PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 2

What is a fixed-ratio?

A high, constant response rate

What is an aptitude test?

A psychometric test that is designed to test a person's ability to learn that is, the person's future performance.

What is an achievement test?

A psychometric test that is designed to test what knowledge and skills a person has learned.

What is crystallized intelligence and what age category does it pertain too?

Accumulated wisdom, knowledge , expertise, and vocabulary. Tends to b stronger in old age.

What is working memory?

An active processing system that allows manipulation of different types of information to keep it available for current use

What does the parasympathetic division do?

Calms down the body

What is Cannon-Bard theory?

Emotions and bodily responses both occur simultaneously due to the ways that parts of the brain process information.

What is James-Lange theory?

Emotions result from experience of physiology reactions in the body.

What is a variable-ratio?

High response rate, resistant to extinction

What is anterograde amnesia?

Inability to form new long-term declarative/ explicit memories.

What is a variable-interval?

Low, steady response rate, resistant to extinction

What is a fixed-interval?

Lower response rate, peaks of response around reward times

What is fluid intelligence and what age category does it pertain too?

The ability to think quickly and abstractly. Tends to be strongest in youth.

What is general intelligence?

The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence

What is long-term potential (LTP)?

The strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons.

What is the rebound effect?

The suppression of a particular thought often resulted in the subsequent increased return of the unwanted thought.

What is thought suppression and rumination?

When we suppress negative thoughts, we are trying not to feel or respond to the emotion at all.

The type of thinking that uses shortcuts to allow one to make a decision quickly, without considering all of the evidence, is called a.) a heuristic b.) an algorithm c.) insight d.) framing

a.) a heuristic

When explaining to his wife how positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar, Jackson correctly says that both a.) add a stimulus. b.) increase the probability of a behavior. c.) remove a stimulus. d.) decrease the probability of a behavior.

a.) add a stimulus.

Positive punishment causes a(n) ______ in behavior through the ______ of a stimulus. a.) decrease; addition b.) increase; addition c.) decrease; removal d.) increase; removal

a.) decrease; addition

Danny, who has a damaged amygdala, accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned. Later, Danny's reaction to fire is that he a.) knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it b.) knows it is dangerous and has a strong conditioned fear response to it c.) does not think it is dangerous and has no conditioned fear of it d.) does not think it is dangerous but becomes terrified around it

a.) knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it

Joffrey's wife asked him to go to the store and buy milk, bacon, apples, juice, butter, and cereal. Joffrey did not write down the items, and ended up only remembering to buy milk and bacon at the store. The fact that Joffrey only remembered milk and bacon demonstrates the _____ effect. a.) primacy b.) decay c.) recency d.) interference

a.) primacy

Sampson is a dolphin trainer who trains his dolphins to perform tasks by blowing a high-pitched whistle, the sound of which dolphins enjoy, immediately after the dolphins do the task. Sampson is using _______ reinforcers to train the dolphins. a.) secondary b.) negative c.) primary d.) variable

a.) secondary

Sue is a great math student. According to multiple intelligences theory, Sue's linguistic should be _____ her mathematical/logical intelligence. a.) unrelated to b.) less than c.) greater than d.) equal to

a.) unrelated to

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of stereotype threat? a.) It causes distraction and anxiety. b.) It reduces the short-term memory capacity. c.) It disorganizes information in long-term memory. d.) It undermines confidence and motivation.

b.) It reduces the short-term memory capacity.

Which of the following would be an example of crystallized intelligence? a.) Maggie is able to solve unfamiliar math problems b.) Jordan can easily recite the entire dictionary c.) Miguel can think quickly in complicated situations d.) Aaron can compose a beautiful piano piece in one week

b.) Jordan can easily recited the entire dictionary

The final exam for your psychology class is a(n) _____ test. a.) aptitude b.) achievement c.) standardized d.) general intelligence

b.) achievement

To remember her nine-digit Social Security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa has made her Social Security number easier to remember by using a.) the primary effect. b.) chunking. c.) retrieval cues. d.) maintenance rehearsal.

b.) chunking.

When Mary thinks about a "guitar", she is using a mental representation of specific knowledge about that object. Mary is thinking about a... a.) stereotype. b.) concept. c.) mental map. d.) schema.

b.) concept.

When wild Arctic wolves hunt, their efforts are only sometimes reinforced because finding food is difficult. The fact that the wolves are only sometimes reinforced for hunting is an example of ________ reinforcement. a.) ratio b.) continuous c.) fixed d.) partial

b.) continuous

Olivia takes a drug that is supposed to increase her ability to memorize things. The drug works by increasing neural communication in the hippocampus, and when taken repeatedly, it may also support a.) non-associative learning b.) long-term potentiation c.) tabula rasa d.) habituation

b.) long-term potentiation

Liora is reading her textbook. As her eyes scan the page, each visual image is retained for less than a second in her a.) working memory. b.) sensory storage. c.) short-term storage. d.) episodic memory.

b.) sensory storage.

Last year, Martina was in love with Robert, but they eventually broke up. Today in the mall, Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore. She immediately filled with positive feelings, which is most likely due to a.) second-order conditioning b.) spontaneous recovery c.) stimulus discrimination d.) stimulus generalization

b.) spontaneous recovery

Jethro believes that all elderly people have difficulty hearing and understanding. Whenever he interacts with an elderly person, Jethro automatically speaks loudly and slowly. Jethro is applying ______ of the elderly in these interactions. a.) exemplar b.) stereotype c.) prototype d.) algorithm

b.) stereotype

Fred wants to be a lawyer. To achieve this goal, Fred realizes he will have to graduate from law school. He also knows that to go to law school, he will have to graduate from college. So, he decides that his first step toward his goal of being a lawyer is to apply to college. To solve this problem Fred is using a.) insight b.) subgoals c.) an analogy d.) working backward

b.) subgoals

Cynthia's psychology professor asks the class not to think about purple unicorns. Though Cynthia has never once before thought about a purple unicorn, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about them. Cynthia is experiencing _____ as a result of her attempts at _____. a.) the rebound effect; rumination b.) the rebound effect; thought suppression c.) distraction; rumination d.) distraction; thought suppression

b.) the rebound effect; thought suppression

At a football game, you cannot help but feel excited whenever your team scores a touchdown. Because this is an unlearned response in terms of classical conditioning, it would be called a(n) a.) unconditioned stimulus b.) unconditioned response c.) conditioned response d.) conditioned stimulus

b.) unconditioned response

Braxton's friend Shayla is caught cheating on a test and receives an "F." Braxton learns the consequences of cheating by watching Shayla be punished for this action. Braxton has learned through _______. a.) sensitization b.) vicarious conditioning c.) modeling d.) operant conditioning

b.) vicarious conditioning

Linda is feeling shaky, her heart is racing, and her mouth is dry. She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous. Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience? a.) James-Lange b.) misattribution c.) Schacter-Singer two-factor d.) Cannon-Bard

c.) Schacter-Singer two-factor

Riley ate too much chocolate cake during his birthday party and was sick all night. If classical conditioning occurred and he associated the cake with being sick, then when Riley sees cake today, he will most likely a.) be happy because it reminds him of the great time he had at his party b.) want to eat more because he is still celebrating his birthday c.) be turned off by the smell and the memory of the taste of the cake d.) save the cake for later when he feels a little bit better

c.) be turned off by the smell and the memory of the taste of the cake

According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having some even more choice. a.) forces people to use an algorithm to make decisions. b.) allows us to have insight about what we really want. c.) can be frustrating and impair thinking. d.) makes people feel more satisfied with their decisions.

c.) can be frustrating and impair thinking.

Angelica claims to be an expert at reading people's emotions through their expressions. When asked how she does it. Angelica claims that she uses people's _____ to give her the best cues as to how they are feeling. a.) foreheads b.) noses c.) eyes d.) chins

c.) eyes

The idea that one single intelligence factor contributes to performance on all intellectual tasks is known as the _____ intelligence theory. a.) fluid b.) crystallized c.) general d.) single

c.) general

Ross is explaining the different theories of emotion to his younger brother. When describing the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory, he explains that a situation causes a a.) cognitive label and the physiological response follows b.) physiological response that is followed by a physiological label c.) physiological response that is followed by a cognitive label d.) physiological label that is followed by a physiological response

c.) physiological response that is followed by a cognitive label

Becca is trying to teach her 3-year-old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her ________ memory of riding a bike. a.) semantic b.) episodic c.) procedural d.) short-term

c.) procedural

Percy wants to teach his daughter good manners. To increase the likelihood of her saying "Excuse me" when bumping into someone in a store, he should use a stimulus called a(n) a.) token economy. b.) operant. c.) reinforcer. d.) punishment.

c.) reinforcer.

When solving a problem using insight, the solution is reached a.) by achieving one's subgoals b.) based on how similar the problem is to other problems c.) suddenly when it just pops into one's head d.) by starting at the goal state and working backward

c.) suddenly when it just pops into one's head

Last week, Alana saw a television show about a rare, but fatal virus. Now, she has a runny noise and a fever and thinks she has contracted the virus. Alana's thinking is most likely based on a.) an algorithm b.) the representativeness heuristic c.) the availability heuristic d.) using framing

c.) the availability heuristic

A prototype includes ______ in a category. An exemplar includes _____ in the category. a.) all examples of concepts; only stereotypical concepts. b.) the least typical concept; the most typical concept. c.) the most typical concept; all examples of concepts. d.) only stereotypical concepts; the least typical concept

c.) the most typical concept; all examples of concepts

Taylor's parents are very inconsistent with their child-rearing practices. Some days, Taylor can get away with climbing onto the back of the couch and jumping off, but other days she is punished. Taylor's parents are reinforcing her behavior on a ______ schedule. a.) fixed interval b.) variable ratio c.) variable interval d.) fixed ratio

c.) variable interval

Typically, scores on intelligence tests are closely related to _____ memory. a.) semantic b.) episodic c.) working d.) sensory

c.) working

Demi is a 10-year-old with a mental age of 12. Demi's intelligence quotient (IQ) is a.) 83 b.) 110 c.) 100 d.) 120

d.) 120

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion? a.) You are shaking because you know that a snake is scary. b.) You are shaking because you are afraid. c.) You are shaking and you are afraid. d.) You are afraid because you are shaking.

d.) You are afraid because you are shaking.

You are taking part in an experiment on emotions. You are shown an isolated face and are certain that the face is expressing sadness. Then you are shown the same sad face paired with a fearful body posture. According to the research, how will you categorize the emotion? a.) as surprise b.) as sadness c.) as anger d.) as fear

d.) as fear

In an experiment, you are asked to memorize a list of 30 words. At first, this seems like a challenging task. Then you remember that you can hold more words in short-term storage if you a.) recall the word list an hour after you finish the experiment. b.) avoid using attention processes for working memory. c.) expand the capacity of your sensory storage. d.) group words together in meaningful ways.

d.) group words together in meaningful ways.

Sydney, who is currently in a good mood, has been asked about her life satisfaction. According to the affect-as-information theory, Sydney will most likely respond that she a.) does not feel happy or unhappy. b.) is generally unhappy with her life. c.) cannot answer without thinking for a while about all aspects of her life. d.) is generally happy with her life.

d.) is generally happy with her life.

Thayer is holding her infant cousin and she smiles at the baby. The baby observes Thayer smiling and imitates the smile by smiling back. The baby most likely learned to smile in this situation based on a.) insight learning b.) vicarious conditioning c.) reinforcement d.) modeling

d.) modeling

You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out. You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door. By creating consequences for your dog's behavior, you have used _____ to train him. a.) the Premack principle b.) modeling c.) classical conditioning d.) operant conditioning

d.) operant conditioning

Channing believes that the best way to get his boyfriend to clean up after himself is by initiating sex as soon as his boyfriend cleans up the apartment. Channing knows that sex is a _____ reinforcer that will likely ____ the probability that his boyfriend will clean the apartment in the future. a.) secondary; decrease b.) primary; decrease c.) secondary; increase d.) primary; increase

d.) primary; increase

Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking? a.) using a map to drive to a new store b.) calculating the tip on your dinner bill c.) translating your Spanish homework into English d.) taking a nap with soft music playing

d.) taking a nap with soft music playing

If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to remember anything from before the incident and ________ to form new memories. a.) able; able b.) unable; unable c.) able; unable d.) unable; able

d.) unable; able

Your friend starts talking about a new puppy that she just rescued. This discussion activates your knowledge about dogs. Since this knowledge is maintained in long-term storage in a network of associations, when you hear about her new puppy a.) words highly associated with "pet" will be activated first. b.) all words associated with "pet" will be activated equally. c.) all words associated with "dog" will be activated equally. d.) words highly associated with "dog" will be activated first.

d.) words highly associated with "dog" will be activated first

What is retrograde amnesia?

inability to retrieve memory of the past