Psychology Exam 2

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the __

spinal cord

What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every 4:00 pm

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ___

temperature, touch, and pain

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing __

temperature, touch, pain

Considerable debate overs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ___ in professional athletes and bodybuilders

testosterone

What are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

they have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet

IN classical conditioning, the __ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e. the stimulus)

unconditioned response

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?

He is considered the founder of behaviorism

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

In jury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?

amygdala

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?

androgens

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

__ is a neurotransmitter with roles. in pleasure and pain modulation

beta-endorphin

___ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation

beta-endorphin

The brain contains __ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

___ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

binocular

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been work on- a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esthers eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapeños, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and consequently to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

A ___ scan involved taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain

computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned. stimulus

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave __ to the lowest point on the wave ___

crest; trough

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?

deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth

Which of the following experience involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch Youtube videos of people knitting

___ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.

endocrine; hormone

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

fast; long lasting

Frances relieves one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland ?

hypothalamus

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

hypothalamus

What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory?

improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

in laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Which part of the eye holds color?

iris

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

kinesthesia

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every day, to see hoe long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

__ is the difference between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function

lateralization

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with __

longer wavelengths

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

pons

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babe saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Although B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, __ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning

Edward. C. Tolman

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response

__ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion

John B. Watson

Which of the following is an example of a variable ration reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

The __ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract

Parasympathetic

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain."

The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory"

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

The myelin. sheath consists of a(n) __

glial cell

___ - frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sound, while ___- frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

__ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels

homeostasis

The __ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia migration and ventral tegmental area.

midbrain

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by __

more than one gene

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

motivation

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

night blindness

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

In __ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed

partial

___ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ___ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

perception; sensation

Several studies have suggested that non-black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________.

receptors, receptors

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

The __ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

reticular formation

Which of the following is not a part of fight or flight response?

running away

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ___

since birth

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?

smell

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

What is amplitude?

the heigh of a wave

___ is a midbrain structure critical to movement

the ventral segmental area

Which of the following statements about the vestibular sense is false?

the vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The frequency theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron?

the word "frequency" should be changed to the word "temporal"

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false?

they are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin