalent
The rungs of the ladder in the DNA molecule
Amines
Possessing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex.
Androgyny
A decline in testosterone in the 40s is called __________.
Andropause
Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor, and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is most likely in the ________ stage of dying.
Anger
Kip is worried that he is losing his mind because he finds himself angry at a friend who died in an automobile accident. Based on Kubler-Ross's research, what might you tell him?
Anger is a normal reaction to death and not a sign of mental illness
The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
Attachment
According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say, "Because I said so" or "It's my way or the highway!"
Authoritarian
Rebellion in the teenage years is the most kikely outcome of __________ parenting.
Authoritarian
Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years is the most likely due to _________ parenting
Authoritative
In the __________ stage of reaction to death and dying, a person may promise to do everything the doctor says if the doctor will say that the person can live a little longer.
Bargaining
Based on today's science and medicine, when does the age of viability begin?
Between 22 and 26 weeks
At what age can the typical infant roll over?
2 months
Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds at around the age of ________.
2 months
At which age does an adult's physical senses begin to hit their peak?
20s
Vision and hearing begin to decline in the __________.
30s
At what age can the typical infant sit without support?
6 months
By age 5, the brain is at __________ percent of its adult weight.
90%
¨It can´t happen to me, I´m special¨ is a common attribute found in adolescents who have ______.
A personal fable
In which theory of aging do telomeres become the major means of aging cells?
Cellular-Clock Theory
Which theory of aging is compared to the limited number of repairs you can have before your car's warranty runs out?
Cellular-Clock Theory
What cognitive changes occurring during middle adulthood are the most noticeable?
Changes in memory begin to occur
The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Great Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a _______.
Cohort effect
In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?
Concrete operations
Which of the following issues typically creates a lot of conflict between most teens and their parents?
Trivial issues of hair, clothing, and music choices.
In __________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females.
Turnerś
Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing?
Turnerś syndrome
Studies of the infant brain show signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process?
Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells
Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?
Walking reflex
Collagen, an elastic tissue that becomes less elastic as we get older, is a good example of the __________ theory of aging.
Wear and tear.
One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a non changing stimulus. This technique is referred to as
habituation
What is the most frequent cause of death in the middle age?
heart disease
Monique says "milk" when she wants her milk from the kitchen counter. Subsequently, she says "milk" after she has had a drink. Using a single phrase to mean different things is an example of
holophrase
According to Erikson, achieving true intimacy is difficult if one's __________ is not already established.
identity
Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of ________.
intimacy vs isolation
In a _______ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.
longitudinal
The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called ________.
menopause
Which term refers to the feeling of being unique and protected?
personal fable
studies by harry harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment is?
physical contact
The sponge-like organ that provides nourishment for the growing baby and filters away waste produces is called the __________.
placenta
When sets of genes group together, the result can be multiple traits expressed as a single dominant trait. This is best explained by the process known as
polygenetic inheritance
According to Kohlberg, about 1/5 of the adult population is at the ___________ level of morality
post conventional
Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?
pre conventional
If a person has one gene for cystic fibrosis but does have the disease, cystic fibrosis must be a __________ disorder.
recessive
What is the first voluntary movement that allows an infant to get from one place to another?
rolling over
In the __________ reflex, the baby moves its head toward any light touch to its face.
rooting
According to Vygotsky, giving a child help in the form of asking leading questions and providing examples is called __________.
scaffolding
Vygotsky defines ______ as the process of helping less as the learner improve at a given task
scaffolding
What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who explores the room, gets upset when the mother leaves but is easily soothed, and is happy to see the mother when she returns?
secure
Which of the following has NOT been shown to help maintain a healthy level of cognitive functioning?
sedentary lifestyle
In which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed object permanence?
sensorimotor