Psychology Chapter 8
Research by Bronstein found that mothers tend to do which of these?
1. place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy 2. socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible
Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?
1. responsiveness 2. demand 3. acceptance 4. control
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
1. social hierarchy 2. division of labor
By what age do young children realize that others may lie or exaggerate to get what they want or to avoid trouble?
4 years
Psychological traits and emotional terms are first incorporated into a young child's self-description around the age of ______ years.
4-5
At what age would you most likely hear a child first say, "I'm smart because I can say big words"?
4-5 years
Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?
4-year-old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses
Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency?
5 to 7 years of age
Which of the following is NOT one of the dispositions that males evolved in order to win competitions with other males?
compassion
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.
authoritarian
Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.
authoritarian
Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as ___
empathy
According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ___ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.
authoritative
Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?
fear
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents?
fear and low self-esteem
What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?
gender identity
______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
gender typing
According to Erikson's developmental stages, which emotion lowers self-esteem in young children?
guilt
The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs
unconsciously
One study showed that ___ who were maltreated as children were at increased risk for financial and employment-related difficulties.
adults
According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?
authoritative
In the Latino culture, development of self and identity requires respect and obedience, which is a key component in the ___ parenting style.
authoritative
According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child
develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females
Girls are more likely to play in ______ than boys.
dyands and triads
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of child maltreatment in childhood and adolescence?
easier adaptation to school
Many researchers consider the growth of ___ regulation in children as fundamental to becoming socially competent.
emotion
What is the name given to parents who monitor and label emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, and train their children in how to deal effectively with their emotions?
emotion-coaching parents
What is the name given to parents who view it as their role to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions in their children?
emotion-dismissing parents
Young children learn in early childhood that certain situations are likely to evoke particular ___
emotions
______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
empathy
Because having multiple sexual liaisons improves the likelihood that males will pass on their ___ natural selection favored males who adopted short-term mating strategies
genes
As adults, maltreated children are at _____ risk for violent behavior toward other adults.
higher
Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with
higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence
______ refers to the phenomenon that occurs when parents who were abused as children go on to abuse their own children.
intergenerational transmission of abuse
Researchers often use ______ to probe children's conception of self-understanding.
interviews
The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child ___
neglect
According to Baumrind, the ___ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.
neglectful
Children raised by ___ parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.
neglectful
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
self-conscious
What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
self-conscious
True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.
true
According to Piaget, children go through ___ distinct stages of moral reasoning.
two
The developmental concept of self- ___ is defined as the child's representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.
understanding
Which of the following is NOT a recent research finding regarding children's social understanding?
young children are more egocentric than Piaget thought
What are the qualities that researchers have used to evaluate children's development of conscience?
1. whether a child experiences guilt 2. whether a child experiences discomfort after a transgression 3. whether a child has awareness of right and wrong 4. whether a child is sensitive to rule violations
Around what age do most children develop self-conscious emotions?
15 to 18 months
In the United States, ______ of parents of 3- and 4-year-olds report using spanking frequently.
26%
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by neglectful parents?
independence
Which of the following is NOT an example of gender typing?
Emily who almost exclusively plays with cars and trucks and hopes to be a firefighter one day
Which statement most accurately reflects the effects of emotions on peer relationships?
Moody and emotionally negative children are more likely to experience peer rejection.
Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development.
North America
Which country has the least favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?
Sweden
Which statement best describes the influence of peers on gender behavior?
They reward children for engaging in sex-appropriate play.
Which country has the most favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?
United States
A child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's ___ morality stage, which is the second stage in his theory.
autonomous
______ is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
autonomous mortality
According to Piaget, a 5-year-old engages in what type of morality?
heteronomous
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomous
Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the ___ morality stage.
heteronomous
___ play a key role in the development of sex differences.
hormones
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
initiative versus guilt
Researchers mainly use ___ to probe children's conception of self-understanding.
interviews
While a little girl who is playing with a doll in a park might find new friends who want to play with her, a little boy who plays with a doll
might be made fun of by other children
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
Young children are ______ than previously believed.
more socially sensitive and perceptive
Peer rejection is more likely to be experienced by emotionally ______ children.
negative
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
neglectful
A gender difference that appears early in development and across cultures is that boys are more ______ compared to girls.
physically aggressive
Emotion ___ plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.
regulation
A gender ___ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel
role
According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact
self-esteem
Children's representations of themselves make up their concept of
self-understanding
Freud believed preschool children developed a ______ the opposite-sex parent.
sexual attraction to
Maltreated young children living in foster care show abnormal levels of ___ hormones.
stress
Spanking can cause ______.
1. a child to fear the parent 2. a child to imitate the parent 3. a child to avoid the parent
The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.
1. acceptance 2. demand
Why is corporal punishment NOT recommended for children?
1. because corporal punishment may cause children to fear the parent 2. because corporal punishment may lead to physical abuse 3. because corporal punishment does not offer children a constructive model for handling stressful situations
Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics?
