Sports PR Exam One

Internationalization

1. worldwide dissemination of sport, driven by the development of the 20th c consumer culture. 2. movement of athletes around the world in pursuit of work. These areas paved the way: Market economies Changing demographic. increased disposable income and greater leisure time Large-scale capital investment by public and private sources

Regionalization

(within the framework of internationalization) Blocs of countries or market areas within a specific geographical, cultural, or economic condition have developed in the modern era.

Corruption and Reform

-"Commissions" to members of the IOC in exchange for television and marketing contracts -Bribery surrounding selection of host city -Salt Lake City

Olympic and Paralympic Games

-Bidding Costs: Cost of bidding for the privilege of hosing an Olympic-Paralympic games continue to increase -Host Cities: Difficult and challenging -Growing Olympic Family: Youth Olympic games, Why created? -Media coverage

Global Partnerships

-Enhance marketing opportunities, creates value for both, grows revenue streams. -Examples: Manchester City and New York Yankees -They share market information, develop sponsorship and joint promotional programs, and sell each other's licensed goods. When Man City announced the dal, it shares leapt by 9% in one hour on the London.

Uncertainty Avoidance

-Extent to which people are comfortable or uncomfortable dealing with unstructured situations -Example: a low uncertainty avoidance score indicates that there is greater acceptance to having less rules, laws, regulations and change -example: a high uncertainty avoidance score shows preference for rules, laws and regulations; less risk taking

Social and Ethical Issues in Olympic and Paralympic Sport

-Gender Equality: Women are not invited to compete when games began, "impractical, uninteresting, unaesthetic, incorrect," Gender testing -Caster Sementa

Intercultural Management Defined

-It is concerned with the various ways in which people from diverse backgrounds can work together in an efficient and effect manner -It is about avoiding ethnocentric thinking and behavior

Establishing the Organization's Direction

A clear and compelling sense of direction is the starting point of the strategic planning process -Management is responsible for giving the organization this sense of its own enduring purposes. -The vision and mission statement are the most common tools for translating organizational purpose into compelling language that can then be communicated to stakeholders.

Flexible Expertise

A sport manager requires flexible expertise -Operational expertise -Communication expertise -Systems and critical analysis -This flexibility requires a level of risk that challenges personal beliefs or practices. -Must develop expertise that is grounded in technical, human relation, conceptual skills, and the principles of learning organizations. Storylines

Assoc. of IOC Recognized Intl Sports Fed

ARISF has several aims: to act as a spokesperson, and to defend and coordinate the common interests of its members whilst maintaining their authority, independence and autonomy, To determine the consensus of the member federation on questions of common interests in relation to the Olympic movement , To ensure the largest possible participation in the congresses, prog.s, and projects of the IOC, To decide on nominations of ARISF rep.s on commissions of the IOC and/or other Intl sports org.s

Reasons to Enter the Global Marketplace

Access to new markets and the subsequent development of new customers -Enhanced marketing opportunities -Resource acquisition (personnel, facilities, technology, financial resources). -Sport and brand growth -Profit generation

Localization

Adaptation of nonlocal elements to the local context (language and rules).

Organizational Socialization

Anticipatory socialization (occurs before organizational entry) -Encounter or accommodation (as the newcomer enters the organization) -Adaptation or role management (as the newcomer adapts and settles into the job). Olympic and Paralympic Organization Structure

Intl Federations Recognized by the IOC for the Summer Games Sports Petitioning to Be Included in th 2016 Games

Case Study Page 257

History and Commercial Development of the Olympic and Paralympic Games

Commercialization -Broadcast rights -Corporate sponsors -ambush marketing and sponsor conflicts

Communication and Language

Communication and social issues in sport are constantly intertwined. Ex: language barriers Ex: views on time and effects on time Sports manager in global settings must navigate this reality.

Organizational Culture Define

Comprises values, beliefs, and assumptions that help guide decision making and describe why an organization is what it is -Levels of organizational culture

Management of International Federations

Confederations Membership Governance models

Developing Corporate-Level Strategy

Corporate-level strategy deals with the alternatives that a company or org explores as it conducts business across several industries or markets -At the corporate level, strategy deals w an org's decision about either to expand or retreat in general or from industry to industry -A useful approach is to think of corporate strategy in two distinct terms: getting bigger or getting smaller

Discussion Point

Cost of being a spectator/fan has been rising much faster than the rate of inflation. Why? Hub keeps stadiums, salaries for everyone, gas

Grassroots Strategies

Creation of youth sport programs -Staging exhibition games -Visibility at local festivals and celebrations -Sponsorships of youth tournaments, facilities -Corporate sponsorships -Game broadcasts -Media strategies (sites, interviews, and so on)

Top Olympic Sponsor Totals Since 1984

Escalation of revenue-- why?

Major Responsibilities of International Federations at the Olympic Game

Establish the technical rules of their own sports, disciplines, and events -Establish results and ranking of competitions -Select judges, referees, and other technical officials from the host country or from abroad -Enforce rules of the IOC concerning the eligibility of the participants -Require technical provisions (technical provisions are one set of rules for certain aspects of the game)

Environmental Impact and Games Legacies:

Examples: Barcelona, Atlanta

Individualism - Collectivism

Extent to which individual effort and success is valued within a country versus a broader focus and loyalty to the group -Highlights the propensity by which people are integrated into groups -Collectivism sees high levels of group integration

Sport Finance and Global Economy

Finance issues face by sports leagues are connected with global economic patterns Despite increased revenue-generating opportunities, the growing influence of corporations is a concern. A sport manager must balance need for revenue with the influence of corporations and media.

Evaluating Results

Financial measures -Stakeholder's satisfaction -Value of the investment -Evaluation -> Analysis -> Design -> Development -> Implementation -> Start Over

Global Strategies in Sports Industry

Foreign direct investment -Strategic alliances -The challenge for managers is to determine the most appropriate form of expansion -Selection of the appropriate strategy is guided by the statement of purpose and goals, the strategic planning process, and consideration of comparative advantages

Political Systems

Government policies and regs as constraints for spot orgs Assessment of political stability Within the term politics are variations on what constitutes political act. National governments set policies that affect sports, especially when governmental interests intersect with sport federations and governing bodies.

MLB Internationalization Strategies

Identified Central America and Japan as areas with greatest potential -Used foreign players to drive interest -Encouraged broadcasts to local and foreign Latino and Asian markets in native languages -Took pro teams to Mexico, Japan, and Puerto Rico -Solid licensed products held clinics abroad -Launched World Baseball Classics

International Federations and the Olympic Movement

Ifs are autonomous and independent, but IOC does not recognize all of them -Classified into FOUR categories: assoc. of Summer Olympic Intl Fed. -Assoc. of Intl Olympic Winter Sports Fed.-Assoc. of IOC Recognized Intl Sports Fed. -General Assoc. of Intl Sports Fed., renamed SportAccord in 2009

Implementing Strategy

In this phase the manager ensures that the selected strategies are not only consistent with one another but also support the organization's overall mission and goal

Why Intercultural Management Matters Intercultural Management in Sports Organizations

Increased global mobility within professional and amateur sports -Challenges because of sport labor migration (todays sport leagues around the world are filled with coaches, players, and even team owners from various backgrounds -Intercultural management affects multiple layers of the organization. -Example of coaches working abroad: page 55 of the text: table 3.1 "Selected Coaches Working Abroad (2008 - 2009)

Assoc. Winter Sports Fed

It encourages cooperation between its members. The AIOWF is the qualified spokesperson dealing with specific question connected with winter sports in general, and with the Olympic Games in particular. The AIOWF is also responsible for choosing the joint delegation and/or appointments of the winter sports rep.s on the commissions of the IOC and other international org.s

Schein's theory

Level 1: artifacts: the most visible manifestations of organizational culture; dressing norms, stories, informal code of behavior, etc. Level 2: values and beliefs; visible signs, organizations structures, organizational processes, company strat.s, goals & philosophy. Level 3: basic assumptions; unconsciousness, taken-for-granted beliefs, habits of perception, & thoughts/feelings

Power Distance

Level of acceptance regarding distribution of power in an organization -key aspect of national culture -High Power Distance: personas of lesser authority accept and expect decision making from positions of authority -Low Power Distance: Indicated organizations where authorities foster a close working relationship with subordinates and include them in decision-making

Fair Play On and Off the Field

Official and athlete fixing: Reason for this? -bonuses for meddling in an event, Doping: Ben Johnson, 1976 swimming

International Competencies

Personal Reflexivity Sensitivity to Cultural Difference Flexible Expertise

Long Term - Short-term Orientation

Refers to an individual's preference to focus and prepare primarily for future events with a longer time frame attached -Or, concentrate on the present and the fulfillment of current obligations

Strategic Management Process

Set of decisions, activities, and plans of action for organization to survive and compete. -The process includes the following steps: -Establishing the organization's direction -Analyzing the situation (environmental analysis) -External VS. Internal Environments -Developing Corporate-Level Strategy -Evaluation Results

Glocalization

Sometimes, outside cultural forces are rejected, sometimes they are embraced, and other times hybrids of both are accepted. Hybrid forms are known as glocalization or "the combining of global and local themes." New Zealand Example.

Sensitivity to Cultural Difference

Sport managers must balance the notions of difference and similarity; homogeneity; local, regional, national and international: Ex: Vuvuzela hors in 2010 South Africa World Cup

Personal Reflexivity

Sport managers should be flexible about themselves, actions, and worldwide views. -To understand other we begin with our self.

Religion

Sports can be a mask magnifier for religious, class, race differences, manifesting themselves in fan identity. Sport and religion are used as opportunities for understanding of, or resistance to, hegemonic practices within both contexts Religion and sport have become linked over time in ways that can contradict the foundations of each.

Politics

Sports is perceived as a means to an end rather than an end in itself. For the creation of a sense of national identity, nationalism, and patriotism. For tourism and economic benefit

Key Points in Global sports

Sports managers must understand and address issues (cultural, political, social, economic, legal when operating in the international sport environment, no matter the size of the organization, because they are grounded in cultures of various communities (local and national). This knowledge will help them identify key skills and competencies needed to address intercultural and ethical dilemmas.

