Psychology Chapter 8 Memory

in the middle

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines _____ of the poem.

Most psychologists who are experts in memory strongly encourage the use of hypnosis or guided imagery to increase the accuracy of the recovered memories of abuse.

According to the textbook discussion about the recovery of repressed memories, which statement is false?

encoding, retrieval

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the textbook's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he could not remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.

retrieval cue

An oldie playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a:

automatic processing

As strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he has run into the co-worker is known as:

episodic

Because she drank too much alcohol, Deanna barely remembers her twenty-first birthday. That is, her _____ memory of that evening is sketchy.

hippocampus

Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

encoding

If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _____.

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order?

retrograde, anterograde

In _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.

chunking

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

right hippocampus

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his:

hippocampus

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is MOST likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was NOT fully developed at that age.

classical conditioning

Research with the sea slug Aplysia has contributed to psychologists' understanding of not only long-term potentiation but also:

anterograde

Rhonda cannot remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.

rehearsal

Rory agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So, Rory repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Rory used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called:

infantile

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as _____ amnesia.

motivated forgetting

Some therapists suggest that clients have repressed memories of childhood victimization. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to remember the victimization to:

effortful

Studying for a psychology test requires _____ processing. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

b

The MOST common response to a traumatic experience involves: a. repression to the unconscious. b. vivid and persistent memories. c. a change in personality. d. posttraumatic stress disorder.

frontal lobes, hippocampus

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the _____ and _____.

distribution

The spacing effect refers to the benefit of _____ practice.

implicit

The textbook uses the term memoryless memory to refer to priming because priming is a type of _____ memory.

tip-of-the-tongue

"I know it! It's um . . . um. . . . It starts with G," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the _____ phenomenon.

chunking

Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number.

anterograde amnesia

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterward, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

one's first kiss

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:

amygdala

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her _____ because of the emotional nature of the event.

3 months

Familiar context can help activate memory in children as young as _____ of age.

déjà vu.

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" She replied, "No," and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:

echoic

From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he had not heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A specific type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.

retrieval

Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with:

facial recognition

Given the research on _____, it is likely that many mammalian species can differentiate animals by their facial characteristics.

hierarchical organization

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This BEST illustrates the use of:

The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicants interviewed in the middle of the group.

Larry has just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. Because of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, Larry asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?

glutamate

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:

1 hour

Luca has been studying all week for his final exam in biology. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _____ before sleep will be remembered well.

flashbulb

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

short term

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory

serial position

People's ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is known as the _____ effect.

proactive interference

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty BEST illustrates:

proactive

Professor Yu has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.

mood-congruent memory

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:

short term

To make a long-distance call, Betty has to dial an unfamiliar phone number. She is likely to have trouble retaining the number she just looked up. This BEST illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory.

essay, recall

When Lisa earns a perfect score on a(n) _____ test in history, she passes a _____ test of memory.

positive transfer

When bits of information do not compete with each other, and actually facilitate memory, it is called _____.

the first person one meets

When one goes for a job interview and is introduced to many people, whose name is one MOST likely to remember?

reconsolidation

When they are retrieved, memories are often altered before they are stored again. This process is called _____.

mood-congruent memory

Whenever Sunny gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates:

frontal lobes—explicit memory

Which choice pairs a brain structure or region with the correct memory system?

b

Which is NOT a measure of retention? a. recall b. retrieval c. recognition d. relearning

d

Who is MOST likely to have memory difficulties? a. Jasmine, who builds a network of retrieval cues b. Jack, who studies before sleeping c. John, who mentally recreates the situation in which he originally learned the material d. Jane, who studies Spanish and French back to back

proactive, retroactive

With respect to interference, _____ is to forward-acting as _____ is to backward-acting.

encoding failure

Xui was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She does not remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she was not paying attention. Xui's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of: