Psychology exam 2

In the Ponzo illusion, which line is a person likely to see as longer? a. The line across the wide part of the converging background lines b. The line across the narrow part of the converging lines c. Both lines will be seen as the same length

b

At the time that Tolman conducted his study, most psychologists thought that the group that would learn the route in the maze from the start box to the food box most quickly was the rats that were___________________. a. reinforced by food on every trial b. reinforced by food only after Trial 11 c. never reinforced by food

a

For each of the following examples, determine whether or not it is an example of second order conditioning. A baby learns that footsteps in the hall precedes the door opening, and the door opening is almost always followed by her mother or father coming into the room. She hears footsteps in the hall and feels excited. A. Example B. Not example

A

Garcia interpreted the results of his experiments with producing nausea as indicating that ______________________. A. it is much easier to condition a stimulus and response that have a natural connection than a stimulus and response that are put together arbitrarily B. any arbitrary stimulus can be conditioned to produce any given response C. taste is the easiest stimulus to condition to any response D. it always takes many training trials to produce a classically conditioned response

A

In the first phase of Bandura's study what happened? a. Children played with toys but also watched an adult interacting with a Bobo doll. b. Children were frustrated by not being allowed to play with some fun toys. c. Children merely played with toys and had fun.

A

A phobia is a psychological condition that involves a very strong negative reaction to a particular stimulus, though people with phobias will differ on exactly what stimulus it is that produces the response. Which of the following is MOST likely to be the target stimulus for a phobia? A. Trucks B. Snakes C. Kitchen knives D. Electrical outlets

B

A light and a shock are associated so the light now produces a fear response without presentation of the shock. If a new light that is similar to, but not identical to the original light produces the fear response, we have an example of _______________. a. generalization b. discrimination

a

A person who believes that you have a certain amount of intelligence, that no matter how hard you work, you cannot change who you are, and that you should pick goals that fit your limitations holds which mindset? a. Entity theory b. Incremental theory

a

A wavelength is measured by the _____________ between one wave peak and the next wave peak. a. distance b. volume c. height

a

Countries that did not have modernized social and economic systems in the early 20th century showed what pattern of change in IQ? a. They showed no change in average IQ until they modernized. After that, they showed the same rate of improvement that Flynn had found in countries that were already modernized in 1900. b. Like the countries that had already modernized in 1900, they showed a steady increase throughout the 20th century. c. They showed a decline in IQ until they achieved more modern systems. At that point, the decline stopped and they maintained the same IQ level afterwards.

a

Gate-control theory has been formulated to explain our sense of ___________. a. pain b. smell c. balance d. pressure

a

In general, did boys or girls show more physically aggressive acts or was it about the same? a. Boys b. Girls c. About the same

a

Most psychologists today define Intelligence as ________________. a. the mental ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations b. school smarts c. a measure on an intelligence test d. all of the above

a

Myron is a waiter in a college restaurant. Sometimes he gets a tip and sometimes the students leave nothing. Whether the night is busy (Friday) or dead (Tuesday), on the average he gets a real tip from about 50% of his customers, but some nights everyone is generous and other nights everyone is stingy. a. Variable ratio b. Continuous c. Fixed interval

a

Perceiving purple is a result of receiving messages from two types of cells: those that perceive red and those that perceive blue. a. Young-Helmholtz b. Opponent-process

a

Positive Reinforcement refers to a situation where __________. a. a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior b. a behavior is decreased because something undesirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior c. a behavior increased, regardless of whether something was gained or lost

a

Research indicates that sensorineural hearing loss is usually caused by ___________. a. exposure to loud noise b. disease c. age d. genetic deformations

a

Selective attention is ____________________________. a. a combination of focusing on a specific target in the environment and tune out other possible targets b. the ability to focus on a particular sensory input c. the ability to avoid focusing on possible targets in the environment d. the ability to process several targets in the environment simultaneously

a

Stimulation of the cells in the back of the eye by light energy (photons) is an example of ___________. a. sensation b. perception

a

The Ebbinghaus illusion is like the moon illusion because ______________. a. the size of the middle circle is interpreted using the curvature of nearby circles as a reference b. the larger the circle used for comparison, the larger the middle circle looks c. the middle circle looks like the moon

a

The Flynn effect refers to an average change of about ________________. a. 3 IQ points every 10 years b. 5 IQ points every 50 years c. 10 IQ points every 3 years d. 10 IQ points every 5 years

a

The McGurk effect occurs under which one of the following circumstances? a. We see a mouth saying one word and hear a different word in the audio track. b. When a person is talking without moving his or her lips. c. We focus on the person's mouth and ignore what he or she is saying. d. We see a mouth saying a word and concentrate closely on the sound of that same word.

