Psychology Chapter 9 Learn Smart
At around what age is the human body at its physical peak?
20
The preoperational stage lasts from approximately age 2 to ______ years of age.
7
According to Piaget's theory, a schema might be modified into different schemas that ______ to the environment.
accommodate
According to Piaget's schema theory, a toddler might learn to call all four-legged animals "dogs." As time went on, however, he would realize that a cat is not the same as a dog and so would develop a new cat schema. This process is
accommodation
According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?
accommodation
An infant who becomes more selective with the objects she places into her mouth is changing he schema through
accommodation
What is the main emphasis of Erik Erikson's theory of development?
addressing various socioemotional tasks throughout the lifespan
What type of development is characterized by the improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?
cognitive
From age 7 to 11 years of age children experience the ______ stage.
concrete operational
Marissa is a college freshman who is involved in career exploration. According to Erikson's socioemotional theory, she is in the stage of identity vs. identity ________
confusion
Executive function is a key aspect of
controlled processing
One-way adults successfully deal with life's difficulties is through
coping
Newborn Jayden automatically closes his hand whenever anything touches his palm. This behavior is an example of a(n) ______ reflex.
gripping
A child who has not even noticed that her mother has gone away from her for a short period of time would be described as having _____, attachment in Ainsworth's strange situation task.
insecure
Your 25-year-old friend has met a lot of good friends in the past few years and is now dating somebody special. It seems to you that she is working through Erikson's _____ stage of psychosocial development very well.
intimacy versus isolation
Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this ______.
intuitive thought
According to Erikson, the primary socioemotional task in early adulthood is that of intimacy vs. ____
isolation
During late adulthood, what happens to the area of memory that aids in solving problems and making decisions?
it declines
Which of Baumrind's parenting styles best describes a child-rearing situation where parents let their children do pretty much what they want?
permissive
A person's genotype gives him the potential to be tall, but this potential interacts with the environment to produce a(n)____.
phenotype
A person's observable characteristics are referred to as the person's
phenotype
During their 20s, adults reach their peak in ______ development.
physical
Which of the following is true of memory in late adulthood? (Select all that apply.)
- Older adults take longer than younger adults to retrieve information about the world but often can remember it. - Older adults tend to do more poorly than younger adults in most aspects of memory.
Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.)
- a schema organizes information - schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills - a schema assists us in making sense of experience
Which of the following are attachment styles as defined by Ainsworth?
- anxious/ambivalent insecure attachment - avoidant insecure attachment - secure attachment
Which of the following are examples of cognitive development?
- being able to speak and understand words - problem solving - imagining a future occupation
Which of the following statements are true regarding Erikson's stage of identity vs. identity confusion
- it includes career exploration - it occurs between the ages of 10 and 20 - it includes an exploration of roles
Which of the following characteristics apply to the developmental period of emerging adulthood? (Select all that apply.)
- it is the transition period between adolescence and adulthood - it is characterized by experimental and exploration
According to Chess and Thomas' work on temperament, a child that is classified as a "slow-to-warm-up child" displays which of the following behaviors?
- low activity - has low intensity of mood - displays minimal adaptability
Which of the following factors are important to successful adult development?
- people develop and mature by coping with life difficulties - it is possible to develop a rich and complex view of the world
Which of the following are typical of puberty?
- rapid sexual maturation - rapid skeletal maturation - hormonal changes
What are the basic types, or clusters, of temperament?
- the difficult child: slow to accept new experiences - the slow-to-warm-up child: cautious in the face of new experiences - the easy child: adapts easily to new experiences
Harry Harlow's classic study with baby monkeys demonstrated:
- the importance of contact comfort - a preference for warmth and nestling
According to Piaget, conservation is ________. Select all that apply.
- the knowledge that certain attributes of objects remain the same despite superficial changes - part of the concrete operational stage
Mary Ainsworth developed a procedure called the "strange situation" which she used to study types of attachment. Ainsworth found which of the following?
- the scarlet attached infant moves freely away from the mother but also keeps tabs on her - in insecurely attached infant avoids the mother or in ambivalent towards her
The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth to approximately age
2
Which of the following describes a child who demonstrates secure attachment in the strange situation test?
