Psychology: Chapter 8

As per the criteria laid out by Pavlov, in which of the following instances is stimulus-response conditioning between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) LEAST likely to occur? A) When the UCS precedes the neutral stimulus B) When the UCS and the neutral stimulus are presented at the same time C) When the UCS and the neutral stimulus are presented very close together in time D) When there are multiple pairings of UCS and neutral stimulus

A

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? A) New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. B) Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. C) Learning and memory work separately. D) Information moves from implicit to explicit memory.

A

What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? A) Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. B) Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. C) Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. D) Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models.

A

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? A) Giving a child a "time-out" from a play session for throwing tantrums B) Giving a child a piece of candy to stop him from misbehaving at the grocery store C) Tapping a dog on his snout when he barks at the owner D) Saying "NO!" sharply to a pet when it jumps on a guest

A

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? A) Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games B) Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running C) Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes D) Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day

A

Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning? A) Because they could not be observed B) Because they could lead to treacherous results C) Because they could not be experimented with D) Because they were not suitable for group studies

A

Catalina ate a candy bar and then went on a fast-moving ride in an amusement park. She was sick to her stomach after the ride and now, Catalina cannot eat candy bars, because they make her nauseous. In this learned association, the candy bar serves as a(n) ___________ to Catalina. A) conditioned response B) conditioned stimulus C) unconditioned response D) unconditioned stimulus

B

Drake teaches his three-year-old daughter, Sarah, how to sharpen a pencil. The next day, Sarah successfully sharpens her pencils. This scenario is an example of ______. A) dark adaption B) mimicry C) learning by association D) habituation

B

Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________. A) conditioning B) modeling C) imprinting D) habituation

B

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A) Thomas is tired; he drinks coffee to stay awake. B) Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. C) Greta gets caught while speeding and the police officer gives her a ticket. D) Cindy loses her credit points because she submits her homework late.

B

Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect? A) A person who does not receive a desired message is more likely to check e-mails more often. B) A person who receives a reply that is more interesting than an ongoing lecture is more likely to keep on texting. C) A person who feels less energetic after drinking coffee one morning is more likely to have coffee every morning. D) A person who injures his knee while exercising a few times is more likely to exercise more often.

B

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis? A) Hank, who loves interacting with his classmates B) Velma, who is learning how to play the piano C) Jack, who takes part in running races D) Celeste, who reads books

C

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? A) Adults can learn aggression through both reinforcement and punishment. B) Adults can teach aggression to children by reinforcing children's aggressive behavior. C) Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. D) Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment.

C

Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________. A) dark adaption B) learning by association C) mimicry D) habituation

C

Darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now, every time Darren smells a cheeseburger he feels nauseous. In this scenario, what is Darren experiencing? A) Extinction B) Habituation C) Conditioned taste aversion D) Instinctual drift

C

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. A) habituation B) stimulus generalization C) extinction D) backward conditioning

C

Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of ___________. A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) observational learning D) latent learning

C

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that: A) punishment is more effective in changing behavior than negative reinforcement. B) the mind is a blank slate, able to learn anything at any time, given the right reinforcement. C) certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life. D) all forms of learning depend on rewards and reinforcement, at least to some degree.

C

In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________. A) continuous reinforcement B) imprinting C) classical conditioning D) latent learning

C

Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________. A) reinforcement B) habituation C) modeling D) enactive learning

C

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? A) Classical conditioning involves instant learning whereas operant conditioning involves learning over time. B) Classical conditioning involves learning over time whereas operant conditioning involves instant learning. C) Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences. D) Classical conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli.

C

Which of the following statements is true regarding association? A) An association is formed between two events only when they are accompanied by rewards. B) For an association to occur between two events, the two events should have a logical connection. C) When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur. D) Forming an association between two events is the most difficult and complex form of learning.

C

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? A) Primary reinforcers are learned by association. B) Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. C) Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. D) Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers.

C

Which of these statements is most likely to be made by psychologist B. F. Skinner? A) People always avoid situations that do not provide enough rewards. B) Backward conditioning is the most effective tool of behavior modification. C) People are more likely to repeat a behavior that has been rewarded. D) Observation is used as a tool to effectively modify behaviors of people.

C

Can negative reinforcers be punishers? A) No, because punishments are always positive. B) Yes, because punishments are always negative. C) Yes, because negative reinforcers decrease desired behaviors. D) No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors.

D

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________. A) modifies its behavior as a result of experiencing the consequences of its actions over a period of time B) increases the likelihood of a behavior for a reward such as money or peer approval C) extends the association between a conditioned response and a consequence D) associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

D

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______. A) dark adaptation B) learning by association C) mimicry D) habituation

D

Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? A) Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. B) Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. C) Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. D) Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

D

Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of an animal's instincts, or natural predispositions, on their ability to learn? A) Learning is about nurture and not nature, so instincts are not a factor in learning. B) An animal's instinctive drift and biological constraints overrule the limits nature places on nurture. C) Scientists have not yet developed any models of the relationship between learning and instinct. D) Biological constraints will make some behaviors more or less likely to be learned.

D

Which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior? A) Lori's parents sent her to her room after she threw mashed potatoes at her brother. B) Raj's mother slapped him on the hand for taking a cookie from the cookie jar. C) Li's parents yelled at her for getting poor grades in her final exam. D) Jose's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister.

D