US History Ch 2-3

Who were the Puritans and what did they believe?

A radical religious group of Protestants within the Anglican church who, inspired by Calvinist theology, wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from the Church of England. The Puritans settled in North America in what they called New England. They believed the Anglican Church and England could be redeemed and so they wanted to create a "City upon a Hill '' in which could be an example of a pure or a perfect society for their home back in England.

What was the Counter Reformation?

A reform movement within the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation. The council of Trent was held (1545-1563) under the basis of counter-reformation. They worked on reformations that revived the catholic church and brought in followers.

Slave code 1662

An act passed by the Burgesses in which stated that the status of a slave now passed through the mothers line.

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan that spoke up against the Puritan church by challenging male authority and questioning Puritans teachings about salvation. She was ultimately banished for challenging the traditional gender hierarchy and having divine insights. She later settled in the Rhode Island colony where many other religious groups ended up.

What role did African slaves play colonial Virginia and Maryland?

At the time of colonial Virginia and Maryland in the early to mid 1600s not many slaves were used. They mostly were used to complement the indentured servants and immigrants from England and Irenland. However, economic conditions in England improved in 1650 and from then on there was a shortage of indentured servants. Therefore, in 1660 the House of Burgesses passed a law allowing Africans to be enslaved. Africans didn't become a major part of the work force until the end of the 1600s. Slaves generally would do jobs that required intensive labor; like farming.

Slave Code of 1705

Enacted by the House of Burgesses, the code categorized slaves as property that could be bought and sold, fought over in court, and inherited.

What caused Bacon's Rebellion?

Former servants were experiencing economic hardship and had difficulties finding places to settle on the frontier because of hostile natives. The farmers thought they could get more money through more land. They wanted the governor to exterminate the natives but instead, he built forts which raised the taxes on struggling farmers. In angry, the farmers made assaults on villages of local English allied Indians, and in response, the natives raided frontier farms. In 1667, the farmers came to Nathaniel Bacon who grouped together an angry mob to burn Jamestown and Indian settlements as a protest for not getting any protection from governor Sir William Berkeley.

What was the House of Burgesses?

In 1619, The English crown granted Virginia the right to establish a local governing body. The House of Burgesses became the first colonial legislature. The Virginia Company allowed members of the House of Burgesses to make laws and levy taxes for the Jamestown Colony.

What were indentured servants?

Indentures servants were people who couldn't afford their own passage to the New World, so they agreed to work for a set amount of time for free in exchange for their passage being paid by someone else.

Who was Martin Luther and what were his critiques of the Catholic Church?

Martin Luther was a professor of theology in Germany . He believed that faith alone led to salvation, which would only be granted by God. He challenged the idea of indulgences which allowed an individual to purchase their own salvation in which would absolve the buyer of all their sins. He became very popular throughout Europe because of his 95 theses. Many other people questioned and critiqued the catholic church from this point on. Other denominations were started by individuals like John Calvin who believed in Predestination.

How did colonial Maryland differ from colonial Virginia?

Maryland was founded in 1632 under religious freedom when King Charles I granted most of the territory north of Chesapeake Bay to Cecilus Calvert and appointed him Lord Baltimore. Calvert had still remained a catholic and planned to create Maryland as a refuge for his persecuted co-worshippers. Calvert appointed his brother as governor and began recruiting artisans, farmers(primarily Protestants), and merchants and aristocrats (mostly catholic) to settle the colony. A religious toleration act was passed in 1649 to stop the growing conflict between the catholic elite and the protestant majority. Virginia was founded on the basis of economic gain via private companies like the Virginia Company. It was also founded because many of the first settlers were very adventurous and wanted glory. Lastly, the settling of Virginia would ease social tensions in England and is a large reason for the settling of Virginia.

What ensured the survival and subsequent economic prosperity of the Jamestown colony?

Powhatan helped ensure the survival of the colony and the subsequent economic prosperity by giving food to the colonists in exchange for items such as English cloth, iron hatchets, and even guns. This allowed for the Jamestown colony to grow over time and one cash crop called tobacco allowed them to become economically prosperous after the drought had been lifted.

Slave code 1660

The House of Burgesses passed an act allowing black laborers to be enslaved.

Why did the Jamestown colony struggle to survive?

The Jamestown colony struggled to survive because a drought occurred during 1606 and 1612 which caused a shortage of food. Other problems occurred such as some colonists refusing to partake in manual labor, nearby water being tainted with salt from the ocean and diseases that festered in the low-lying area. Overall these struggles and issues caused over half of the original settlers to die.

What were the differences between colonial Massachusetts and colonial Virginia?

The Major differences between colonial Massachusetts and colonial Virginia were that Massachusetts was settled for religious tolerance and self determination by many families who would settle instead of single individuals like in Virginia. Virginia differed in which its whole point was to obtain economic value and at the time of its founding in 1607 it also relieved the social and economic tensions within England.

What was the Powhatan Confederacy?

The Native American tribes of Virginia united under one main chief they called Powhatan. He presided over the control of 14,000 Algonquian-speaking Indians from twenty to thirty tribes; which surrounded the Jamestown settlement. They were far more powerful than the English settlers at the time of their first contact.

How did the Pilgrims differ from Puritans ?

The Pilgrims differed from the Puritans because the Pilgrims believed that England and the Anglican Church were so corrupt that there was no redemption. They believed they must permanently separate from England and settle their own congregation. The puritans were also in disagreement with the Anglican church but, unlike the pilgrims, the Puritans believed reformation could rid the Anglican Church of sin (Catholicism) and lead to a restoration to early christian society.

What was the Protestant Reformation?

The Protestant Reformation was the split of the catholic church. Many Theologians challenged the catholic church and formed different denominations across Europe.

What was the Church of England?

The church of England or Anglicanism was established in 1534 via the act of Supremacy which cut ties with the catholic church and essentially "converted" England to Protestantism. However, the Church of England still maintained many catholic practices. (King Henry VIII's (1509-1547) motive for this was to annul his marriage because his wife (Catherine of Aragon) could not produce an heir to the throne).

What were the consequences of Bacon's Rebellion?

The consequences of Bacon's Rebellion were 23 rebel leaders were hanged and supporters of the governor were incited to plunder the estates of Bacon supporters. The Indian relations on the Virginia frontier were now damaged beyond repair and many natives were exterminated from their land from that point on. (about 80 population decrease from 1607-1676) The taxes of white farmers were lowered to ease tensions. White indentured servants were slowly used less in order to ease pressure and get free labor from African slaves. Another major consequence was the crushing of the interracial alliances between the poor whites and Africans. Virginia legislators began to improve the rights and conditions of the poor whites while imposing more restrictions on blacks. Slavery officially becomes racist.

What was the Mayflower Compact?

The first written constitution was adopted in North America and was signed by men on the Mayflower, in which they formed a "civil body politick", they had no legal authority in America so they followed the model of a separatist model of a self-governing religious congregation. In summary, they agreed to work together and make decisions together, this led to self-government in the future colonies.

What motivated the British to colonize Jamestown?

The motivations that led to the colonization of Jamestown were economic profit which could be generated by the Virginia Company who was a private company that was subcontracted by the British government to colonize America. As well as the social issues within Britain. Issues like religion increased population, and the enclosure act were all predominant issues in Britain at the time.

What role did indentured servants play in the colonization of Virginia?

The role that indentured servants played in the colonization of Virginia as they were a temporary disposable labor force that was continuous because of the amount of poor and unemployed workers in England at the time. About 50,000 servants or three-quarters of all new arrivals immigrated to Chesapeake bay colonies between 1630 and 1650. About 50 percent of those in servitude died.