1. cheerfulness and self-control 2. self-reliance and achievement orientation 3. friendliness with peers
Select all the outcomes associated with the emotion-coaching parenting style.
1. child is able to regulate negative affect 2. child can focus attention better
Match the type of child maltreatment with the correct definition or example.
1. child neglect : failure to provide for a child's basic needs 2. emotional abuse : psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems 3. physical abuse : infliction of physical injury 4. sexual abuse : incest, rape, or fondling genitals
Children of emotion- ___ parents show fewer behavior problems than children of emotion- ___ parents.
1. coaching 2. dismissing
What are the behaviors that boys are likely to engage in when interacting in same-sex groups?
1. competition 2. conflict 3. rough-and-tumble play
Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?
1. failure to initiate activity 2. unhappiness and fear 3. anxiety about comparing themselves with others 4. weak communication skills
According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called ___ versus ___ .
1. initiative 2. guilt
What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?
1. intervening and helping resolve 2. admonishing or threatening 3. doing nothing
What are the advantages of emotional development in young children?
1. it allows them to begin to control their own emotions 2. it allows them to try to make sense of other people's emotional reactions
Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______.
1. leave children to make their own rules 2. be punitive or aloof
In the United States, a ______ of parents reported spanking their children frequently, and a ______ reported yelling at their children frequently.
1. minority 2. majority
Piaget concluded that peer relationships are more likely than parent-child relationships to advance moral reasoning for which of the following reasons?
1. peers share a more mutual power status 2. peer relationships involve more give-and-take 3. peers negotiate, coordinate, and reason about disagreements
What characteristics do young children (age 3) often use in their self-descriptions?
1. physical attributes 2. physical activity 3. material attributes
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
1. social role theory 2. psychoanalytic theory 3. social cognitive theory
According to research findings examining moral reasoning in various situations, what kind of children are virtually nonexistent?
1. totally honest children 2. children who cheat in every situation
Carla has recently experienced a considerable increase in her emotional vocabulary. She is most likely between the ages of
2 and 4 years
In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.
4 types
Which of the following is NOT among the most important aspects of the relationship between parents and children that contribute to children's moral development?
academic performance
Parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal-infant ___ helped to reduce child maltreatment.
attachment
The ___ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.
authoriative
According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?
authoritarian
The ___ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
authoritarian
The parenting style used by some Asian American parents, while appearing to be ______, actually reflects concern and involvement in their children's lives and is best seen as a type of training.
authoritarian
One important parenting strategy involves addressing misbehavior by children ______ it takes place.
before
Mariah identifies herself as a blond, tall, and good at tag. Mariah is most likely how old?
between 4 and 5
Which factor does NOT significantly contribute to child maltreatment?
birth order
___ is defined as the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.
co-parenting
An internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior is defined as ___
conscience
Between ages 2 and 4, children ______ their emotional vocabulary.
considerably increase
According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.
contrasting
What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?
corporal punishment
True or false: In terms of honesty, what children do in one situation is strongly related to what they do in other situations.
false
In Bronstein's research it was found many parents continue to foster behaviors and perceptions that stay with traditional ___ role norms.
gender
Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?
gender roles
Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?
gender schema theory
Naamah belongs to a traditional family that believes women should work as caretakers in the home and men should work as providers outside the home. This is an example of
gender typing
___ ___ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
gender typing
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow immediately. This is a belief in
immanent justice
______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.
immanent justice
According to Baumrind, children raised by ___ parents never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.
indulgent
According to Baumrind, children raised by parents ___ never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.
indulgent
According to Baumrind, the parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.
indulgent
According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?
indulgent
Among ______, the authoritarian style does not appear to suppress the child's development, but to encourage a sense of self and identity that are embedded in the family and require respect and obedience.
latinos
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to child maltreatment?
length of parents marriage
Which of the following was NOT effective in reducing child maltreatment?
mailing questionnaires that asked about household conditions
A schema guides an individual's general perceptions. A gender schema organizes the world in terms of
male and female
___ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
moral
From the age of 5 on, boys are ______ to engage in organized group games.
more likely than girls
What percentage of parents who abuse their children were themselves abused as children?
one-third
Abuse perpetuated against children is usually perpetrated by a
parent
During the initiative-versus-guilt stage, children identify most with their ___
parents
Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom?
parents
Who do young children identify with most during the initiative-versus-guilt stage?
parents
The term ___ ___ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective taking
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
perspective taking
A cognitive structure, a method of associations that guide a person's perceptions is identified as a
schema
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?
social biological theory
Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?
social cognitive
The ______ approach argues that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-relevant behavior.
social cognitive
Males begin to differ from females when genes on the Y chromosome in the male embryo trigger the development of
testes rather than ovaries
What is a major milestone of early childhood?
the ability to control one's emotions
Children's emotional development in early childhood allows them to begin to control
their own emotions
Ruth Chao suggests that the authoritarian child-rearing style is best conceptualized as a type of ______ in Asian American parenting.
training