psychology exam 4, Psychology exam 3, Unit 2 psychology, Psychology Exam 1

______ is our biological classification while _______ is our psychological classification along the continuum of maleness and femaleness.

sex;gender

A problem in sexual functioning that causes distress and impairment for individuals and relationships is referred to as a(n) __________.

sexual dysfunction

Zara and Rohan have been dating for 13 months. At first, their sexual relationship was very healthy. However, for the last 6 months, Zara has shown little interest in sex and usually declines any sexual advances that Rohan makes. Zara may be experiencing what type of sexual dysfunction?

sexual interest/arousal disorder

Which of the following statements regarding sexual orientation is accurate?

sexual orientation exists on a continuum

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate

sexual orientation is a description of how people behave sexually toward the same-sex or opposite-sex

Drew is an 18-year-old senior in high school. He has been using marijuana for 2 years on a daily basis and believes it has no long-term side effects. What does the research show as a potential side effect for Drew?

Lower IQ score

What is one negative consequence of the stigma associated with mental illness?

Lowered self-esteem in the individual with the mental illness

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine changed the sleep cycle system in 2012 and now recognizes which stage of sleep as the deepest stage?

N3

According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a _________________.

set of instructions neurons send to each other that create a pattern of activity among neurons

Iconic memory is a type of _______ memory and handles our _______ senses.

sensory; visual

Which neurotransmitters do most antidepressants affect?

serotonin and norepinephrine

What would be an accurate response to two people arguing about whether sexual orientation is due to genetics or brain structures?

"Actually, the cause of sexual orientation is currently unknown"

What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

"focus on observable behavior"

You read online that people who make more money are also healthier. Your friends says, "I guess money can even buy good health now." You respond with:

"just because those variables are correlated doesn't mean that one caused the other"

Ben and Leslie have been married for 5 years. Their sexual relationship is still active and exciting, but, similar to findings related to gender differences in sexual arousal, they have learned that Ben is stimulated more by _______ and Leslie is stimulated more by ___________.

"physically" erotic images; erotic materials with a storyline

The Japanese term for menopause, "konenki," means ____________.

"time of renewal"

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?

+.05

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.75

Research with people who reported flashbulb memories from the September 11 terrorist attacks showed that most forgetting of the event occurred within ____________.

1 year

What is considered the normal range of body mass index (BMI) for adults?

10.5-18.5

Cal was worried because of how much his newborn son was sleeping. He called the doctor to check how many hours a typical 2-month-old sleeps. The doctor told him newborns are supposed to sleep _____ hours each day.

14-17

What age group accounts for nearly half of all newly acquired STIs (sexually transmitted infections)?

15-24

What is the duration of short-term memory?

15-30 seconds

The developmental period of emerging adulthood typically occurs between the ages of ____________.

18 and 25

The results of the Human Genome Project concluded that the human genome has approximately _________________ genes.

20,000

Quincy notices that he feels much more focused and aware later in the day and struggles to concentrate in his 8 a.m. meeting at work. Based on his circadian rhythm, Quincy is most likely in what age group?

20-25

During the second trimester, a fetus creates ________neurons a minute.

250,000

The DSM-5 includes _________ clusters of personality disorders.

3

Echoic memory lasts for _______?

3-4 seconds

Jaebok stayed up studying most of the night for his calculus final. He only slept about 4 hours. According to research, his memory and cognitive functioning will be decreased by approximately what percentage?

30%

Rina works hard all week long. On the weekend, she engages in binge drinking with her friends. How many drinks must she have in one night for it to be considered binge drinking?

4

Sexual dysfunctions have a high prevalence rate with as many as _________ of women and __________ of men reporting problems at some point in their lives.

43 percent; 15 percent

To be classified as a specific phobia, a fear must be significant enough to disrupt everyday life and have lasted for at least _____ months.

6

At which month of pregnancy does the fetus have fully developed organs and a chance of survival if born prematurely?

6 months

What percentage of manic episodes are followed by a major depressive episode?

60 percent

Adolescents need _____ hours of sleep each night but on average only get ______ hours of sleep each night.

8-10;7

What is the effectiveness rate of ECT in severe treatment-resistant depression?

80 percent

In a study on inattentional blindness, what percentage of radiologists failed to detect the intentional insertion of the image of a gorilla in CT scans?

83%

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause

Ritalin, a stimulant drug, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. How does a stimulant help people who already have difficulties with distraction and hyperactivity?

By providing internal stimulation of neurotransmitters within the brain instead of the person seeking external stimulation

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

It is rare to see a baseball player or football player stay in the professional game past age 40. What contributes to this phenomenon?

Decline in vision, strength, reaction time, and stamina as we age

While longitudinal studies produce valuable data, there are some limitations to these research designs. What are two of the problems?

Dropout rate of participants; large amount of time and effort required

Tony is a 5-year-old boy who loves to play with dolls and play house. When he enters kindergarten, he notices that most of the girls do those activities while the boys play ball and tag. He goes home and tells his dad that he is going to start playing ball and tag at recess because that is what boys do. Which theory of gender development best explains Tony's decision to change activities?

Gender schema theory

Hank, who just turned 50, believes he will enjoy his middle and older years and has a positive outlook on the aging process. What implications can this have for the rest of his life?

Hank will live longer than his less optimistic friends

Henry was raised by lesbian mothers. Lola gave birth to him through artificial insemination and the use of donor sperm. He is 15 years old now. What does research suggest about the chances of Henry being gay?

Henry is no more likely to be gay than a child raised in the home of heterosexual parents.

What is the difference between obedience and conformity?

In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?

Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father

Dr. Tomas is interested in studying how a person's biological makeup vs. environment affects criminal behavior. Who would be the ideal candidates for this study?

Monozygotic twins raised in different homes and dizygotic twins raised together

There is a debate about whether psychotherapy or medication is the most effective form of treatment. What do surveys suggest?

Outcomes are generally similar among all groups.

Which disorder requires an exposure to a terrifying or life-threatening event to qualify for the diagnosis?

PTSD

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude

Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble

What explanation does the cognitive model give for depression?

People engage in negative, self-defeating thoughts, which causes their mood to become depressed.

Harry Harlow's famous study in the 1950s about infant attachment could be summarized in these few words:

Physical contact from a caregiver is more important than nourishment or food when attachments are being formed.

The effectiveness of therapy has been extensively studied. What conclusion can be reached?

Psychotherapy is more effective for the treatment of mental illness than no treatment at all.

In which stage of sleep do vivid dreams typically occur?

REM

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for four hours. As long as his sleep continues we can expect an increasing occurrence of:

REM sleep (stage R)

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

REM sleep; N3 sleep

Professor Fisher states that men are better than women at math, which is why you see more men in the science and math departments. Rosales, who is a student, replies that

Recent research shows a decrease in the gender gap on mathematical performance measures.

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are called

SSRIs

Which of the following statements suggests that sexual orientation exists on a continuum?

Someone does not have to be exclusively homosexual or heterosexual but can feel varying degrees of both.

After baby Lorenzo was born, the nurses checked him for these five reflexes to make sure he was a functioning normally.

Stepping, Babinski, grasping, Moro, and rooting

What is an important component to successfully treating people with culturally diverse backgrounds?

The therapist needs to understand the patient's cultural background and adapt the treatment accordingly.

What is one of the challenges people face when seeking mental health treatment under the current mental health parity law?

There is a shortage of qualified mental health professionals.

Sa'dia is an 18-month-old girl whose parents use flash cards to teach her the alphabet and simple words, they use videos and music to teach her other languages, and they use infant swimming and movement classes to improve her coordination. Despite all these classes, Sa'dia walked at 12 months and spoke her first word at 13 months. What would developmental psychologists tell Sa'dia's parents?

There is little one can do to rush motor skill development. Babies have to have adequate muscular and neural maturity to reach developmental milestones.

What is the benefit of atypical antipsychotic medications?

They target the negative symptoms of schizophrenia as well as the positive symptoms.

Eileen has always had a quick temper. Minor daily hassles often leave her irritable and fuming. She refuses to wait in lines at a drive-thru or grocery store because of her impatience. She is most likely to have a _____ personality

Type A

People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ________ personality.

Type B

Juan suffered a heart attack last month. His family is concerned because the doctors told them that his personality type is most closely associated with future heart attacks. Juan is characterized by which personality style?

Type D

Which personality type predicts subsequent physical and/or mental health issues after the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease?

Type D

Latetia, age 5, has learned to do simple addition problems through using small objects in her environment like toys. Her teacher has assisted her in this process and now is challenging Latetia to use subtraction in her work. As Latetia gains confidence in each stage, the teacher allows her to do the problems on her own. Latetia's teacher is using the process of scaffolding based on which theory of cognitive development?

Vgotsky's theory of cognitive development

Marcus and Suri are on a road trip driving across the United States. Marcus states that he should navigate because men have better spatial skills than women. Suri replies that

While the differences between male and female verbal and spatial skills have been widely researched, the differences are quite small.

_______________ established the first psychological laboratory in 1879

Wilhelm Wundt

What is one of the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepines on college campuses?

Xanax

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is used?

a fixed-ratio schedule

Which of the following is NOT an example of applied psychology?

a health psychologist researches a potential link between depression and brain tumors

Which message is likely to be the most persuasive?

a message that presents both sides of the argument and where it Is not obvious that it is meant to persuade

Julie finds that the more she sleeps on the eve of an exam, the higher the score she gets on the exam. There is _______________ correlation between the amount Julie sleeps and her exam scores.

a positive

A group of randomly selected participants for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called ________.

a representative sample

A contemporary definition of stress includes ____________.

a subjective discrepancy between a situation and a person's ability to cope with the situation

Sam has been taking opioids she buys from her friend for more than a year. She has spent all her savings on buying these pills and is considering dropping out of school so she can work more to make more money to buy drugs. If she goes too long without taking a pill, she begins to sweat and feel nauseated. Sam is experiencing ______________.

a substance use disorder and physiological dependence

Trenton has been experiencing depression for several months. He felt hopeful when he discovered a research study that was testing the effectiveness of a new type of drug. Unbeknownst to Trenton, he was assigned to the control group. If the drug manufacturer wanted to show that the medication was better than a placebo, what should the control group receive?

a sugar pill

Scientists like Tolman and Köhler conducted important studies to help determine the role of _________ in learning.

cognition

In order to get her 3rd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning five stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using ________ to modify the children's behaviors.

a token economy

Jaselyn has a pair of heterozygous genes for a "widow's peak" hairline. What kind of hairline will she inherit?

a widows peak hairline

In 1792, Philippe Pinel argued that mentally ill patients should be ____________.

able to move around freely and exercise outdoors

Ann went to the optometrist for a vision test. At first, the doctor presented very small letters on a screen. Ann wasn't able to distinguish any of the letters. Each time, the doctor slightly increased the size of the letters. Eventually, they found a size where she could correctly identify the letters at least 50% of the time. This scenario illustrates the

absolute threshold

What is the term for the minimum amount of energy needed for a person to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time?

absolute threshold

______________ usually divide their time between supervising and teaching students, completing administrative tasks, and carrying out psychological research.

academic psychologists

Marcy was 3 years old when she went to the zoo for the first time. She saw her first leopard and called it a "kitty." Her mother responded, "that is a leopard, which looks like a kitty but is much bigger and has spots." The next time Marcy saw a leopard, she said "leopard!" This is an example of Piaget's notion of ____________.

accomodation

Houmam moved from Syria to England 8 months ago. He is struggling to communicate in English and fit in with his new friends in school. What kind of stress is Houmam experiencing?

acculturative

Daryn was struggling with motivation to complete homework and attend classes. She met with a therapist and expressed her frustration with herself and her lack of drive. Daryn asked for tips on how to solve the problem, but the therapist responded with, "It sounds like you are really frustrated with yourself and can't figure out what to do." The therapist has expressed ____________.

accurate empathy

What is the brief electrical impulse that travels down the axon called

action potential

Amir is hearing voices telling him to deliver packages to the neighbors because he has a special mission to save the planet. He also believes he is from the planet Krypton and has x-ray vision. This has been ongoing for six months, and he lost his job because of the symptoms. Amir is in which phase of schizophrenia?

active

A key component of Roger's person-centered therapy is a technique that involves echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of a client's statement. This technique is called ________.

active listening

The ______________theory of aging suggests that elderly people are happiest when they stay active and involved in the community.

activity

Though it has been two weeks since his car accident, Max continues to have trouble sleeping and has vivid flashbacks of the crash. Max is likely suffering from:

acute stress disorder

Which hormone increases in production during puberty and plays an important role in the development of sexual interest?

adrenal androgen

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. Her trust of the candidate represents the ___________________ component of her attitude toward him.

affective

Which of the following is a good example of a physiological illusion?

afterimages

Prejudice against the elderly is called ____________.

ageism

A drug like nicotine that produces a biological response in the brain is called a(n) ______________.

agonist

The three stages of the general adaptation syndrome are:

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Which of the following can lead to a decreased level of consciousness?

alcohol

All of the following variables, except for ________, would likely show a positive correlation.

alcohol consumption and scores on a driving test

Beta waves are associated with ___________, while theta waves are characteristic of the __________ stage.

alert wakefulness; N2

For months, you have been thinking that you need to lose weight to be healthier, yet you are still eating fast food every day. Which of the following approaches will reduce the cognitive dissonance you are experiencing?

all three approaches would reduce cognitive dissonance

Intimate partner violence refers to aggressive behavior between which groups of people?

all three groups

The three "common ingredients" of effective psychotherapy are ____________.

allegiance effects, therapeutic alliance and empathy

Experiments are more valuable than other research methods because they _______________________.

allow a determination of cause-effect relationships

Petra feels really alive and an overwhelming sense of well-being after her 4-mile morning run. We could say Petra has entered a(n) __________state of consciousness after exercise.

altered

Tristan became aware that a fellow student had become a victim of bullying. Tristan did all he could to help his classmate, even though he didn't know him well and didn't expect any reward in return. Tristan's behavior is an example of _______.

altruism

Which characteristic of a soundwave represents its volume?

amplitude

Andre will never forget where he was or what he was wearing when he heard the news about the mass shooting at an outdoor concert in Las Vegas. Which area of the brain would have significant involvement in the creation of Andre's memory for this event?

amygdala

Neurofeedback has been used to teach individuals with depression and anxiety how to self-regulate which response?

amygdala

What part of the brain allows us to detect danger even below the level of conscious awareness?

amygdala

Which brain structure plays an important role in processing emotions, especially strong emotions like fear?

amygdala

Which structure of the limbic system is considered the center of our emotions?

amygdala

Which two brain regions are involved in the experience of fear and anxiety and appear to play a significant role in most anxiety disorders?

amygdala and insula

Brandi loved the smell of chocolate chip cookies because it reminded her of her grandmother. Brandi learned that smell can evoke vivid memories because it is directly related to which brain structures?

amygdala; hippocampus

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive?

an attractive person who is an expert

One of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is

an expressionless face

What was the unintended consequence of the deinstitutionalization movement of the 20th century?

an increase in the population of prisons and jails

Ben is a nurse who is known as gentle and nurturing with his patients. On his days off, he plays soccer with his children. Ben's wife Nikki is a president of a bank and is known for making tough decisions and being an independent thinker. Her hobbies are cooking and sewing. Both Ben and Nikki exhibit what Sandra Bem calls _________ traits.

androgynous

A person who is significantly underweight, has an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image could be considered to have ____________.

anorexia nevrosa

Julianna was in an accident that left her unable to form new long-term memories. What type of amnesia does Julianna have?

anterograde

Rainey worries constantly, has trouble sleeping, and complains of racing and panicky thoughts at times. Louis has experienced depressed mood, low appetite, and insomnia for months. Rainey is prescribed a(n) ____________ medication, while Louis is prescribed a(n) __________ medication.

anti anxiety; antidepressant

T cells work directly to kill _______ without the help of ______.

antigens; antibodies

which class of drug has provided help to patients experiencing auditory hallucinations and paranoia

antipsychotic drugs

Angelo has been in and out of prison three times for battery and assault. He recently broke into an elderly woman's home where he robbed and severely beat her. He showed no feelings of remorse or regret about his actions. Which personality disorder would be the most appropriate for Angelo?

antisocial

People commonly dream of their teeth falling out; if you ascribe to the idea that dreams have hidden meanings, what is a way to interpret this dream?

anxiety about self-image and appearance

The application of operant-conditioning techniques called ________ has been used to help children with autism.

applied behavior analysis

The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior is called ________.

applied behavior analysis

The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if the arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. They arrange the chairs in two different ways (theater style and circular) and then measure participation. In this study, ________ is the independent variable, and _________ is the dependent variable.

arrangement of chairs; student participation

Rats that have never received any reinforcement for finding the end of a maze are presented with food the next time they complete the maze. According to the theory of latent learning, the next time the rats enter the maze, their performance will be________________.

as fast as rats who have always received reinforcement

DeShawn learned to call his father "Daddy" and then began calling other men "Daddy," including the police officer, mail carrier, and nurse. This is an example of Piaget's process of ____________.

assimilation

The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of

assimilation

_______ were established during the 18th century to treat mental illness but ended up leading to _________ of the mentally ill.

asylums; mistreatment

Where are the olfactory receptor sites located?

at the top of the nasal cavity

What does research suggest about the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous as treatment for substance abuse?

attendance at AA meetings increases abstinence rates.

in order for information to be moved from sensory memory to working memory it must be give sufficient ______________

attention

Fill in the blanks to complete the correct order of the structures and processes associated with Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage model of memory: sensory memory, _________, ____________, elaborative rehearsal, ______________.

attention; working memory; long-term memory

Prejudice is to discrimination as ________.

attitude is to behavior

Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.

attitude; behavior

Which part of the ear carries the message to the brain?

auditory nerve

Keesha grew up in a home where there were guidelines and rules. She was expected to complete chores, do her best in school, and be respectful. Her parents also gave her praise when she did well, hugged her before she left for school, and told her they loved her. She was able to talk to them about her ideas and offer her own opinions, even if they differed from her parents. This is an example of what type of parenting?

authoritative

Chen is a 3-year-old who likes to dress himself and insists on helping with the dishes, even though he makes a mess cleaning them up. He likes to feed the family dog, even though he spills the food all over the place. He insists that he can do things by himself. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages would Chen be in?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Nate thinks Republicans and Democrats almost never work together in Congress. The reason he believes this is that he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not working together than to think of examples of them working together. It is likely that the ______________ has caused Nate to underestimate how frequently Democrats and Republicans work together.

availability heuristic

Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle for psychological research?

avoid any deception

A large automobile company says the cars the company makes are the safest in the world. You have driven one of these vehicles for a week and have not had any accidents or problems. Therefore, you believe the company's claim about safety. This error in critical thinking is related to which of the following steps?

avoid using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim

Which structure in the limbic system is responsible for voluntary movement and coordination?

basal ganglia

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

based on classical conditioning

Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients

become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball

Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective.

behavioral

raven has an eating disorder. She tends to restrict her eating to the point where she is extremely hungry and then she often binge eats. She feels so guilty after she binges that she makes herself vomit. When she vomits, her guilt and anxiety are reduced which makes it more likely that she will make herself vomit the next time she feels like she has overeaten. The _______________ perspective explains why Raven's eating disorder pattern is difficult to stop

behavioral

One of the foundational assumptions of behavioral therapy is ____________.

behaviors associated with mental illness are learned and maintained through reinforcement

For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ______.

being reinforced for imitating the model

A person who is experiencing a delusion may:

believe they are from the planet Mars and have special powers

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog

The new eating disorder in the DSM-5 that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without any subsequent compensatory behaviors is called ______.

binge-eating disorder

A person may inherit the predisposition for heart disease but not experience the symptoms of heart disease until he loses his job and gets a divorce in the same year. The genetic predisposition is considered a _____ factor in the biopsychosocial model.

biological

Dr. Frantz studies the linkages between hormone levels and sexual motivation. Which perspective is most relevant in Dr. Frantz' research?

biopsychological

Dr. Banini is a health psychologist. When she conducts assessments of new patients, she is sure to ask about their medical history, family history of illness, any psychological symptoms, and current stressors in their life (e.g., family, work, home environment). Dr. Banini is practicing from a __________ perspective.

biopsychosocial

The type of multidisciplinary approach to understanding psychological symptoms is referred to as ___________________.

biopsychosocial

The autonomic nervous system most directly controls:

bladder contractions

SSRIs work by ________ the _______ of serotonin in the brain.

blocking; reuptake

One of the many reasons psychologists believe we need to sleep is that our bodies tire during the day, and sleep helps the body recuperate and function at maximum capacity. This is a description of which theory?

body restoration

Social _______________ refers to the role of our thoughts and interpretations in social interactions.

cognition

Diane, who has had difficulty making friends, finally has a best friend. She wants to do everything with her friend Kate. She constantly texts her and calls her late at night and makes all her plans around Kate. When Kate finally tells Diane she feels overwhelmed and needs a break from the friendship, Diane cuts her wrists and writes Kate a letter in blood. This behavior pattern most closely resembles which personality disorder?

borderline

Most perception involves which type of processing?

both bottom-up and top-down processing

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-5) is the first edition to include ____________.

both categorical and dimensional information

Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________.

both operant and classical conditioning

Which of the following statements is true?

both sex and gender identity exist on a continuum

A person who steps outside first thing in the morning to smell the air, feel the breeze on their face, and see the rays of light as the sun rises would be doing which type of processing?

bottom-up processing

Sally has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. Sally most clearly suffers a deficiency in:

bottom-up processing

All of the following are considered psychological responses to stress EXCEPT

bullying

According to the visual cliff experiment, when can most humans judge depth?

by the time they can crawl

What is the most widely used stimulant drug in the world?

caffeine

All of the following variables would likely be negatively correlated EXCEPT _______.

calories consumed and weight gain

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a ________.

case study

Dr. Sardonicus wants to know whether or not the first three years of life are critical for acquiring language. She decides to study a child who was tragically deprived of human language by her parents. This type of research is called a(n):

case study

Correlations do not show ________.

casual relationships

Nada has been diagnosed with schizophrenia that includes excessive motor symptoms where she often paces frantically. This movement symptom is called _______________.

catatonia

Political and other messages should be simple so that the audience can focus on and understand the content without distractions. This example is assuming which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?

central route

Tyrone is a 12-month-old who, like most other children, was able to hold his head up, roll over, and sit up before he could walk. This sequence of motor skill development follows the ________.

cephalocaudal rule

Which two brain structures are involved in the formation and storage of implicit memories?

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Which parts of the brain are necessary for procedural memories and habits related to movement ?

cerebellum; basal ganglia

____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps in the overall sequence of behaviors.

chaining

An antagonist can be described as a:

chemical that blocks the effects of a substance or neurotransmitter

An action potential becomes a(n) ______________ event once the _______________ is/are released into the synapse.

chemical; neurotransmitter

What are some of the environmental factors that play a part in the development of borderline personality disorder?

childhood physical, sexual and/or emotional abuse

Darius is a 6-year-old boy who can throw and catch a ball like a 10-year-old. Researchers would say that his developmental age is more advanced than his_______________.

chronological age

To increase the capacity of short-term memory, you can combine small bits of information into larger meaningful units. What is this strategy called?

chunking

Our ___________is a biological clock responsible for the regulation of body temperature and levels of arousal during our sleep and wake cycle.

circadian rhythm

Reflexive learning is related to _____________, while learning related to voluntary behaviors is known as __________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Which type of therapy was developed by Carl Rogers?

client-centered

___________ psychologists interview patients, give diagnostic tests, provide psychotherapy, and design and implement behavioral modification programs

clinical

Keneesha, Tory, and Bev have been best friends since the seventh grade. They do everything together and share all their secrets. They gossip about boys, and when one of them has a problem they call each other rather than their moms. This is considered which type of peer group?

clique

When a person is shown a series of disconnected curved lines in a circular pattern, the brain will interpret it as a circle. Which Gestalt principle is this example illustrating?

closure

Dependent personality disorder is part of which cluster of personality disorders?

cluster C: Anxious and fearful

Syed is sitting in a bustling restaurant listening to his friend talk about the test he just took. Syed is interested in the conversation because he is taking the test tomorrow but all of a sudden his interest is drawn across the room because he heard his name spoken. This is called ___________________.

cocktail party phenomenon

Justin installed a blue tooth device in his car. He now believes he will be safe from distracted driving because he does not have to use his hands to hold his phone. Justin doesn't understand that distracted driving stems from impaired _______ caused by redirection of ________.

cognition; attention

Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from the _____ perspective.

cognitive

Isabella fears she will have a panic attack in the grocery store and not be able to escape. She thinks every time her heart beats fast she is having a heart attack. Dr. Meyer believes Isabella negatively interprets her bodily symptoms and overestimates the danger in public situations. Dr. Meyer subscribes to which psychological approach to understanding Isabella's anxiety symptoms?

cognitive

Matias is having many negative thoughts about his performance at work. He thinks he is a loser and his boss is out to get him. He believes that only bad things happen to him. He has been feeling extremely depressed lately. Which approach would explain Matias's symptoms by focusing on his negative thought patterns?

cognitive

Paul has an irrational fear of snakes. He believes that snakes can be hiding anywhere and overestimates the likelihood that he will be bitten by a snake if he is outdoors. Which approach would best explain Paul's anxiety?

cognitive

The _______________ perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes the mental processes in perception, memory, language, and problem solving.

cognitive

Which approach focuses on a person's maladaptive beliefs and negative thoughts to explain psychological disorders?

cognitive

Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions. Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behavior. She is most likely experiencing_______.

cognitive dissonance

Working memory is said to be used for more complex _______ tasks, while short term memory functions as primarily a __________ facility.

cognitive; storage

Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________.

competition over scarce resources

Bob was genetically born a male but due to the failure of androgen receptors when he was a fetus, he developed female genitalia. This condition is referred to as ___________.

complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

Behavior initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______.

compliance

Keisha was brought to the ER with a bump on her head. The doctor ordered a test that consists of a series of x-rays from many different perspectives that will display a two-dimensional image of her brain. This test is called ___________.

computed tomography

Atkinson and Shiffrin used the example of a __________ to help describe memory in their 1968 theory.

computer

Manny is a 15-year-old boy who has been begging his parents to let him try out for his high school football team. Manny's parents are concerned about the risk of a ________ if he plays football.

concussion

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response.

conditioned

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. Eventually, the white rat alone made Albert cry. The white rat served as the ________ stimulus in this study.

conditioned

Sal's dog loves to go on a walk and starts spinning in circles and wagging his tail in excitement when his lead is clipped onto his collar. Eventually Sal begins to notice that his dog starts to act excited when he puts on his tennis shoes before a walk. His dog's behavior of spinning in circles and wagging his tail when Sal puts on his tennis shoes is a ___________________.

conditioned response

The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in classical conditioning.

conditioned response

a child's fear at the sight of hypodermic needle is an

conditioned response

In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

a real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property he drooled with delight. For Gavin the lakeshore property was a(n)

conditioned stimulus

After you have identified a problem you want to study, the next step in the scientific method is to ____________.

conduct background research

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.

conformity

Isabella is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Isabella does not account for variables such as age, which could also influence one's ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n) ________ variable.

confounding

The parallel distributed processing model of memory has been likened to which game?

connect-the-dots

Which of the following is an example of critical thinking?

considering alternative explanations for a study's results

If you study for your exam in a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried foods, the best place for you to take the exam is a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried food. This phenomenon is referred to as ____________.

context dependent memory

A written agreement between the therapist and the client that specifies the goals for behavioral change is called ___________________.

contingency management

The trend for women to delay childbirth until their late 20s or early 30s has ___________ while the peak years for female fertility are ____________.

continued; late adolescence and early adulthood

Which one of the following activities will not reduce cognitive dissonance?

continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

You put a dollar in a soda machine and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

continuous reinforcement

The conflicts that parents and adolescents engage in while the adolescent is in the process of forming their own identity are usually about __________.

control

According to Kohlberg, someone who makes a moral decision by focusing on the opinions of others and conforming to social laws is likely at which level of moral reasoning?

conventional

You forget to pay for the big bag of dog food on the bottom of your cart at Wal-Mart, and your neighbor in the next checkout lane notices. If you go back to pay for the dog food because you want to be seen as a good person to your neighbor, this is an example of which stage of Kohlberg's morality?

conventional morality

The inward movement of our eyes when we look at something close up is called __________.

convergence

Which structure of the eye first makes contact with light?

cornea

What is the leading cause of death in North America?

coronary heart disease

What is the name for the band of axons that connects the right hemisphere of the brain to the left hemisphere?

corpus callosum

_________ is the primary chemical messenger of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

cortisol

A way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions is called __________________.

critical thinking

What type of research study examines individuals of different ages at one point in time to track the differences related to age?

cross-sectional study

___________ research designs show a decline in intelligence with age, while ____________ research designs show more stability in intelligence over time.

cross-sectional; longitudinal

Dr. Samuelson wants to study the impact of social media on the friendships of 20-, 40-, 60-, and 80-year-olds. He plans to follow each age group for 10 years and study their use of social media and their relationships. What type of study is Dr. Samuelson conducting?

cross-sequential study

Maria grew up in a culture and home with strict morals about a woman's sexuality. Women were not supposed to have sexual feelings or engage in sexual activity until married. As a result, when Maria married, she thought negatively about sex and was very scared of her own sexual responses. This is an example of ____________.

cultural influences impacting sexual behavior

An individual's ___________ should be viewed as an overarching factor that affects other biopsychosocial factors.

culture

The procedure in which surgeons implant a thin wire electrode into the brain to stimulate neurons is called ___________.

deep brain stimulation

Cyberbullying is a common form of aggression among adolescents. The concept of _____________ would explain the high prevalence of cyberbullying in terms of the presence of anonymity within a group situation.

deindividuation

The brain waves with the highest amplitude are referred to as _________ waves.

delta

At 1:00 am Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of:

delta waves

Sofia, a 65-year-old woman, can't seem to remember if she has eaten breakfast each day. She also doesn't remember that her granddaughter called to tell her she was going to stop by to visit. She seems to be forgetting more things and doesn't want her family to know. Sofia may be showing signs of ____________.

dementia

During the Middle Ages, what was considered the cause of mental illness?

demonic possessions

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?

dendrite--> soma--> axon --> synapse

An action potential occurs when: the inside of the cell becomes ____________ and reaches its threshold, which causes a(n) ______________ reaction.

depolarized; electrical

Narcotics are a type of __________that work by stimulating the body's internal pain management system or ___________.

depressant; endorphins

Benzodiazepines come from the class of drugs called _______________, which ______________ the functioning of the central nervous system.

depressants; decrease

Which two disorders are diagnosed more frequently in women?

depression and anxiety disorders

Meg is a 13-year-old girl who wears a super hero cape to school each day. Even though other students laugh at her, Meg continues to wear the cape. Meg's behavior fits with which of the 4 D's of abnormal behavior?

deviance

Baby George is 4 months old. He typically has a hard time falling asleep and then only sleeps 2 hours at a time. George doesn't like it if the routine changes and usually responds with crying and frustration. He only wants to be held and fed by his mother and cries when passed off to another person. George would be considered what type of temperament?

difficult

All of the following are decision points in helping behavior except ____________

diffusion of responsibility

Men are more likely than women to engage in _________ aggression, while some studies have shown that women are slightly more likely than men to engage in ________ aggression.

direct; indirect

Research has shown that males tend to exhibit more ____________ aggression, whereas females tend to display more ____________ aggression.

direct; indirect

Harper was born with severe hearing loss. She received a cochlear implant just after her first birthday and was able to hear clearly for the first time. The cochlear implant helped Harper to hear by ___________________.

directly stimulating her auditory nerve

Ellie is a healthy 12-month-old baby. She has been crawling for several months but her mother recently looked up to see Ellie walking over toward her in a wobbly fashion. When her mother described the day to Ellie's pediatrician, she stated, "it was like she took a giant step over night in her development." This is an example of which type of developmental model?

discontinuous model

The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating ___________________ influences when explaining another person's behavior.

dispositional

While stuck in a traffic jam, Yani notices a frustrated driver frequently honking his horn. Yani thinks to himself, "That driver is a real jerk!" This is an example of a _______________ attribution.

dispositional

The self-serving bias involves making ______________ attributions for your success and ____________ attributions for your failures.

dispositional; situational

Hannah was attacked in a parking lot. She woke up in the hospital and cannot remember her name or anything about the attack. The MRI scan shows no brain damage. Hannah is most likely experiencing __________.

dissociative amnesia

Joanne has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder characterized by the existence of two or more personalities, marked with periods of memory impairment, and amnesia for certain events. Joanne has the symptoms of which disorder?

dissociative identity disorder

Which disorder has produced controversy within the field of psychology to where some psychologists don't believe it is a real disorder?

dissociative identity disorder

Cognitive psychologists view the development and/or maintenance of anxiety as a result of ____________.

distorted, negative thoughts

Self-help support groups differ from group therapy in that they ____________.

do not have a professionally trained therapist as their leader

Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?

do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses

How is ECT administered differently now than it was in the past?

doctors use muscle relaxers to prevent strong convulsions

Given what you know about Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting, what advice about studying would you give your friend?

don't cram-- engaging in distributes practice over a few days or weeks is more effective

A person asks you to volunteer to counsel delinquent youth at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks if you could supervise them during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique.

door-in-the-face

Hannah asks Jin to babysit her daughter for five hours each on both Saturday and then Sunday. Once Jin declines, Hannah asks Jin to babysit for four hours on Saturday only and Jin agrees to do it. This example demonstrates the ________ technique.

door-in-the-face

Muhammad Ali had trouble controlling his motor movements in the last decades of his life. He had tremors in his muscles, which made it difficult for him to walk and talk. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, which means he had low levels of which neurotransmitter?

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter has been linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter receptors does methamphetamine destroy in the brain?

dopamine

Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should ________.

draw a representative sample among college juniors

In a laboratory, children are given either a beverage with sugar or one without sugar. The experimenter measures the level of hyperactivity in the children following consumption of the beverage. The experimental group in this scenario consists of children who ____________________.

drink the beverage with sugar

The four D's of a psychological disorder include distress, deviance, ________, and sometimes danger.

dysfunction

Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an animal________________.

either engages in a particular behavior or watched another animal engage in the behavior

Henna is having difficulty with her psychology class. She visited with her professor and she told her to try to understand and remember the meaning of a concept by connecting that concept to a personal story. What is this strategy called?

elaborative rehearsal

Enrique is practicing new study strategies. His professor told him that he needs to make sure he is effectively encoding information. Which strategy or strategies should Enrique use?

elaborative rehearsal; deep processing; effortful processing

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.

one-third

Samson is a client in a sleep lab and is going to have his brain wave activity measured while sleeping. He will have electrodes placed all over his skull so that the test can measure his brain activity. This type of test is called ______.

electroencephalogram

During which stage of pregnancy is the developing baby most susceptible to damage from harmful agents like drugs or alcohol?

embryonic period

Seyon is a 24-year-old college graduate with a job that does not pay enough for him to pay rent. He lives with his parents and works at the local Starbucks while he looks for a job. His parents pay his cell phone bill and his car insurance. He is considering going back to school to get a graduate degree. He is in the stage of life called ____________.

emerging adulthood

The psychological aspect of stress may include feelings of anger. Anger is considered part of the _______________ experience of stress.

emotional

Trina typically reads her textbook while watching her favorite Netflix series. She later has difficulty remembering what she read and starts to wonder if she has memory problems. What is Trina experiencing?

encoding failure

____________ states that context is encoded along with information and therefore memories are most easily retrieved when the context of the retrieval matches the context of the encoding.

encoding specificity

Brain scans reveal people with schizophrenia have structural abnormalities in their brain. Which of the following is one of those abnormal features?

enlarged ventricles

The study of how the external environment can influence and change gene functions is called ____________.

epigenetics

In response to stress, the sympathetic nervous system releases ____________, whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system releases ___________.

epinephrine; cortisol

According to several studies, females perform slightly better at which type of memory tasks?

episodic

The memory of a student's first semester of college, when they were stressed and anxious, is considered what type of long-term memory?

episodic

Sean is 55 years old and has been married for 20 years. He is still interested in sexual intercourse with his wife, but he suffers from the inability to achieve or maintain an erection at times during sex. What is this disorder called?

erectile disorder

The concept of _____ argues that women's sexuality may be less strongly felt and more fluid than men's sexuality.

erotic plasticity

If a stressor is short term, energizing, and seen as something to be conquered, it will likely be experienced as _____.

eustress

_______ is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

evidence-based practice

Which of the following explains why a person may become aggressive?

excessive heat; genetic predisposition; alcohol

What is the correct order of the phases of the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Chen has felt depressed for the last six months and is on an antidepressant. He still struggles with depressed mood and difficulty with his memory. His psychologist suggested getting more ______ because that may increase the volume of the _______ in his brain.

exercise; hippocampus

Jared is a 17-year-old male who gets sexually excited and aroused when he exposes his genitals to strangers on the subway. Jared may be experiencing what type of paraphillic disorder?

exhibitionistic disorder

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for intimate partner violence?

experiencing abuse as a child

A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given two bars of chocolate to eat, and some are given no chocolate at all, and then all of the participants are tested for nervousness an hour later. In this experiment, the participants who eat the chocolate are in the __________ group, while the people who did not eat any chocolate are in the __________ group.

experimental; control

Lucy has been studying for her psychology exam and thinks she knows all the facts and concepts. Her conscious memory of the facts is what type of memory?

explicit

Rhianna works in a retail clothing store. Her boss pointed out that she rarely offers help to the overweight customers. When asked about this, Rhianna denied having any negative attitudes toward people who are overweight. Rhianna is verbally expressing a(n) _____________ attitude, but her behavior suggests that her _____________ attitude may be different.

explicit; implicit

What is the most effective treatment for phobias?

exposure-based treatments

Mental health professionals who view depression from a cognitive-behavioral perspective explain it as an interaction between the individual's ________ environment and their ________ thoughts and beliefs.

external; internal

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

extinction

The ability to see in 3D comes from the brain, which receives two slightly different images from each ____________ and puts those together with cues from the ___________ to construct the world in three dimensions.

eye; environment

Helmut is at a crowded park walking his dog. He is looking for a friend and finally sees his friend's face among the crowd. He is using his ______________ neurons to detect faces.

feature detector

The mere exposure effect is the tendency of people to _______.

feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus that they have seen often

your supervisor evaluates you once every 6 months for a day raise based on performance. This is a _______________ schedule of reinforcement

fixed interval

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?

fixed ratio

Reinforcement given for a response emitted after each hour and a half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) is most likely a ___________________ schedule.

fixed-interval

Aashna remembers exactly where she was, what she was wearing, and who she was with when she first heard the news of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Aashna has a ____________.

flashbulb memory

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.

food

Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

foot-in-the-door

Ross has decided that he is a Republican just like his parents and embraces their religious values as well. He has never questioned his parents' beliefs or ideas. He has also decided to attend the university they chose for him and the course of study they believe he needs to pursue. According to Marcia's categories, Ross is in which stage?

foreclosure

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________.

formation of a cognitive map

The cerebral cortex is divided into ___________ lobes with the ____________ lobe at the back of the head.

four; occipital

Testing a hypothesis is the ______ step in a scientific investigation.

fourth

Elliott is 25 and has identified his sexual orientation as gay since he was 15 years old. He has three older brothers and no older sisters. One theory that might help explain his sexual orientation is known as the _____ effect.

fraternal birth order

Sophie has entered her first spelling bee. In addition to studying from a long list of words, she spends time planning how to psyche out her competitors on the big day. Which lobe of her brain would she primarily be using during these activities?

frontal

Henry is 16 years old and has had his driver's license for 2 months. He and his friend are drinking beer while driving around town one night. They decide to drive down country roads with the lights off as fast as they can. This is an example of lack of maturation in which part of the brain?

frontal lobe

Which part of the brain is not fully developed in adolescence?

frontal lobes

Which early movement of psychology investigated how our minds help us adapt to the world around us?

funcitonalism

In the case of the creation of a short-term memory, there is a _______ strengthening between neurons.

functional

____________ refers to a mismatch between gender and biological sex resulting in distress, while ________ refers to the gender to which someone is sexually attracted.

gender dysphoria; sexual orientation

When Suki was asked what role she wanted in the school play about the Wild West, she said she would be the cook for the cowboys because girls aren't rowdy. Which theory of gender development best explains Suki's behavior?

gender schema theory

four year old Evan gets a ride-on toy tractor for his birthday. He immediately runs to his room and grabs his cowboy hat. His younger sister also goes to grab a cowboy hat but Evan says "you can't wear one-- cowboy hates are for boys." Which theory of gender development best explains this scenario?

gender schema theory

The diathesis-stress model suggests people are ________ predisposed to schizophrenia but will only develop it if exposed to certain ________ during critical developmental periods.

genetically; stressors

The complete set of instructions for our physical and psychological characteristics is called our _______________.

genome

Danny has terrible migraines that interfere with his ability to complete his work. He just learned from his psychology class that the migraines could be caused by an overabundance of which neurotransmitter?

glutamate

Billy is having trouble with insomnia. He has difficulty going to sleep and wakes up numerous times throughout the night. Based on what you know about sleep hygiene, what should you recommend he start doing?

go to bed and get up at the same time each day

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of attitudes?

goals

Which sex organs are the first to develop?

gonads

Julie is 15 years old and has her first long-term serious boyfriend. He is pressuring her to have sex, but she is concerned about getting pregnant. She just read a brochure that stated that teen moms are less likely to ________.

graduate from high school

_________ therapy gives clients the chance to observe others, practice social skills, and change their thinking and behaviors based on other people's influence and input.

group

When members of a group discuss similar opinions about a topic, their views on the topic tend to become even more extreme. This phenomenon is referred to as _______.

group polarization

Place theory suggests that people hear differing high-pitched sounds by the activation of different sets of _________ along the cochlea's ___________.

hair cells; basilar membrane

Antipsychotic drugs help treat symptoms such as ______, while mood stabilizers help treat symptoms such as ________.

hallucinations; mania

What are the names of the three small bones in the middle ear?

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

In general, marriage is a good predictor of ________, health, _______, and income level.

happiness; sexual satisfaction

John Gottman has studied relationships for more than 40 years. Which of the following has he identified as an important predictor of a successful marriage?

having five times more positive interactions than negative ones

Which of the following increased the likelihood that participants would disobey in Milgram's obedience study?

having the experimenter be an ordinary man

A psychology student had to use the steps of the scientific method for a class project. He first decided to study the effect of age on clothing choices. He then formulated a hypothesis that older people would prefer more conservative clothing than younger people. Where did he go wrong?

he did not conduct background research before developing his hypothesis

Anika has just asked her son to pick up his toys. Even though he heard her, he responds with "what did you say?" He is experiencing the echoic memory delay, which means we _____ information quicker than we can ______ it.

hear; process

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, what must occur for Cheryl to be effective?

her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry

Mental shortcuts used to reduce complex information from the world around us are called _______.

heuristics

The place theory of hearing explains _________; the frequency theory explains ____________; and the volley principle explains _____________.

high frequencies; low frequencies; low and moderate frequencies

a correlation between self-esteem and annual income of -0.75 would indicate that

higher levels of annual income are associated with lower levels of self-esteem

What areas of the brain are important for the encoding and retrieval of long-term memories?

hippocampus and frontal lobes

Short-term memory or working memory has been localized in the ________ and the ____________.

hippocampus; frontal lobe

Semantic and episodic memories are formed in the _______ and then sent to other areas of the brain for _______.

hippocampus; storage

Brad is a 45-year-old man who was in a car accident and injured his lower spine area. As a result of the damage, he has lost feeling and movement in what parts of his body?

hips and legs

Ricky has blue eyes. Both of his parents have brown eyes. How is this possible?

his parents both had recessive genes for blue eyes

Chemical substances in the body that regulate bodily activities such as growth, metabolism, and sexual reproduction are called ____________.

hormones

Person perception involves the study of_______.

how impressions of other people are formed

Which sexually transmitted infection can lead to cervical cancer or other cancers?

human papillomavirus (HPV)

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

humanism

which approach emphasizes the importance of providing patients with feelings of unconditional acceptance

humanistic

Andre sometimes will wake himself up because his body jerks as he is drifting off to sleep and he says it feels like he is falling. Researchers refer to this bodily sensation as a _______________.

hypnagogic jerk

The neuroendocrine system responsible for releasing cortisol and other stress hormones to defend against stress is called ____________.

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

What structure of the brain has been linked to sexual orientation?

hypothalamus

Which structure is considered part of the endocrine system and the nervous system?

hypothalamus

"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ________.

hypothesis

Javier has been complaining of being fatigued, cold, and depressed lately. His doctor decides to run some tests on his endocrine system. What condition might the doctor test for given his symptoms?

hypothyroidism

Cognitive restructuring helps clients __________, evaluate the accuracy of their thoughts, and ____________________.

identify their automatic thoughts; replace negative automatic thoughts with more realistic thoughts

The first step in any scientific investigation is ________.

identifying the question

According to Erikson's theory, which crisis is to be resolved in adolescence?

identity vs role confusion

Henry is always checking his temperature because he worries he may be coming down with something. He has the WebMD app on his phone so he can monitor his symptoms. He worries most of the day about getting sick, despite the fact that he has been very healthy over the course of his life. Henry may be experiencing which disorder?

illness anxiety disorder

What concept explains how a person can perceive lines in a diagram, even though distinct lines are not actually part of the diagram?

illusory contour

When Johann drives his car to school, he does not have to think about every step in the process of driving, yet he does have memories of the steps to take. This type of memory is called ___________.

implicit

Which of the following is a component of successful couples therapy?

improving communication

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment?

in random assignment each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition

What is an effective way to reduce the stigma against mental illness?

increase contact with people who are mentally ill

Celeste takes unflattering pictures of her classmates and posts them on Instagram, encouraging others to write mean and hateful captions about the pictures. This behavior would be labeled _________ aggression.

indirect

Which of the following professionals is NOT a mental health practitioner?

industrial organizational psychologist

The theory that cognitive development is like a computer model where the environment provides the input and the human mind is a "computer processor" that encodes, stores, and transforms information to produce some output is called ___________.

information processing

a researcher studying cognitive development in childhood uses an analogy of a child's brain working like a computer to encode, store and transform information. Which of the following theories is this researcher using?

information processing model

The approach suggesting our memory works like an administrative assistant that encodes, stores, and retrieves information is called the ____________.

information-processing approach

John has been working on a math problem late at night without success, and he falls asleep. Upon awakening, he suddenly realizes how to answer the problem. This scenario best illustrates __________ learning.

insight

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated

insight learning

Janel goes to sleep at night around 11 p.m. and usually drifts off quickly. She wakes up every morning at 3:45 and tosses and turns for 2 hours until she falls into a restless sleep to wake up at 6:30 feeling tired and groggy. She struggles throughout her day to stay awake and concentrate. Janel most likely suffers from which sleep disorder?

insomnia

What are the 3 I's in borderline personality disorder symptoms?

instability in relationships, identity disturbance and impulsive behaviors

According to Irvin Yalom, two of the reasons group therapy is effective include ____________ and ____________.

installation of hope; socialization techniques

The technique of studying several different concepts or mixing information from different chapters during the same study session is called?

interleaving

Most psychologists define consciousness as the awareness of our ______ and __________ environment.

internal; external

Sexual thoughts that lead to physiological arousal can be caused by both ________ stimuli such as thoughts and memories and ________ stimuli such as erotic images or videos.

internal;external

in order to asses the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction researchers either insulted to complimented college students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research the dependent variable consisted of

interpersonal attraction

The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved "looking inward" and reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.

introspection

The ______ is the colored muscle of the eye that dilates and constricts according to the amount of light.

iris

What role does sleep play in memory formation?

it consolidates and strengthens the memory

Which of the following is a limitation of a case study?

it is difficult to generalize to other people or situations based on a case study

Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?

it occurs without conscious awareness

What does the term Gestalt mean for psychological purposes?

it refers to how we naturally group objects together and perceive whole shapes instead of individual parts

In order to study sleep in natural conditions, researchers took people out to camp in the woods for one week. What did they discover about the influence of natural light on the participant's biological clocks?

it shifted the increase and decrease of melatonin in their bodies to 2 hours earlier to correspond with the natural light-dark conditions

Kendra likes to listen to soft music while studying. Each time her roommate Layla comes in, Layla turns the music up by one. Kendra doesn't always notice the change, but she does notice it more than 50 percent of the time. This is an example of __________.

just noticeable difference

Zeke is presented with two colors and he has to tell the research if they are the same or different. At first, he can easily tell when the colors are different or same, but the test gets much harder and eventually he is only able to accurately tell if the colors are the same or different about 50% of the time. The researcher is testing Zeke's ______ for color

just noticeable difference

At what age do most people in Western societies achieve total independence and identify themselves as adults?

late 20s

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

latent learning

What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated?

latent learning

Randy has a recurring dream about falling from a building. His therapist suggests that the dream might be a red flag from his subconscious that something in his life is not on track. The therapist's interpretation is related to the ___________ content of the dream while Randy's description of the action in the dream is related to the __________ content of the dream.

latent; manifest

A behavioral approach to explain a person's fear of flying would focus on _______ patterns of behavior and experiences.

learned

Giada has an irrational fear of dogs. A behavioral psychologist would believe her anxious behavior was ______.

learned

Natalia is in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend. He has hit her several times. She has tried to leave numerous times, but he always finds her and convinces her that she would never make it without him. Natalia's pattern of behavior is similar to what Seligman studied and called ____________.

learned helplessness

Nathan has a father who yells and tells him he is stupid. His father beats him when he doesn't do his chores quickly enough. Nathan believes he is stupid and that he will never be able to escape his situation at home. What is Nathan experiencing?

learned helplessness

For most people, language is processed in which hemisphere of the brain?

left

What percentage of adults have a diagnosis of gender dysphoria?

less than 1 percent

How long does it typically take a person to formulate a judgment about the trustworthiness of a stranger?

less than 1 second

In surveys, what percent of Americans identify themselves as LGBT (lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender)?

less than 10 percent

In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic study on cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those who were paid $1 for doing the same task, ________.

liked the task less

Olivia will have months of severe depression in which she struggles to complete daily tasks and has overwhelming feelings of sadness. She also experiences periods of euphoria for a week in which she doesn't sleep, has racing thoughts, and thinks she will be the next major movie star even though she never has acted in a movie. The doctor she consulted wants her to try the mood-stabilizing drug __________.

lithium

Eric Kandel worked with marine slugs to understand how memory works at the synaptic level in humans. The strengthening of the connections between neurons resulting in the development of memories is called ____________.

long-term potentiation

The strengthening of neural connections, which is considered the biological basis of memory, is called ____________.

long-term potentiation (LTP)

The famous patient known as H.M. developed anterograde amnesia after having his temporal lobes removed. This led to him no longer being able to create _______ memories, but his _______ memory remained functional.

long-term; working

Major depressive disorder is characterized by either depressed mood or __________ in activities and accompanied by ________ other symptoms that last for more than 2 weeks.

loss of interest; 4

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique.

lowball

you are shopping for a used car and you see one you like. The salesperson tells you the cost is $14,300. you agree to this price. He goes inside the store to get the paperwork done and comes back out and says the price he originally quoted didn't include the tires. With four tires the cost is actually $15,000. you still agree to buy the car at this new higher price. You were a victim of which technique

lowball

All of the following are Sternberg's components of love except ________________.

loyalty

A doctor wants detailed pictures of the structures in a patient's brain but doesn't want to expose the patient to any radiation. What would be the best method of assessment for the doctor to use?

magnetic resonance imaging

Mary has missed the last 3 weeks of classes because she can't get out of bed. She also turns down invitations to go out with friends, hasn't showered in 3 days, and feels like her life is worthless. Mary is likely experiencing ___________.

major depressive disorder

What is it called when a person experiences a period of euphoria (excessive happiness), elevated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, enhanced energy, and a decreased need for sleep?

mania

According to psychodynamic dream analysis, the actual remembered event in a dream is called the ____________ while the symbolic unconscious meaning of dreams is called the _________.

manifest content; latent content

Independent variable is to dependent variable as ________.

manipulate is to measure

Which two researchers were responsible for groundbreaking findings regarding the physiology of sexual behavior?

masters and johnson

A person with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder is going to be treated with which type of treatment first?

medications

This altered state of consciousness involves training the mind by using focused and regulated breathing, minimization of distractions, and mental imagery.

meditation

Brett was up to bat and the pitcher threw a wild pitch hitting Brett in the back of the head. Luckily, Brett's batting helmet covered his neck protecting his ______________, which controls breathing and heartbeat.

medulla

The information-processing perspective on dreaming suggests dreams allow us to consolidate experiences from the day into ___________.

memories

Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it and watches the show intently. He knows his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of Bandura's theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster?

memory

How is mental illness viewed among some Asian cultures?

mental illness is shameful and caused by evil spirits

Shania needed to remember to pick up seven items at the grocery store. She didn't want to write it down so she made up a story in her head imagining herself walking through her house and visualizing each item in a different room in the house. This is called the _______ technique.

method of loci

Overall, research suggests that gender differences in the areas of intelligence and memory are ___________.

minimal

Which group is most likely to drop out of mental health treatment prematurely?

minorities

A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action.

mirror

What type of neurons fire if a monkey observes another monkey engaging in an action?

mirror neurons

One criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that there is no distinction between ____________.

moral reasoning and moral action

Natal males (those born as biological males) are _______ likely to develop gender dysphoria compared to natal females (those born as biological females).

more

Tobias is a 44-year-old gay man who has researched his family history extensively. Consistent with research findings regarding the genetics of sexual orientation, he discovered that he has numerous male relatives on his _________ side of the family that are also gay.

mother's

What is it called when some people work to actively forget memories of trauma or abuse?

motivated forgetting

When Jamal thinks about the first time he played hockey, he remembers the smell of the ice, the sound of his stick hitting the puck, and how much he loved the game. In retrieving this memory, Jamal is accessing _______________ in his brain.

multiple connections

You listened to your psychology instructor talk about the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and you wondered if you qualified for that diagnosis. You recognize that you tend to worry about things, such as passing your classes and what to wear to the party. As you think more about it, you realize you don't experience the three additional symptoms required for the diagnosis. Those three additional symptoms could include ____________.

muscle tension, fatigue, and lack of sleep

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the

myelin sheath

Which part of the neuron improves the speed of the neural impulse?

myelin sheath

Neural processing slows in older adulthood, which means older adults take more time to react and remember _______.

names

This disorder involves excessive daytime sleepiness and periodic, uncontrolled sleep attacks that may leave the sufferer falling asleep at odd and inconvenient times.

narcolepsy

a woman became frustrated during a committee meeting and suddenly slumped over asleep. Which disorder is she likely to have?

narcolepsy

Heroin is classified as a ________ and directly _______ stress-related emotions.

narcotic; decreases

The three lymphocytes that play a role in health and disease are ____________.

natural killer cells (NK), B lymphocytes (B cells), and T lymphocytes (T cells)

This type of meditation trains a person to become a nonjudgmental observer of all their thoughts and emotions.

open monitoring meditation

Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, she most likely is engaged in ________.

naturalistic observation

When you watch dogs play in the park, or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ________.

naturalistic observation

The question of whether a person's development is more influenced by genetics or by life experience is considered ____________.

nature vs nurture

Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from others) from the individual. This is called________________.

negative punishment

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________.

negative punishment

The loss of your drivers license as a consequence of drunken driving is to ________ as the reduction of anxiety as a consequence of studying effectively is to ________.

negative punishment; negative reinforcement

What are the three components of Beck's cognitive triad?

negative thinking about the self, the world and the future

Greg and Jose have both been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Greg's primary symptoms include lack of motivation and long periods of time where he doesn't speak. Jose's primary symptoms include hearing a voice that makes negative comments about him and a strong belief that the government is responsible for implanting the voice into his head. Greg's symptoms can be categorized as _____________, and Jose's symptoms are considered ___________.

negative; positive

At its resting state, the inside of a neuron is more ______________ than the outside.

negatively charged

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________.

negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down

According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a set of interconnected _______ in the brain.

neural networks

When we learn something new, what happens at the neuron level?

neurons communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitter

Maria has decided to learn to play the piano at the age of 55. She knows this will be good for her brain because as she learns something new her brain actually changes as a result of the experience. What is this process called?

neuroplasticity

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal glands and are both _____________ when used in the nervous system and _________ when used in the endocrine system.

neurotransmitters; hormones

Our sense of pain is experienced by ___________________, which can detect harmful pressure, chemicals, or temperatures.

nociceptors

Low levels of which neurotransmitters are linked with depression?

norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin

Mick and Daphne are adults who enjoy dressing up in each other's clothing and tying each other up during sex. They both consent to this behavior, and it increases their sexual desire. This behavior is considered ____________.

normal because they are consenting adults enjoying their relationships

For most people to enjoy their work, it needs to be complex, varied, and ________.

not closely supervised

A research hypothesis proposes that consuming a low carbohydrate diet results in increased weight loss. One group of participants follows a low-carb diet for 3 weeks, whereas a second group follows a high-carb diet containing the same number of calories for 3 weeks. The average number of pounds lost for each group is then is compared. What is the dependent variable?

number of lost pounds

After watching her father slide through pictures on his smartphone using his index finger, Laura, a 5-year-old, learns to use her finger to slide the screen on his smartphone. Laura acquired this behavior through ________.

observational learning

Ethan has watched his brother receive praise and attention for his running achievements. Ethan has decided that he also would like to receive that type of praise and attention, so he has started to work out and run with his brother. Ethan has learned through ____________.

observational learning

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

observational learning

Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. He believes many parents spoil their children in today's society. He observed many parents allowing children to get away with bad behavior such as being rude to the wait staff. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the ________.

observer effect

Stefan is a bank executive who has intrusive thoughts throughout the day about germs and contamination. He constantly worries he will become sick and die from the germs. He has to interrupt important business meetings to wash his hands and refuses to shake hands with anyone. The thoughts have been a persistent problem for him for 10 years. Stefan's thoughts would be considered ____________.

obsessions

Which disorder responds to bilateral anterior capsulotomy with promising results?

obsessive compulsive disorder

Cecil has recurring intrusive thoughts of jumping out of the window of his tenth-floor apartment. In order to reduce his anxiety he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing an

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Graycen was walking alone through the mall and suddenly experienced an epileptic seizure. She would be most likely helped if ___________________ .

one person was in the area

Which theory of color vision states that we have three special receptor cells to process color that work in an opposing manner?

opponent process theory

Jamal stared at a green screen for a long time and then looked at a white piece of paper. The __________________ theory of color vision would predict that Jamal would see the color ___________ when he looked at the white paper.

opponent process; red

Gender identity is ________________ while sexual orientation is _____________

our self-identification as male or female a blend of both or neither; the pattern of a person's sexual attractions

____________ care is the most common form of treatment for mental illness.

outpatient

Richard overate during one meal and thought, "I'm going to end up overweight for the rest of my life." This is an example of which cognitive distortion?

overgeneralization

Sayla has had to monitor her blood sugar levels since she was a child to make sure she doesn't get sick. Although she would like to be able to eat sweets, she understands she can't because her ______ does not produce enough _________.

pancreas; insulin

When someone says the words "ice cream," most people will have numerous images pop into their head. Those images may be common like a picture of an ice cream cone as well as more specific like their favorite flavor. This is an example of which model of memory?

parallel distributed processing model

Maeve spent the day in the Museum of Modern Art enjoying all the paintings and artwork. She was amazed at the fact that her visual system could take in all the motion, color, depth, and form and convert it into an exceptional art appreciation experience in her brain. This is called ____________.

parallel processing

Sexual behaviors that cause distress to a person or that cause physical or mental distress to another person are referred to as ____________.

paraphillic disorders

After discovering that the shadows outside his window were only the trees in the yard, Ralph's blood pressure decreased and his heartbeat slowed. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his

parasympathetic nervous system

Andre suffered brain damage from an accident at work. Since his accident, he seems to be unaware of his own body parts and at times unable to feel pain. Which lobe of his brain is likely to have incurred damage?

parietal

The only lobes of the brain that touch all other lobes are the __________ lobes.

parietal

Gerald is a 38 year old man who only becomes sexually aroused by prepubescent children. He states that the children are willing and that they like it. He is considered to have which paraphillic disorder?

pedophilic disorder

Catrina had chlamydia when she was 18 years old and she never sought treatment. She is now 30 years old and struggling to become pregnant. What disease related to infertility can be caused by untreated chlamydia?

pelvic inflammatory disease

How does social networking vary between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

people from individualistic cultures spend more time and have more friends with social networking than those from collective cultures

If psychologists discovered that people who live at the poverty level have more aggressive children than do wealthy people this would clearly indicate that

peoples economic status and the aggressiveness of their children are negatively correlated

Weber's law states that detectable differences between stimuli involve the ______ difference between them.

percentage

The interpretation of raw stimuli from our senses into meaningful information is called ____________.

perception

Stephan convinced his friend Derek that if he played a Beatles song backward, he would hear it whispering, "Worship Satan." Derek tried it and did hear the words "Worship Satan." Derek's perception of these words was probably influenced by __________.

perceptual set

When viewing an ambiguous picture, we will tend to see an image that is consistent with our own culture and experience. This phenomenon is called __________.

perceptual set

Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to muscles in your hands by the ________ nervous system.

peripheral

A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they are customers of the company. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing?

peripheral route

Tomas is a 5th grader who is caught at recess throwing rocks at the girls and kicking some of the boys. This type of behavior is known as ____________.

physical aggression

During a sporting event, two opposing fans get into an argument, and one of them threatens to punch the other in the face. This is an example of both _______ and ________ aggression.

physical; direct

The endocrine system consists of many glands that release hormones for different functions. Which gland is considered the master gland that communicates with all the other glands?

pituitary gland

Kiley received treatment for depression from someone she thought was a psychologist. She later found out that the person had faked their degree and credentials and had no training in mental health treatment. However, she was puzzled because she felt that her depression was improved significantly during the treatment. This is most likely an example of a(n) _____________.

placebo effect

Researchers designed an experiment that tested the impact of drinking alcohol on test taking abilities. They gave one group a drink with vodka and the other group a drink with tonic water. Neither group knew which drink they received. One interesting result of the experiment was that several members of the group who received the drink with the tonic water acted as if they were impaired. This result is called the _______________.

placebo effect

In schizophrenia, pathological excesses or distortions of normal functioning that include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech are called _____________ symptoms.

positive

___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior.

positive

Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________.

positive punishment

To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a

positive punishment

Dr. Sardis provides his students with extra credit points every time they speak in class to encourage class participation. Dr. Sardis is using________________.

positive reinforcement

Older adults recall more _______ events, while younger adults recall both ___________ events.

positive; positive and negative

At its resting state, the outside of a neuron is more ______________ than the inside of the neuron.

positively charged

An action potential occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more __________ charged and the ___________ charge moves down the axon.

positively; electrical

This type of brain scan provides a functional assessment of the brain.

positron emission tomography

Despite huge legal costs and social disapproval, Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.

postconventional

During the civil rights movement in the 1960s, people broke state laws so that Black people could sit where they wanted to on the bus or drink from the same water fountain or use the same bathroom as white people. Kohlberg would say these people were operating at which stage of morality?

postconventional morality

The psychodynamic approach to understanding anxiety disorders suggests anxiety is the result of ________.

powerful, repressed id urges attempting to surface

For Regis to think it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.

preconventional

Nunzio, an 8-year-old boy, stole a candy bar from the grocery store. His parents never found out about it, and Nunzio didn't feel it was wrong because he was never punished for it. This level of reasoning would fit into which of Kohlberg's stages?

preconventional morality

Certain underlying factors can make a person susceptible to a mental disorder. These can include genetics, birth defects, and certain toxins such as alcohol or viruses. These factors are called _______ causes.

predisposing

Phineas Gage became a famous case study demonstrating how damage to the ________________ can lead to significant personality changes.

prefrontal cortex

An 80-year-old man may have trouble with reading on the computer because of which condition?

presbyopia

The neuron that secretes neurotransmitters into the synapse is called the _________, and the neuron that receives the signal is called the ________.

presynaptic neuron; postsynaptic neuron

In recent years, the focus in mental health care has shifted toward ______________.

preventive care

Lars went to the grocery story but accidentally left his list at home. He remembered coffee and chocolate because those were the first things on the list. This phenomenon is called the _____________ effect.

primacy

__________ are the sexual organs present at birth which are directly involved in human reproduction.

primary sex characteristics

Shandra is prompted to change her password on her work computer every 4 months. She tries to make new ones that are similar to her old ones. After returning from vacation for a week, she could only remember her old password. This is an example of which type of memory failure?

proactive interference

___________ is defined as forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar more recently stored material

proactive interference

Stuart's car breaks down his first week of college. He has just started a new job and needs his car to get to work. He calls around to mechanics to get an estimate of the cost of repairs and compares that to the money he has saved up in the bank. He decides to call his parents and ask if he can borrow half the money needed for the repair. Which strategy is Stuart using to cope with this stress?

problem-focused coping

Which of the following abilities is most affected by functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain?

problem-solving

Howard has not ridden a bike in 10 years. He first learned to ride a bike when he was 5 years old and enjoyed riding throughout his childhood. He recently bought a new bike and had no problem riding it around the block. The type of memory that allows him to recall this skill is called?

procedural

Joaquin is a 21-year-old college student who enjoys an active sex life. He participated in a survey on the reasons he engages in sexual behavior. One of the reasons that he did NOT likely list was ____________.

procreation

Nikki has a high-pressure sales job. She experiences physiological and psychological stress on a daily basis. Nikki is learning how to systematically tense and relax her muscles to relieve the tension in her body. What is this technique called?

progressive muscle relaxation

Specialized nerve cells in our muscles, tendons, and joints called __________, provide a constant stream of information from our body parts through our spinal cords and into the cortex of the parietal lobe.

proprioceptors

Drugs that alter brain functions resulting in changes in consciousness, perception, and/or mood are called ___________ drugs.

psychoactive

Bethany unconsciously avoids talking about her childhood whenever possible. Her friend points out that she always changes the subject when her past is discussed. Surprised, Bethany denied this was true. However, her friend quickly replied "denial is a common way of handling unconscious anxiety—I wonder if there's something in your childhood that was traumatic enough for you to have completely repressed the memory?" Bethany's friend's view is typical of the ____________ approach to psychological symptoms.

psychodynamic

Professor Thomas approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

psychodynamic approach

This type of therapy views symptoms as side effects of deeper underlying problems rooted in childhood or past experiences.

psychodynamic therapy

Markita promised her parents she would stop smoking marijuana. Every time she worried about school and bills, she would remember how marijuana relaxed her and made her feel good. She ended up smoking again and again, even though she hated disappointing her parents. This is an example of what type of dependence?

psychological

A person who is considered religiously active is likely to experience _____________ compared to people who are not religiously active.

psychological and physical advantages

Rami has been experiencing a number of concerning symptoms, so he makes an appointment to see a psychologist. After an assessment, the psychologist assigns a label to Rami's psychological symptoms by identifying and classifying them. Rami has received a ____________.

psychological diagnosis

The interdisciplinary field that emphasizes the interaction of psychological, neurological, and immunological factors in stress and illness is called ____________.

psychoneuroimmunology

What are the physical changes in an adolescent's body that lead to sexual maturation called?

puberty

Anna consumed two cheeseburgers, two orders of fries, a 32-ounce Diet Coke, and a chocolate milkshake. She consumed all of this in less than 2 hours. She then went to the bathroom to throw up and has been at the gym on the treadmill for an hour and a half. Her behaviors of throwing up and excessive exercise are considered what?

purging

The gold standard for research designs in the area of establishing evidence-based treatments is the _____________.

randomized controlled trial

Strong bright lights will cause sensory neurons to ______ fire while dim low lights will cause sensory neurons to ___________ fire.

rapidly; slowly

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule.

ratio

Joaquin went to McDonald's to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jump suits. Joaquin said he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of ________.

reactivity

____________ occurs in situations where a research participant's behavior is different than normal because the participant is being observed.

reactivity

Luke is an 18-year-old who argues with his parents about politics. He feels very strongly that the United States should have a comprehensive socialized medicine program. This demonstrates his ability to ___________, or organize information and his beliefs into coherent arguments.

reason

Tyrone is 18 years old and challenges his 55-year-old father to a memory test. Tyrone would be most likely to win a memory test based on ____________.

recall of information

Yuna loves to play soccer and is an aggressive player who will head the ball as often as she can. Her parents have noticed that she has been forgetting to turn in assignments and forgetting when she is supposed to hang out with friends. They are concerned because ________________.

recent research has suggested that heading the ball can lead to memory problems

Your friend wants to hear all the details from your birthday party last year. Recalling the details of this memory is a _________ process.

reconstructive

When you touch a hot stove and immediately withdraw your hand, it is called a ________ and is the result of interneurons within the __________.

reflex; spinal cord

Which of the following is an example of a sociocultural influence on sexual behavior?

religion, media, social norms

Which of the following is true of research on insight?

researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning

Behavioral geneticists use twin and adoption studies to examine the role of genetics. In general, adopted individuals have traits that _______________________.

resemble their biological parents

Suki has been attending weekly sessions with her therapist who believes that Suki's childhood experiences have led to her avoidance of relationships. Once the therapist asks questions about Suki's relationship with her mother, Suki begins to miss appointments. In the psychodynamic theory, missing appointments would be considered a sign of ___________.

resistance

The __________ is comprised of multilayered tissue at the back of the eye and is responsible for visual transduction.

retina

Humans receive images on their retinas from two slightly different angles. This binocular cue is referred to as ___________.

retinal disparity

Leeann was telling her friend about a movie with her favorite actor. She wanted her friend to guess his name so she gave her friend the first initial to his first and last name. Leeann provided a ___________ for her friend.

retrieval cue

Mr. Musselman is the head coach of the high school football team. He notices that after learning the names of the players on the team this year he has trouble remembering the names of the players from the previous year. In fact he sometimes says the names of a current player when he is referring to a player from the previous year. This is an example of

retroactive interference

Caroline has dementia and can no longer remember the names of her grandchildren. She is experiencing which type of amnesia?

retrograde

Rayna considers herself to be a creative person. She creates sculptures out of recycled materials and loves to paint. She also seems to be skilled at reading people's emotional expressions. Which hemisphere of Rayna's brain would be the most active in these situations?

right hemisphere

When a person drives on a dark road at night, which receptor cells in the retina help detect the low levels of light to navigate the road?

rods

List the three layers of cells in the correct order that transmit neural signals from the retina to the optic nerve.

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

A 7 year old has the ability to read a recipe and measure ingredients. However they cannot prepare the entire meal alone. when their father helps with the meal preparation Vygotsky would call this __________

scaffolding

Vladimir has a job as the nighttime janitor of a small factory. There is no one around most of the time, but when he does encounter someone, he is rude and cold toward them. His boss has asked him to dinner, but Vladimir turns him down. He hasn't spoken to his family for years and prefers it that way. Which personality disorder would these behavior patterns fit most closely?

schizoid

In 5th grade, Marcia started noticing that her breasts were developing and that her shorts were getting tighter because her hips were bigger. What are these noticeable changes in the body called?

secondary sex characteristics

Shania has been looking for her breasts to develop since she was in fifth grade. She thinks she is the only girl in seventh grade who does not have a bra. She has noticed some underarm hair growing and is hopeful that she will start developing breasts soon. Shania is worried about the development of __________.

secondary sex characteristics

Sasha has her laptop open in class and is watching funny cat videos while the professor talks. After class is over, she hears the other students talking about the quiz they are having Friday. Which phenomenon explains why Sasha didn't hear her professor talk about the quiz?

selective inattention

Garrett has a tendency to take credit for his good actions, but he attributes his mistakes to factors beyond his control. This is an example of the _____.

self-serving bias

The process by which we detect physical energy from our environment and send the information to our brain is called __________.

sensation

Which of the following stages of cognitive development occur first according to Piaget's theory?

sensorimotor stage

Marcus loves to listen to music, podcasts, and radio talk shows. He usually falls asleep while listening to something on the Internet and has his earphones in almost 5-6 hours a day. He has noticed lately that he seems to be asking his wife to repeat what she said several times before he can hear it. What type of hearing loss may Marcus be experiencing?

sensorineural hearing loss

A person may not detect the smell of their house because their olfactory receptors have adapted to the stimuli. This is called ____________.

sensory adaptation

Marc walked into the baseball stadium and was immediately bombarded with numerous sights sounds and smells. which component of his memory is first to process this information?

sensory memory

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the structure of memory can be divided into three distinct types. What are these three aspects of memory?

sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory

Darcy identifies as a gay man and Selah identifies as a transgender woman. Darcy is referring to _____________ while Selah is referring to ____________.

sexual orientation; gender identity

Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________.

shaping

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

shaping

Increased contact between two warring groups has a tendency to ________.

showcase similarities between the groups and reduce prejudice

Most parents can pick up their own baby's cry out of a large, noisy group such as a room full of children. This is an example of ____________.

signal detection theory

A person can be diagnosed with a substance use disorder when the pattern of drug use causes _________ impairment or ___________ in the person's life.

significant; distress

A group of preschoolers are taken on a field trip and given matching hats to wear. The teacher is making use of what Gestalt principle to easily identify the children?

similarity

As Gina's boyfriend Omar walks toward her, the image on Gina's retina will change the closer he gets. However, Gina's perception of Omar's size does not change. She does not perceive him as growing bigger or taller because of _____________.

size constancy

Katie who is 10 years old will occasionally find herself asleep at the foot of her parents' bed in the morning, even though she went to sleep in her own bed. She never remembers leaving her room and walking to her parents' room. Katie is experiencing _______, which tends to occur during ______ sleep.

sleepwalking; NREM

Individuals from racial/ethnic minorities appear to self-identify as LGBT _______________ than White Americans.

slightly more often

Lilly is 18 years old and terrified of speaking in front of people. She assumes people will laugh at her, notice her crooked tooth, and think she is ugly. She has felt like this since she was 15 years old, but the symptoms have worsened in the past year since she started college. What is a potential diagnosis for Lilly?

social anxiety disorder

__________ refers to the quality and number of meaningful relationships an individual may have among friends, family, and the community.

social connectedness

Dominique put on his mother's high heels and necklaces and walked into the living room. His father said "you look so silly-- why don't you put on my boots instead?" According to ______________ of gender development this kind of negative feedback would lead Dominique to adopt more traditionally male behaviors

social learning theory

Fraternal 3-year-old twins, Ben and Bella, dressed up in their mother's high heel shoes. Their mom exclaimed "Bella, you look so beautiful!" but said to Ben "those look so silly on you." Ben immediately went and put on his father's loafers instead. Which theory of gender development best explains this scenario?

social learning theory

Which theory of gender development focuses on the role of observational learning and reinforcement?

social learning theory

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social-psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

social loafing

Sexual behavior can be influenced by __________, or the spoken and unspoken rules about what is considered appropriate.

social norms

If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective.

sociocultural

The cell body that contains the nucleus, which includes DNA and other structures that support the neuron, is called the ___________.

soma

As Makelah does squats and lunges to warm her body up to play basketball, she realizes she is using which part of her peripheral nervous system?

somatic nervous system

This disorder involves the presence of physical symptoms combined with abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in response to those symptoms.

somatic symptom disorder

The goal of false memory research is to demonstrate that ________________________.

some people will report remembering an event that didn't happen to them just because the researcher suggested it did happen

Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the________________.

sour lemon gummy candy

Spencer believes he learned about the famous "Stanford Prison Experiment" from his psychology class. His professor tells him they haven't covered that topic yet so he must have heard about it from someone else. Spencer experienced a ____________.

source monitoring error

Males have shown a slight advantage in _________ skills, while females have shown a slight advantage in ____________ skills.

spatial; verbal

We hear with our ears, but which lobe of our brain is used to understand language?

temporal lobe

Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response?

spontaneous recovery

Alicia suffered from anxiety for months before she sought treatment. She was put on a waitlist at a clinic, but by the time she attended her first appointment, her anxiety was already significantly reduced. This is called ____________.

spontaneous remission

___________ must be ruled out when determining the effectiveness of a particular therapy.

spontaneous remission

As a child, Liam was an outgoing boy who made friends easily. Today, he is the top salesman in his company and he is still outgoing and engaging. Liam's case would be interesting to developmental psychologists studying the consistency of traits and characteristics over time to answer the question of ____________.

stability versus change

In Pavlov's studies, he was able to condition dogs to salivate in response to specific tones while not salivating to other similar tones. This is called ______________.

stimulus discrimination

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

stimulus generalization

A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.

strengthens; weakens

An event that is perceived as threatening or challenging is known as a ______.

stressor

When a new concept or behavior is learned, repeated, and practiced, there is a _______ change in the neurons, which often involves the growth on new receptors.

structural

The three-stage model of memory emphasized both the _________ and the __________ associated with memory.

structure; processes

_________ perception is an example of awareness without attention.

subliminal

Research has determined that our brain is capable of sensing stimuli without conscious awareness of that stimuli. This is called ____________.

subliminal perception

Kenai goes to the grocery store with a list to buy only milk and eggs, but she is also hungry. What Kenai does not know is that the grocery store is flooding the store with a very faint smell of cookies. Kenai doesn't register the smell consciously, but she does end up buying cookies from the bakery section. This is an example of ____________.

subliminal persuasion

Leander was really hungry before being interviewed about his study habits. Researchers whispered "taco truck" several times during his interview although he didn't hear the words. He was then given the opportunity to eat food from a taco truck or from the cafeteria. Leander would most likely choose the taco truck. He was subjected to what researchers call ____________.

subliminal priming

Family therapy has been shown to be particularly effective for which groups of people?

substance abusers and adolescents with anorexia nervosa

Mixing objects (such as paint) is referred to as _____________ color mixing; whereas, mixing colors of light is called ___________ color mixing.

subtractive; additive

Anita has a severe reaction to chili peppers—they actually cause her pain—and she finds kale and broccoli too bitter to eat, while oranges are too sweet. Anita may have many more taste buds than the average person, which would make her a ____________.

supertaster

This small part of the hypothalamus controls the circadian clock and is responsive to light.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Jana conducts a study in which she calls participants and asks them questions about their opinions. She is conducting a:

survey

What are the five basic tastes that humans recognize?

sweet, sour, salty, bitter umami

Which part of the nervous system directs the fight-or-flight response in times of stress?

sympathetic

when the professor was handing out the test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased your palms got sweaty and your hand shook a little. This stress response was triggered by the _______

sympathetic nervous system

A study with London taxi cab drivers found that the hippocampus of their brains had greater volume, which was presumed to mean more neural connections, as a result of learning and driving new routes around the city. This finding demonstrates the concept of _________________.

synaptic plasticity

Tomas has been playing the piano since age 5. Throughout his adolescence, he also taught himself to play guitar, bass, and the drums. Due to his practice with musical instruments, Tomas's brain would show improved ________.

synaptic plasticity

In the process of neurotransmission, the action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released from the ______________ into the _______________.

synaptic vesicles; synapse

Rosa is afraid of flying but won a free trip to Hawaii. Her therapist instructs Rosa to create a list of things that make her anxious about flying from the least fearful to the most fearful. Rosa and her therapist next work through the list using relaxation techniques to help relieve her anxious responses. What technique is the therapist using?

systematic desensitization

Huan and Abrielle know they are having a baby girl in 2 months. They have discussed that they want to avoid the stereotypes for gender in regard to colors and toys for their child, but they are not sure they can avoid the way others interact with their child. Research shows that girls are _________ and boys are __________.

talked to more often and treated more gently; played with more roughly

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

ten

Brittany is 12 weeks pregnant and has been drinking a few beers followed by a glass or two of wine a night. She hasn't told her doctor, but she knows from looking online that alcohol is considered a(n) _________ that can have an extremely negative impact on the development of her baby.

teratogen

The structures that extend out from the axon and release chemicals into the space between neurons are called ___________.

terminal buttons

Which hormone influences the sexual drive in both females and males?

testosterone

Which perceptual illusion has been shown to vary across cultures and as a result is one of the most well-known and extensively researched perceptual illusions?

the Muller-Lyer illusions

Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an example of________________.

the Premack principle

Cyan told her friend that she believes her dreams are just random neural activity and they have no deeper meaning. Cyan believes in:

the activation-synthesis hypothesis

You are playing baseball and miss catching a ball that should have been easy to catch. Others watching you are likely to think you aren't good at playing baseball, whereas you are likely to point out that the sun was in your eyes. This is an example of which type of attribution?

the actor-observer bias

You are walking down the street and accidentally walk into another person spilling their coffee all over them. The person calls you a clumsy idiot. You explain that the sun was un your eyes and couldn't see them coming. This is an example of ______

the actor-observer bias

In order to study some effects of alcohol consumption, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21-year-old men who were first assigned to drink a beverage with either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted of:

the amount of alcohol consumed

People are more likely to be obedient to authority if _______.

the authority figure is perceived as an expert

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______.

the bystander effect

Conformity may result from normative social influence, which involves _________________ and/or informational social influence, which refers to ________________.

the desire to be part of a group and gain approval; presenting information that can change an opinion

A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics?

the development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis

________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.

the double-blind study

Twin sisters Leah and Lily know they have the genetics for heart disease. Both sisters like to exercise, but Lily also has a high-stress job and only sleeps four hours a night. Leah is a yoga instructor and eats a mostly vegetarian diet. The field of epigenetics would suggest

the environment has the ability to change gene expression so both women can change their risk of developing heart disease

Which method of compliance was at work during Milgram's obedience study?

the foot-in-the- door technique

______________ refers to the tendency to overestimate dispositional influences (and underestimate situational influences) when explaining another person's behavior.

the fundamental attribution error

Ava has had her corpus callosum severed and is referred to as a "split brain patient." When her doctor presents an apple in her left visual field she claims she doesn't see anything. Why is this?

the left visual field is processed by the right side of the brain which is not associated with language

You decide to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

Selma witnessed a robbery at a convenience store. She watched various news reports about the robbery prior to being interviewed by police. When she was interviewed, she remembered some inaccurate details. Selma has experienced ______________.

the misinformation effect

Golf skill is negatively correlated with golf scores. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

the more skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of a rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?

the puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus

What is psychopathology?

the scientific study of mental/psychological disorders

Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory?

the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions and their personality traits

If you are reading a review of a product and discover that the person writing the review is a part owner of the product's company, you might question the reviewer's claims based on which of the following?

the underlying motive of the writer

Why has the Müller-Lyer Illusion intrigued psychological researchers for years?

there are reliable cultural differences in perception of the illusion but no consensus regarding why the differences exist

Paul records data that indicate that the number of hot chocolates sold at the concession stand increases as temperature outside decreases (for example, more hot chocolates are purchased during late fall than late spring). Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding?

there is a negative correlation between the two variables

Grady was adopted shortly after birth into a loving home. Neither of his adopted parents drank alcohol or did any drugs. Throughout his adolescence and into adulthood, Grady struggled with substance abuse. He eventually found out that his biological mother was an alcoholic for her entire life. What does this scenario suggest?

there is likely a strong genetic explanation for Grady's substance abuse

A study shows that the correlation between shoe size and intelligence is .05. This means that _____________.

there is no relationship between show size and intelligence score

Research on the effectiveness of different therapeutic techniques suggests that ____________.

there is no single therapeutic strategy uniquely effective in treating all people across all disorders

____________ waves emerge in sleep Stage N1 and continue into Stage N2.

theta

Multiple studies have shown that when students multitask during class or studying

they do not learn effectively, which leads to lower grades

Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because ____________________.

they help humans adapt to their natural environment

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

thinking about others

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20

People with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are ____ more likely to die at a younger age than their higher SES counterparts.

three times

What was the purpose of the classic 1970s study conducted by David Rosenhan, in which he had mentally healthy volunteers fake psychological symptoms, such as hearing voices, to get themselves admitted to a psychiatric facility?

to demonstrate that labels such as schizophrenia can be stigmatizing and dehumanizing by emphasizing a person's diagnosis rather than their identity

What is one reason for inpatient treatment for individuals with mental illness?

to ensure the safety and well-being of the person receiving treatment

What is the function of the outer ear?

to funnel sound waves to the ear drum

Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any student with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is Ms. Wang using?

token economy

Physiological dependence on a substance typically includes __________ and __________

tolerance; withdrawal

Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of:

top-down processing

You are attending a lecture with your friend but can't quite hear what the presenter is saying. Once your friend tells you the title of the lecture is "Psychology in Oscar-Winning Movies," you are able to understand much more of what was being said. This is an example of ____________.

top-down processing

Preterm infants have been found to thrive when their sense of _________ is stimulated by their mother.

touch

Sensory neurons carry information ________________ the central nervous system, and motor neurons carry information ______________ the central nervous system.

toward; away from

Julius gets up in the middle of the night and turns on the bathroom light to get a drink of water. The process by which his receptor cells take the light from the environment and convert it into electrical signals is referred to as ___________.

transduction

As Carly became more comfortable with her therapist, she began reacting to the therapist in the same way that she often reacted to her father. This is an example of ____________.

transference

Paul had an abusive coach for many years as a child. Later in therapy, he began to direct his unresolved anger for his coach toward his therapist in a process known as _________.

transference

__________ refers to the period of time when a transgender individual begins to live as the gender with which they identify.

transitioning

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep

Which of the following events will most likely become a flashbulb memory?

your wedding day

Which theory of color vision states that we have three different cone receptors that are sensitive to varying wavelengths of light?

trichromatic theory of color vision

Clayton incurred a spinal cord injury, and the doctors wanted to enroll him in a clinical trial that used stem cells in the treatment. Stem cells are special because they can ______________________________.

turn into other specialized cells in the body

Dissociative identity disorder involves _______________, whereas schizophrenia primarily involves _______________.

two or more personality states; psychotic symptoms

Johann is competitive, easily angered, impatient, and verbally aggressive toward those around him. Johann is considered to have which personality type?

type A

Spencer is telling his therapist how he bullied another student at school by posting pictures of the student in the locker room on Instagram. Spencer keeps looking at the therapist to see if she is mad or disgusted with him. Spencer is likely in need of ________________ from his therapist.

unconditional positive regard

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(an) ________.

unconditioned response

Sensory memory is primarily a(n) _________ process.

unconscious

According to Freud, the latent content of our dreams is __________ and contains the repressed _______ and drives of the dreamer.

unconscious; wishes

The cause of sexual orientation is ________.

unknown

________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________.

unlike; response

Which of the following behaviors puts someone at the highest risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by poor self-image, _______ moods, stormy and intense personal relationships, and impulsive behaviors.

unstable

Mia gets so drunk at college parties that she passes out and wakes up in a different location. She is not concerned about her behavior; however, her actions would fit into which diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder?

using the substance in risky situations

Mikey has learned that his father sometimes gives him $5 when he does certain chores; however, it doesn't't happen every time-- sometimes he does only one chore and gets the $5 and sometimes he does 3 or 4 chores and gets the $5. His father is using a __________ schedule of reinforcement

variable ratio

Erin has excelled on the debate team in high school. She is skilled at understanding complex concepts, developing arguments to support her ideas, and expressing those arguments verbally. This set of skills is known as __________.

verbal reasoning skills

Which sense originates in the inner ear and can cause you to lose your balance when you have an ear infection?

vestibular sense

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance?

violent video games can promote violence; I let my 7 year old play video games

The brain processes and codes information in three different ways, which include _______, ________, and _______.

visual; auditory; semantic

The variables of stress and depression are positively correlated. This means _______________.

we cannot determine causality with a correlation

With respect to suicide, _____________ are more likely to attempt suicide, while ___________ are more likely to die as a result of their suicide attempt.

women; men

Beck's cognitive triad consists of negative automatic thoughts about the _______, the self, and ____________.

world; the future

A 5-year-old may struggle to complete a puzzle by himself, but when his mother helps him he is able to accomplish the task. This is an example of what Vygotsky called _____________.

zone of proximal development

Once a sperm and egg have fused into a single fertilized cell, it is called a(n) ____________.

zygote