Elnora who uses her mother as a secure base to explore the environment
Baby Shanelle uses her mother as a "base" from which to explore the environment. According to Ainsworth, this means that
Shanelle is securely attached
Baby X was one of Mary Ainsworth's participants in the "strange situation" procedure. When his mother left the room, he responded with distress and then raged at her when she returned. This classified him as
an insecurely attached infant
According to Piaget's theory,_________ occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge.
assimilation
According to Piaget, when individuals incorporate new information into an existing schema, this is called ______.
assimilation
When a person incorporates a new experience into his or her existing assumptions and ways of doing things, it is called
assimilation
In Piaget's theory, what is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
assimilation does not involve changing schemas while accommodation does
An infant enjoys sucking on his pacifier. When he comes across a stuffed toy, he puts it in his mouth and starts sucking on it. This is an example of_______ . After months of experience, the infant learns that the purpose of the stuffed toy is to play with it, not put it in his mouth. This illustrates________
assimilation; accommodation
John Bowlby theorized that an important foundation for a child's later development is _______ .
attachment
Kirsten and her newborn have a close emotional bond. Kirsten believes this is important because it "sets the stage" for relationships later in life. This bond, according to Bowlby, is ______.
attachment
According to Baumrind, _____ parenting is a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent both exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and places firm limits on the child
authoritarian
What parenting style is exemplified by a rigid and punitive style?
authoritarian
The style of parenting that is more collaborative is ______ parenting.
authoritative
Which type of parenting involves encouraging the child to be independent but placing limits and controls on behavior?
authoritative
A toddler declaring "I can do it myself!" is likely in the ______ stage of Erikson's stages.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Steven is learning self-control with toilet training and other new demands. Steven is mostly likely in which of Erikson's stages?
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
A person's temperament is their
behavioral style and characteristic way of responding
According to Erikson, at what age is the trust-versus-mistrust stage predominant?
birth to 1.5 years
Which of the following is NOT characteristic thought of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
classifying things into subsets and considering their interrelations
Being unable to realize that others cannot always see what one seeing themselves is a hallmark of ______ thought.
egocentric
Adolescent ________ is a state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world only from his or her own point of view
egocentrism
Allison is a 14-year-old who spends hours in the bathroom fixing her hair because she believes that everyone will notice how she has styled it. This best describes adolescent ______
egocentrism
Steven, a toddler, is reading a book and sees a picture he is interested in. "Look, mommy," he shouts, "a horse." He does not show the picture to his mother but assumes that she is able to see it as he sees it. This exemplifies Piaget's concept of _____.
egocentrism
______ adulthood is the transition from adolescence to adulthood.
emerging
______ ________refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.
executive function
True or false: The concrete operational stage, according to Piaget, occurs from approximately 2 to 7 years.
false
Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in?
formal operational
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from about age 11 through adulthood and is characterized by abstract and idealistic thinking?
formal operational
A(n) ____ involves one's efforts to cultivate meaningful optimal experiences.
life theme
A(n)______ _______ involves one's efforts to cultivate meaningful optimal experiences.
life themes
Erikson emphasized that socioemotional development is a ______ process.
lifelong
_______ development involves changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do.
moral
According to Baumrind, _______ the style refers to parents who are uninvolved in their children's live
neglectful
According to Diana Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as
neglectful parents
Professor Lune was a first-generation college student who completed graduate school. Now Professor Lune dedicates her career to helping students who experience hardship in their educations. This is an example of a(n) ______ life theme.
optimal
Frank and Wilma still consider themselves "hippies." They raised their children to be what Wilma calls "creative" and Frank refers to as "free to make their own decisions." Most likely Frank and Wilma subscribe to _____ parenting
permissive
Children have a difficult time understanding that reversing an action may restore the original conditions from which the action began during the ______ stage.
preoperational
From around 2 to 7 years of age children are in the ______ stage of development.
preoperational
Intuitive thought coincides with ______ thinking.
preoperational
_____is the period of physical development, typically occurring during adolescence, during which sexual organs mature.
puberty
A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times is defined as
resilience
Which of the following are examples of infant reflexes that disappear as they mature?
rooting, toe curling, gripping
According to Piaget, a(n) ________ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
schema
According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in the ______ stage.
sensorimotor
The ______ stage lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.
sensorimotor
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?
sensorimotor
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of prenatal development?
sensorimotor period
According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating ______ experiences with ______ actions.
sensory; physical
Mary Ainsworth devised the ______ to measure children's attachment.
stange situation test
Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up are the three basic types of ______ in children.
temperament
Attachment is
the close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic types of temperament in children? - the friendly child - the difficult child - the easy child - the slow-to-warm-up child
the friendly child
What did Harry Harlow's study on infant monkeys demonstrate
the importance of a mother providing warmth
True or false: The procedure devised by Ainsworth called the "strange situation" was developed to study types of attachment.
true
According to Erikson, ______ is built during infancy when a baby's basic needs are met.
trust
Marina is 11 months old. According to Erikson's socioemotional theory of development, she is in which stage?
trust versus mistrust
Rosita is an infant, and learns that when she cries, her parents are quick to come and soothe her. Rosita is mostly likely in which of Erikson's stages?
trust vs. mistrust
Object permanence is when a child
understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen