Psychology Exam 3

__________ is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership.

Prejudice

At the back of the brain is the __________ which is primarily responsible for processing information about light and movement.

Primary Visual Cortex

What is the difference between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism?

SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts.

Aversive racism is an example of ________ bias.

ambiguous

The perception of what most people do in a given situation is called a(n) __________ norm.

descriptive

Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the ______________.

olfactory epithelium

Hearing occurs, in part, when sound waves reach the "eardrum" or ________.

tympanic membrane

Which of the following is an example of the planning fallacy?

.Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated.

Ethical concerns have been raised about Stanley Milgram's obedience research. Specifically, some have suggested that the project caused too much distress in the participants, distress that could not be justified. If you were asked your opinion of this issue, which of the following would be a legitimate response?

.The majority of participants reported that they were pleased to have participated in the research, so it does not seem to have been damaging to most of those who were involved.

Which of the following statements is true about taste?

All areas of the tongue contain taste receptor cells that are capable of responding to every taste

Radhika is visiting Japan for the first time. She is attempting to learn the names of the food, eat with chop sticks, and pay attention to the etiquette of the meal. She is using ___________.

Bottom-Up Processing

Which of the following is the major difference between light and dark adaptation?

Dark adaptations happens when rods are bleached and need time to replenish.

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience (1963, 1965, 1974) and more recent replications have shown that:

Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies.

Which historical event led directly to Milgram's research on obedience?

German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust

people who have a high social dominance orientation (SDO) are likely to agree with which of the following statements?

Hierarchies are natural, some groups are simply better than others.

Sasha is taking her family to Disney World. She predicts that she will feel immense happiness seeing her young daughter, Emerald, meet all the princesses at the theme park. However, when her daughter Emerald meets the first princess, Sasha does not feel as happy as she thought she would. Sasha's experience is an example of what concept?

Impact bias

What type of tool is used to measure automatic preferences such as one's attitude toward different groups?

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

__________ influence refers to conformity that results from a desire to act in a manner that is clearly socially approved such as speaking softly in libraries.

Informational

Mood-congruent memory is occurring in which of the following scenarios?

John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment.

In Asch's classic study of conformity, what were research participants asked to do?

Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them.

Based on your understanding of the research of Solomon Asch, you know that of all of the following choices, the person most likely to demonstrate conformity would be:

Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman

Which researcher produced the famous studies of obedience that involved deceiving participants into believing that they were delivering electric shocks to a helpless victim?

Milgram

When Siobhan witnesses a car accident she senses both the sight of it and the loud sound of it. These combine to create her perception and this is an example of _____________.

Multimodal perception

Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol?

Orlando has to give his choice out loud.

Which of the following statements is true of Asch's research on conformity in groups?

Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one-third of the total trials.

People are usually motivated in some way when making social judgments and decisions. What often occurs as a result of having directional goals?

People may be skeptical about evidence that goes against their directional goal.

What is a potential positive outcome of the planning fallacy?

People might attempt projects that otherwise might have been avoided had the amount of effort or time needed been understood.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about affective forecasting?

People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings but inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blatant biases?

People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others.

Although Dugan has the lower portion of his leg amputated he still sometimes feels and uncomfortable itching sensation from where his foot would be. This is an example of a _________.

Phantom limb

____________ are specialized cells that convert light into electrical signals.

Photoreceptors, such as rods and cones

Which of the following best explains the fact that Marcus doesn't need additional sensory information when listening to a friend speak to him while they are in a quiet library?

Principle of inverse effectiveness

Alice's Hotel has noticed that they spend a lot of money on water and electricity devoted to washing linens (towels, sheets, and pillowcases). In order to reduce this expense, the owner wants to encourage guests to reuse linens for more than one day. What would be the best way to accomplish this task?

Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same.

Rafael has joined the Spanish Club at his school. According to the social identity theory, what is Rafael likely to do when he meets individuals from the German Club or French Club and defines them as outgroup members?

Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members.

The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?

Sensory Adaptation

Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter?

She views the police officer as an authority figure

Which researcher is well-known for having conducted a study of conformity that involved having participants express a judgment of the sizes of lines?

Solomon Asch

Jenny's lips and fingertips are far more sensitive than her shoulders and ankles. This is an example of the way that her cortex is organized in a _______________.

Somatotopic Map

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.

in Stanley Milgram's research examining obedience, the participant was able to discontinue the experiment only after what took place?

The participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times.

Which of the following is the best definition of "Just Noticeable Differences"?

The phenomenon in which the minimum possible threshold for sensing a stimuli is identified.

Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match?

They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority.

Light enters the eye and is converted into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain. This process is called ______________.

Transduction

How is it that schemas help people save time as they have new experiences or encounter new people or objects on a daily basis?

We compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess those new encounters.

Charlie works for a moving company. He can easily tell the difference in weight between two small boxes but cannot detect any difference at all between the weight of the washing machine and the weight of the dryer. This is an example of ____________.

Weber's Law

Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963, 1965, 1974) research on obedience to authority?

With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level).

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?

a descriptive norm

Jason believes that all Asian people are good at math. What is this belief an example of?

a stereotype

A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is __________

a stereotype.

he durability bias occurs when a person overestimates how long their feelings might last. This bias is a type of:

affective forecasting

A(n) __________ is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a target with a degree of favor or disfavor.

attitude

The ________ heuristic is one in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily examples come to mind

availability

Which heuristic would you likely use if you were asked, "are there more words in the English language that start with the letter "k" or that have "k" as the third letter in the word?"

availability heuristic

Brandon does not believe he is prejudiced. However, he got very nervous when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rica for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon is probably experiencing which of the following?

aversive racism

While walking out of a convenience store, Nicholas openly mocks the clerk's accent to his friend. "EVERY convenience store I go into is owned by an Indian," he says. "Can't they do anything else?" Nicholas's open expression of his opinion and his lack of embarrassment suggests that this is a(n) ________ bias.

blatant

having conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of hostility toward outgroup members that you are perfectly willing to admit reflects what type of bias?

blatant bias

When being considered for a job opening, people being interviewed often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept?

chameleon effect

Which of the following is the best definition of conformity?

changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical sense" because __________.

chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals

The need for ________ refers to the desire to come to a decision that will resolve and conclude an issue.

closure

The area of social psychological that focuses on how people think about others and about the social world is called social __________.

cognition

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

conformity

According to the stereotype content model, what would be a person's most likely response to a person who is perceived as being low in warmth and low in competence?

contempt

Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi's action is an example of __________.

discrimination.

the stereotype content model suggests that when we interact with homeless people we feel what type of emotional prejudice?

disgust

Oh I know that I'll just be sad forever," Monique cries, after her first boyfriend broke up with her. "I'm never going to love again. My life is RUINED!" Given that she is unlikely to be sad forever, Monique is demonstrating the __________ bias.

durability

Which of the following is an implicit attitude task: the task presents images of faces of men and women and then measures the time it takes the research participant to label the photo as good or bad?

evaluative priming task

Calvin is interested in measuring his school's willingness to do volunteer work around the community. He sends out a self-report survey that asks students to directly fill out their _________ attitudes on the topic.

explicit

Randy has joined a new social club on campus. Is it likely that Randy will:

form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting

sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves.

frequency

eople naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. These shortcuts are known as

heuristics

Which of the following combinations would most likely combine to create a person's schema of the "model minority" individual

high in competence but low in sociability

he Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude?

implicit attitude

Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?

informational influence

The nerves that are responsible for converting tactile stimuli into electrical signals that the brain can understand are called __________ receptors.

mechano

Kari visited the doctor recently who told her she needed to start eating better or she is at risk for a heart attack within the next few years. Kari is very motivated to view herself in a positive light and doesn't like the news the doctor gave her. She wonders if the doctor's tests could have been inaccurate. Kari's uncertainty over her health results from the doctor is an example of what?

motivated skepticism

Kylo is taking a social psychology course and his teacher asks students to take a computerized test that asks them to sort pictures into different categories, such as "good" and "bad." The goal of this test is to help identify automatic preferences of which a person may not be consciously aware. What is this test called?

mplicit Association Test (IAT)

Clara is extremely hungry after having a 3 hour meeting. She wants food as quickly as possible but is unsure of where to eat. Because of her motivation to eat, she makes a quick decision to eat at the coffee shop a few buildings away. Her motivation to make a quick decision is an example of what concept?

need for closure

Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence.

normative

Asch's study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept?

normative influence

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

normative influence

Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group?

observing just one person disagreeing with the majority

Which of the following emotional prejudices might a person be most likely to experience in response to another person who is high in warmth but low in competence?

pity

The vestibular system is primarily responsible for ____________.

processing location and motion; problems would make it difficult to balance

Javari is teaching a psychology class and tells his students, "Kenna is 31, single, outspoken, and bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, Kenna was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues." When Javari asked his class if it was more likely that Kenna was A) a bank teller or B) a bank teller AND a feminist, most people in his class chose option B. Javari explained that their answer was incorrect because their _____________ heuristic led them astray.

representativeness

the ________ heuristic is one in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one's mental conceptualization of the category.

representativeness

16-year-old high school student Gregory thinks of himself as a member of the "musical clique" at school and feels that the musicians are the best group of students. He thinks poorly of athletes and spends most of his time with peers who share similar interest. This is an example of __________ theory.

self-categorization

t is a natural and adaptive social process to classify people into groups. However, because we inhabit one of these groups, we tend to favor our ingroup. What concept explains this tendency to put people, including yourself, into groups?

self-categorization theory

When Janet feels the wind blowing on her face this is an example of ________

sensation

Mordechai lives in a neighborhood where nearly every home is owned by other orthodox Jewish families. He is very upset when he finds out that a house on his block has been purchased by a family who is Catholic. He feels that Jewish families are better than others, and does not want this family to live on his block. Mordechai is demonstrating a ________ orientation.

social dominance

According to ________ theory, people tend to categorize each other into groups and then show favoritism to their own group.

social identity

The________ content model suggests that we judge social groups based on their perceived warmth and competence.

stereotype

Which of the following factors does NOT influence conformity?

the age of the group

What was one correct outcome of Asch's classic research on conformity in groups?

three-quarters of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time

The stereotype content model suggests that we judge social groups on which two features?

warmth and competence