Strategic Alliances

Strategic alliances are ways in which orgs collaborate with each other to enhance their control over their industry and competition and to share the costs and risks of global expansion. Some examples: -Joint ventures -Sponsorship and licensing agreements -Franchising -Outsourcing

Example: NBAs efforts at Int'l Expansion

Tapping into the foreign player markets -Sponsoring clinics in Africa and China -Opening new office in Beijing -Exclusive rights to foreign markets to sponsors -NBA-licensed products in more than 100 countries -Using NBA.com to further its global branding -Game, game broadcasts, preseason games, and global programming

Ron Thulin, Guest Speaker

Television Analyst -Fox Sports Net -American Sports Network -Turner Sports -NBA on TNT -College Football on TBS -ABC Sports -ESPN Events -Goodwill Games -Winter Olympics -Pan American Games -NBA -College Football 3 P's -Passion, Purpose and Plan Questions: -Have to learn how to say thanks, learn their culture. -Downhill Skis

Assoc. of Summer Olympic Intl Fed

The Ifs have the responsibility and duty to manage and to monitor the everyday running of the world's various sports disciplines, including the practical organization of events during the Games, and the supervision of the development of athletics practicing these sports at every level. Each IF governs its sport at world level and ensures its promotion and development

Example: Cultural and Political Obstacles

The US gov't initially refused to allow Cubans into the US to participate in the World Baseball Classic and threatened to halt the entire tournament. (The embargo on Cuba effected everything

Economics

The economic environment that an organization operates in can enable and constrain actions available to managers. Economics in relation to sport: the way in which sport organization personnel manage resources in the face of fluctuating consumer demand and consumption patterns coupled with inconsistent access to resources (revenue, equipment).

Environmental Analysis (SWOT)

The environmental analysis component of the strategic management process highlights: -Strength -Weakness -Opportunity -Threats -Example: -Strengths: The sport that the association controls is an Olympic Sport -Weaknesses: The sport has a low profile generally and attracts few sponsors -Opportunity:The association has the opp to develop program and events and can be enjoyed by a greater cross section of the pop. And not just the elite -Threat: The association is losing coaches and coach edu programs are not functioning well

External VS. Internal Environments

The general environment includes macro environmental factors that deal with the external environment, including sociocultural, political, legal, economic, technology, and geographical factors. -The manager must look at the external environments of both the home country and prospective targeted nations. -Environmental scanning -> Strategy formulation and evaluation -> strategy implementation -> monitoring and control -> environmental scanning

Globalization

The ideologies of consumerism and capitalism. The attempt to control and regulate access to global flows on one hand and the attempt to resist these processes and recycle their own cultural products on the other hand. The tension between heterogenization (maintain differences) and homogenization (making similar)

Membership

The national sport fed.s make up the primary membership of the IFs.

Finance

Three areas of concern are built around aspects of managing sport organizations Internal operation; budgeting External revenue; sponsorships Financing sport infrastructure; stadium

Masculine - Femininity

Typical male roles vs. typical female roles -Assertiveness, competitiveness vs. nurturing, modesty, caring

Confederations

are zoned/regional governing bodies of national sports fed.s located in the same continent

Binaries

black and white distinction between issues, in this case, cultures.

Business Level

deals w an org. or corp. biz unit operating in a single industry(biz-lvl strat.); define strat.s 4 each major product line or biz unit; strategies: differentiation, cost leader, focus

Corporate Level

deals with the alt.s that a co. or org. explores as it conducts biz. across several industries or markets; strategies deal w an org.s decision to either expand or retreat

Consumer Culture

describe the capitalist or market economy, ideology, whereby individuals aspire to ever-higher standards of living and material consumption

. The Tribunal Arbital du Sport (Court of Arbitration for Sport) or TAS, est. 1984 in Lausanne, Switz.,

has jurisdiction over nontech. Issues & is "not competent to resolve disputes involving tech. ?s, such as many relate to ground rules of comp. in a particular sport or logistics of organizing events". Intl law deals w relations between nation-states, while Intl Sports Law cam ne defined as principles of Intl law applicable to sport; various bodies est. laws that exist beyond the boundaries of national law, creating a law unto themselves.

7 Categories (Olympic Programme Commission)

history & edu - universality -sport popularity -image -athletes -health -development of IF -costs.

Confederations rules of Intl Fed.

must cooperate w IOC; must comply w Charter.

Functional Level

production, marketing, R&D, accounting, finance, & HR elements

Nationalism

shared sense of what country stands for or is composed of, is a socially constructed concept with ever-changing rituals, practices, and historical foundations.Closely linked with individual and community perceptions of national identities. Take as many forms (civic, ethic). The most popular form of nationalist behavior in many countries is in sport

Governance models

similar to organizational authorities, functions, & relationships w other governing bodies

Commodification

the influence of economic forces on the structure and practice of sport.

What are International Federations?

they are nongovernmental organizations established to govern one or more sports at the international level. -They must cooperate with the IOC to make that their statutes , practices, and activities conform to the Olympic Charter -They promote a particular sport or sports internationally