a

The Mueller-Lyer illusion has been explained by some psychologists as being due to _______________. a. our experience with inside edges in rooms and outside edges of buildings b. the idea that arrows pointing in toward a middle line call attention to that line, but arrows pointing out from the line call attention away from the center line c. the fact that horizontal lines look longer than vertical lines

a

The definition of creativity involving divergent thinking differs from other definitions in that it ______________________. a. measures creativity by the number of possible answers a person can come up with to a single question b. defines creativity in terms of the extent to which a person's thoughts differ from the norm c. measures creativity in terms of the speed at which problems are solved d. defines creativity in terms of the extent to which a person's thoughts produce socially valued products

a

True or False: All of the senses are specialized to pick up information coming from the outside world. a. True b. False

a

What causes the Hering and Wundt illusions? a. Interpretation of the background lines as receding into a third dimension b. Failure to make use of contexual information that could clarify the straightness of the lines c. Distorted sensory input that the perceptual system cannot recognize

a

What did the rats who did not receive food reward in the food box (including the first 11 trials for the group of rats who later did find food in the food box) do when they were put into the maze? a. They wandered haphazardly in the maze, occasionally stumbling across the food box. b. They ran quickly to the food box. c. They went to the food box, but took more wrong turns on the way.

a

When German psychologist Wolfgand Köhler watched chimpanzees trying to get food, he particularly noticed that _____________________. a. they seemed to think about the problem before suddenly solving the problem b. stumbled on the trick of knocking down the food by accident c. they kept trying until they succeeded d. they never solved the problem because they weren't smart enough

a

When you hear a tone of 200 Hz, the hair cells in the cochlea begin vibrating 200 times per second. This is the idea behind the ______________. a. frequency theory of hearing b. volley principle of hearing c. place theory of hearing d. tympanic theory of hearing

a

A child has learned that chocolate cookies taste great. The cookies come in a long yellow box, so every time she sees a yellow box, she gets excited. Her mother buys a new type of cookie that comes in an orange box. When her mother pulls the orange box out of the shopping bag, the child does not get excited. This is an example of _____________. a. generalization b. discrimination

b

A combination of flexibility in thinking and reorganization in understanding to produce innovative ideas is important in _______________. a. convergent thinking b. creative thinking c. concept formation d. analytical intelligence

b

A person who believes that you can always change your level of intelligence through personal efforts holds which mindset? a. Entity theory b. Incremental theory

b

According to psychologist Dan Simons, who conducted the gorilla study, what percentage of people miss the gorilla? a. About 10% b. About 50% c. About 90% d. About 25%

b

Afterimages caused by staring at a blue image then looking away makes you perceive yellow. a. Young-Helmholtz b. Opponent-process

b

Bushman's results were that ________________________. a. people did not differ in their aggression after playing a violent or nonviolent video game b. people were more aggressive after they had played a violent video game c. people were more aggressive after they had played a nonviolent video game

b

Erma sells hotdogs for one dollar each in the stands at the local professional baseball stadium. For every hotdog she sells, she puts 25 cents in her pocket and 75 cents in her boss's change purse. a. Variable interval b. Continuous c. Fixed ratio

b

Frank claims that when he is confronted with a problem, he likes to come up with one correct solution. Frank practices ______________. a. divergent thinking b. convergent thinking c. semantic problem solving d. creative thinking

b

Prenatal vulnerability and possible mutations on the X-chromosome are reasons typically given for research indicating that ________________________. a. there are more females at the lower extremes of the IQ distribution b. there are more males at the lower extremes of the IQ distribution c. there are more females at the higher extremes of the IQ distribution

b

The controversial claim about women's intelligence was that ______________________. a. women are superior to men in verbal aspects of intelligence, but not mathematical areas b. men are superior to women in mathematical aspects of intelligence, but not in verbal areas c. men are superior to women in all areas of intelligence

b

The general principle that desirable outcomes increase the behaviors that produce them and undesirable outcomes decrease the behaviors that produce them is called __________. a. Weber's Law b. The Law of Effect c. The Associative Principle

b

True or False: Bushman and Anderson's study is similar to Bandura's study in that the first step was to watch someone else doing something. In Bandura's case it was watching an adult play with a Bobo doll, while in Bushman and Anderson's case it was watching someone play a video game. a. True b. False

b

True or False: If genetic factors can be shown to produce a strong relationship between the IQ of parents and the IQ of their children then it would be logically shown that racial and ethnic group differences must also be caused by these same genetic factors. a. True b. False

b

True or False: In order for stereotype threat to affect performance on IQ tests, the test takers need to be told the negative stereotype before they take the test. a. True b. False

b

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________________. a. classical conditioning b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery

b

Which of the following best describes how stereotype threat can be used to explain why Blacks sometimes score lower on IQ tests than Whites? a. When Whites take an IQ test, they are aware of the stereotype that Whites have higher intelligence than Blacks. This helps Whites, because as they take the test, they feel motivated to confirm the positive stereotype. As a result, Whites perform better compared to that of Blacks. b. When Blacks take an IQ test, they are aware of the stereotype that Whites have higher intelligence. This awareness negatively affects Blacks, because as they take the test, they are anxious that they might confirm the negative stereotype. As a result, they devote less cognitive resources to the test, and their performance suffers compared to that of Whites.

b

Which of the two processes--sensation or perception--is more likely to be influenced by our beliefs and expectations? a. Sensation b. Perception

b

Which psychologist developed the most widely used IQ test for adults? a. Alfred Binet b. David Wechsler c. Lewis Terman d. Henri Simon

b

Which theory holds that the pitch we hear is determined by the particular location on the cochlea where the hair cells vibrate the most? a. Stage theory b. Place theory c. Frequency theory d. Bone conduction theory

b

You are alone in your house at night and hear a loud noise. You check to see if someone is trying to break into the house. Your response of checking for an intruder is based directly on your ___________. a. sensation b. perception

b

Bandura's study was based on the idea that learning can occur under what conditions? a. When you do something and then experience the consequences of that action. b. When you watch someone else do something. c. When you have a sudden experience of insight.

bn

A JND is _____________________. a. the greatest detectable difference between two stimuli b. the lowest possible intensity of a stimulus that can be detected c. the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

c

A conditioned response has disappeared, but it reappears the next day when the conditioned stimulus is presented. This is called _________________. a. classical conditioning b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery

c

As the CS and US are repeatedly paired, what happens when the CS is presented alone? a. The more that the CS and US are paired, the weaker the CR in response to the CS. b. The number of pairings of the CS and US has no effect on the strength of the CR response to the CS. c. The more that the CS and US are paired the stronger the CR in response to the CS.

c

Charles Spearman was one of the first important American contributors to the field of intelligence and he is best known for his ____________. a. development of several intelligence scales that have high reliability and validity with other IQ tests b. theory of intelligence consisting of seven clusters of primary mental abilities c. theory of general intelligence d. theory that intelligence originates in one's genes

c

Color constancy refers to ______________. a. the fact that colors on our retina do not change when they are in different lighting conditions b. the fact that we are constantly tricked into thinking that colors, such as the color of the shirt you are wearing, changes all the time c. the adjustments made by our perceptual system to give us the experience of constant colors despite the fact that the actual colors in the environment change under different lighting conditions

c

Did verbal aggression show the same pattern as physical aggression? a. Yes, in both cases, girls were more aggressive. b. Yes, in both cases, boys were more aggressive. c. No, boys were more physically aggressive in all conditions, but verbal aggression was more complex, with girls showing high levels of verbal aggression after watching a female model.

c

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the bones of the middle ear is called ___________ hearing loss. a. tympanic b. sensorineural c. conductive d. cochlear

c

In signal detection theory, a false alarm occurs when the target is __________ and you respond that it is __________. a. absent; absent b. present; absent c. absent; present d. present; present

c

Negative punishment refers to a situation where __________. a. a behavior is decreased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior b. a behavior increased because something undesirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior c. a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

c

What theory suggests that nerve fibers carrying messages that pressure is being applied to some part of the body can prevent pain messages from getting through to the brain? a. Place theory b. Frequency theory c. Gate-control theory d. Opponent-process theory

c

On the basis of what results did Tolman support his claim that the rats in the group that started finding food on Trial 11 (and thereafter) had really learned something, and that this learning was latent? a. After Trial 11, the rats in the group that found food on every trial, starting with the first trial, continued to improve (made fewer wrong turns). b. After Trial 11, the rats in the group that first found food on Trial 11 started to improve (made fewer wrong turns) in small steps on each subsequent trial. c. After Trial 11, the rats in the group that first found food on Trial 11 suddenly improved (made fewer wrong turns) dramatically, unlike the control group (no food on any trial), which showed no dramatic improvement.

c

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that __________. a. reinforcement involves desirable outcomes and punishment involves undesirable outcomes b. reinforcement is good and punishment is bad c. reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior

c

Research on emotional intelligence indicates the skill that would be most important to try and teach children in order to help them become successful in later life is ______________. a. empathy b. social altruism c. how to delay gratification d. how to avoid confrontation

c

Research on the development of depth perception suggests that it is ___________. a. learned b. innate c. both learned and innate

c

The McGurk effect is an example of sensory integration because _______________. a. we selectively attend to either the mouth or the voice, but never allow the two sources of information to confuse each other b. we know that it is impossible for lips to move one way and hear something completely inconsistent c. we combine the information from sight and hearing to create a perceptual experience that is not completely based on one or the other d. we reject the information from one sense and rely exclusively on the information from a second sense

c

The behaviors measured by the researcher included ________________________. a. how long the children actually watched the adult play with the Bobo doll b. the level of anger reported by the children when they were asked how they felt c. the number of aggressive acts or statements made by the child while playing in the room with the Bobo doll

c

The hereditarian hypothesis states that _____________________. a. there are no group differences in IQ scores b. IQ differences found between racial and ethnic groups can best be explained by environmental factors c. IQ differences found between racial and ethnic groups can best be explained by genetic factors

c

The notion of practical intelligence is associated with __________. a. Wechsler b. Gardner c. Sternberg d. Spearman

c

The process of administering a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions so that the scores can be analyzed for establishing norms is called ____________. a. reliability b. normal distribution c. standardization d. validity

c

Twelve-year-old Greta was given a standardized intelligence test, specially designed for children. She is most likely to have taken the _______________. a. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Comprehension b. Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale for Intelligence c. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children d. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

c

Weber's law states that the JND for high magnitude stimuli is ____________ the JND for low magnitude stimuli. a. smaller than b. the same as c. greater than

c

What do color, shape, and brightness constancy say about our perceptual systems? a. Our perceptions are always accurate, regardless of the distortions that it gets from the senses. b. Our sensory systems always provide accurate information, and the perceptual system is messy because it misinterprets this information. c. Our perceptual systems try to interpret the sensory input based on knowledge of how things work in the world.

c

What were the behaviors (dependent variables) that Bushman and Anderson measured? a. People's actual aggressive actions, thoughts, and feelings after an accident b. People's reports about their likely actions, thoughts, and feelings when they were led to believe that a friend had just been in an accident c. People's beliefs about their likely actions, thoughts, and feelings after they read about an imaginary accident

c

When considering average IQ, it is generally agreed that __________________. a. females have higher average IQs b. males have higher average IQs c. there is no difference in average IQ between males and females

c

Which of the following definitions is correctly paired? a. Analytical: the ability to apply what we know to everyday life b. Practical: type of intelligence that comes into play when we analyze and evaluate familiar problems, break them down into their component parts, and develop strategies to solve them c. Creative: think in new and novel ways when solving unfamiliar problems

c

Which structure of the eye determines whether a person has abnormal vision (e.g., is nearsighted or farsighted)? a. Retina b. Pupil c. Lens d. Eye muscles

c

Why do we experience this blind spot? a. Bad vision b. Our eyes are closed c. We have no photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve leaves our eye

c

Although Dr. Black acknowledges that some people excel in specific areas, such as art or music, he believes that a factor, called general intelligence, or the g factor, is responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests. His belief about intelligence was originally hypothesized by ______________. a. L. L. Thurstone b. Henri Simon c. Lewis Terman d. Charles Spearman

d

Learning through operant conditioning generally involves __________________. a. insights into the way things work, ignoring prior experiences b. logically reasoning about what should happen if an action is taken c. random behavior without awareness of the consequences d. trial-and-error learning, including noting the consequences of actions

d

The concept of emotional intelligence includes all of the following except: a. Perceiving emotions accurately b. Managing emotions in oneself and others c. Taking feelings into account when reasoning d. Excluding emotions when making crucial decisions

d

The test and retest scores on a new test for comprehension were very similar but lacked predictive value as to whether it was actually measuring comprehension or some other human attribute. This new test of comprehension was high in ________ but low in _________. a. standardization; validity b. reliability; construction c. validity; reliability d. reliability; validity

d

What area of the eye controls the size of the pupil? a. Cornea b. Retina c. Lens d. Iris

d

What part of the eye contains photoreceptor cells? a. Cornea b. Pupil c. Lens d. Retina

d