Psychology Chapter 8

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as ________.

Conservation

Differences between age-groups would cause the most serious problems for which developmental research method?

Cross-sectional

In a __________ design, several different age-groups of participants are studied at one time.

Cross-sectional

Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

Cross-sequential design

Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?

DNA

What stage might terminally ill patients be in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting the will die?

Denial

Which of the following does not happen in the germinal period?

Developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placenta.

Mothers who are abusive and/or neglectful were associated with the __________ type of attachment.

Disorganized-disoriented.

Which of the following is a disorder caused by having an extra chromosome?

Down syndrome

Brandy has naturally blond hair. Based on this information, what do we know about Brandy's parents?

Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair.

Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Shelby as being a(n) ________ child.

Easy

Brandon has blue eyes, even though both his mother and father have brown eyes. What do we know about Brandon's parents?

Either of his parents must have one recessive blue-eye-color gene.

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

Embryonic

In ________ cultures, gender roles are seen as more traditional. whereas in _______ cultures, they may be more nontraditional, especially for women.

European; Asian

According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to

Find a consistent sense of self

In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of abstract reasoning?

Formal operations

Which theory of aging states that unstable oxygen molecules tend to steal electrons as thy bounce around, thus causing damage to surrounding cells?

Free Radical Theory

First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.

Germinal period

If Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents, which of the following topics will he typically be arguing over?

His taste in clothes

Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is __________.

Identity versus role confusion.

Adolescents must decide who they are, what they believe, and what they want to be as an adult.

Identity vs Role Confusion

Which of the following is a myth regarding immunizations?

If all the other children in a school are immunized, there is really no harm in not immunizing one's own child

In Erikson's crisis of __________, children are developing a sense of competence and self-esteem.

Industry versus inferiority

In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, the child learns self-control and begins to feel more capable.

Initiative versus guilt.

A sense of completeness of one's ego, or identity, is called __________.

Integrity

The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, is

Integrity vs despair

Which of the following statements about adolescence is FALSE?

It ends when puberty is complete.

What is the function of placenta?

It provides nourishment to the developing baby.

In this syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of an XXY pairing, resulting in reduced masculine characteristics and excessive height.

Klinefelter´s

In Erikson's last crisis, the life review is __________.

Looking back on the life one has lived.

Intellectual disability and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of ________ on the developing baby.

Mercury

The startle reflex in infants

Moro reflex

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

Nature versus nurture

Which culture discussed in the Applying Psychology section seems to have the greatest fear of the dead?

Navajo

the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Nurture

Which of the following represents the fertilization process for monozygotic twins

One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called __________.

Perimenopause

According to Baumrind, __________ parenting may lead to an abusive relationship.

Permissive neglectful

Dr. Kahn measures how long baby Lydia looks at a particular stimulus. The technique is known as

Preferential looking

If a person has one gene for blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be what kind of trait?

Recessive

According to research, if an older person wants to adjust more positively to aging, he or she should __________.

Remain active in some way.

When you touch a babyś cheek, it will turn toward your hand, open its mouth, and search for the nipple.

Rooting reflex

mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations and events

Schemes

In the Strange Solution, _________ babies would cry when their mothers left the room, but were happy upon her return

Secure

Alex sees his mother mixing ingredients for a cake. Later, Alex takes a bowl and spoon out of the cabinet and pretends to mix some imaginary ingredients. Of which theory of gender development would this be a good example?

Sex Constancy

What part of an infant's body is said to stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells?

Stem cells

As Conrad has gotten older, he finds that it is becoming more difficult to remember certain words or the name of a new acquaintance. What is the most likely explanation for this change in memory?

Stress

What is a new explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior?

Such behavior may be due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex

Samantha enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Samantha is certain they must have been talking about her. Such a belief is an example of

The imaginary audience

Samantha refuses to go to school because her chin has a "huge" pimple on it and she is afraid that everyone will laugh at her and point. Samantha is a victim of __________.

The imaginary audience

Which term best describes Abby and Brittany Hensel?

They are dicephalic twins.

Which of the following statements about Abby and Brittany Hensel is FALSE?

They could have been successfully separated.

Vygotsky defines __________ as the difference between what a child can do and what that child can do with help.

Zone of proximal development

Little Kashif held his empty cup up to his mother and said, "Milk!" His use of this word is labeled __________.

a holophrase

A change in the body of young boys such as appearance and growth of body hair is considered

a secondary sex characteristic

Which of the following is one of the most common teratogens and can result in a malformed head and brain damage?

alcohol

What is the cause of Down syndrome?

an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

according to erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control their own actions?

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Baby Lisa is beginning to learn more about herself. When she sees herself in a mirror, she smiles and laughs but no longer needs to touch the mirror or look behind it to find the baby that she sees. Researchers would say that baby Lisa is developing

awareness of herself

Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage?

centration

The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a(n)

cohort effect

In which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed the ability to conserve

concrete operations

As children grow from the preschool years into middle childhood, the big changed in the capacity of short-term memory are most likely due to an increase in the use of __________.

control strategies

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the __________ level of morality.

conventional

Which of the following tends to occur first in a child's language development?

cooing

Which of the following is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance?

cystic fibrosis

According to Kubler-Ross, when bargaining fails, __________ usually results.

depression

According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and is negative and loud is labeled a __________ child.

difficult

A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a ________ gene.

dominant

Mary's baby was born with a smaller than normal head, some facial malformations, and is mentally retarded. Mary most likely __________ during her early pregnancy.

drank alcohol

The 2nd week through the 8th week of pregnancy is commonly referred to as the _______ stage.

embryonic

The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the __________ period.

embryonic

When do most miscarriages occur?

first three months

Today's workers may change careers as many as __________ times.

five to seven

The development of a personś sense of being male or female.

gender identity

As an infant, Liz never liked change, but if you introduce new things gradually, she will eventually accept them without too much fuss. Liz is most likely __________.

slow to warm up

The structures on the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time a cell reproduces are called

telomeres

any factor that can cause a birth defect

teratogen

According to research, the reason many older people are no longer living in the community is because

they are not asked to take part

According to Thomas and Chess, temperament styles often last ___________ and are often influenced by ___________

through adulthood; heredity

As William celebrates his 70th birthday, he finds that he is happy with how things have turned out with his life. According to Erikson, William's life review will cause him

to develop a sense of ego integrity

According to Erikson, the primary task of an early adulthood is

to find a mate

Which of a baby's senses is the most well developed at birth?

touch

Which of the following represents dizygotic twins?

two eggs get fertilized by two different sperm.

Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?

vision

The fertilized egg cell is called a

zygote

What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her away?

Ambivalent

The rungs of the ladder in the DNA molecule

Amines

Possessing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex.

Androgyny

A decline in testosterone in the 40s is called __________.

Andropause

Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor, and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is most likely in the ________ stage of dying.

Anger

Kip is worried that he is losing his mind because he finds himself angry at a friend who died in an automobile accident. Based on Kubler-Ross's research, what might you tell him?

Anger is a normal reaction to death and not a sign of mental illness

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver

Attachment

According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say, "Because I said so" or "It's my way or the highway!"

Authoritarian

Rebellion in the teenage years is the most kikely outcome of __________ parenting.

Authoritarian

Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years is the most likely due to _________ parenting

Authoritative

In the __________ stage of reaction to death and dying, a person may promise to do everything the doctor says if the doctor will say that the person can live a little longer.

Bargaining

Based on today's science and medicine, when does the age of viability begin?

Between 22 and 26 weeks

At what age can the typical infant roll over?

2 months

Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds at around the age of ________.

2 months

At which age does an adult's physical senses begin to hit their peak?

20s

Vision and hearing begin to decline in the __________.

30s

At what age can the typical infant sit without support?

6 months

By age 5, the brain is at __________ percent of its adult weight.

90%

¨It can´t happen to me, I´m special¨ is a common attribute found in adolescents who have ______.

A personal fable

In which theory of aging do telomeres become the major means of aging cells?

Cellular-Clock Theory

Which theory of aging is compared to the limited number of repairs you can have before your car's warranty runs out?

Cellular-Clock Theory

What cognitive changes occurring during middle adulthood are the most noticeable?

Changes in memory begin to occur

The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Great Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a _______.

Cohort effect

In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?

Concrete operations

Which of the following issues typically creates a lot of conflict between most teens and their parents?

Trivial issues of hair, clothing, and music choices.

In __________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females.

Turnerś

Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing?

Turnerś syndrome

Studies of the infant brain show signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process?

Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells

Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?

Walking reflex

Collagen, an elastic tissue that becomes less elastic as we get older, is a good example of the __________ theory of aging.

Wear and tear.

One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a non changing stimulus. This technique is referred to as

habituation

What is the most frequent cause of death in the middle age?

heart disease

Monique says "milk" when she wants her milk from the kitchen counter. Subsequently, she says "milk" after she has had a drink. Using a single phrase to mean different things is an example of

holophrase

According to Erikson, achieving true intimacy is difficult if one's __________ is not already established.

identity

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of ________.

intimacy vs isolation

In a _______ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.

longitudinal

The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called ________.

menopause

Which term refers to the feeling of being unique and protected?

personal fable

studies by harry harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment is?

physical contact

The sponge-like organ that provides nourishment for the growing baby and filters away waste produces is called the __________.

placenta

When sets of genes group together, the result can be multiple traits expressed as a single dominant trait. This is best explained by the process known as

polygenetic inheritance

According to Kohlberg, about 1/5 of the adult population is at the ___________ level of morality

post conventional

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

pre conventional

If a person has one gene for cystic fibrosis but does have the disease, cystic fibrosis must be a __________ disorder.

recessive

What is the first voluntary movement that allows an infant to get from one place to another?

rolling over

In the __________ reflex, the baby moves its head toward any light touch to its face.

rooting

According to Vygotsky, giving a child help in the form of asking leading questions and providing examples is called __________.

scaffolding

Vygotsky defines ______ as the process of helping less as the learner improve at a given task

scaffolding

What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who explores the room, gets upset when the mother leaves but is easily soothed, and is happy to see the mother when she returns?

secure

Which of the following has NOT been shown to help maintain a healthy level of cognitive functioning?

sedentary lifestyle

In which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed object permanence?

sensorimotor