Psychology Exam 4
age in which child's babbling resembles household language
10 months
infants' ability to produce words begins around ____
10 months
age in which one word speech occurs
12 months
short term memory lasts ___ seconds
15 to 20
Without rehearsal, what is the length of time most people can keep information in short term (working) memory
15-20 seconds
How many morphemes are in the word "running"? 1 2 3 4
2
cats contains ______ morphemes
2
walked contains ____ morphemes
2
age in which two word speech occurs
24 months
age in which rapid development into complete sentences occurs
24+ month
the word cat contains ____ phonemes
3
age in which a child babbles many speech sounds
4 months
mind can only hold between ___ to ___ distinct bits of information at a time
4 to 7
one should be skeptical of memories that occuried prior to age ___, if the memories of abuse become more ___ overtime, the therapist _____ to aid in memory, or if the diagnosis of abuse is made during the _____ sessions.
4; biarrre or implausible; uses hypnosis, drugs, or other questionable techniques; first or second
aproximately ___ percent of preschoolers produced false stories about unexperienced events
58
By about age ______, children who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language lose their ability to master any language. 3 5 7 9
7
by about age _____, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language lose their ability to master any language
7
if asked to remember a random string of digits, most people can remember
7 +/- 2
more than _____ percent of deaf children are born to hearing partents
90 percent
if raised in a signing househould, deaf children usually express ______ self esteem and feel ____ accepted
more; more
smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)
morpheme
people who learn a second language as adults usually speak it with the accent of _____ and have difficulty mastering ______
native language; new grammar
Your 3-year-old niece goes to daycare. One of the boys in her class told his mother that the teacher touched his private parts. Your sister says to you, "It must be true. Children never make up stuff like that." Is your sister right?
no
failure to ____ or encode contributes to memory failure
notice, attention
the tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
overconfidence.
evidence from billingual speakers suggests that
people think differently in different languages
when people view blocks of equally differnet colors, they
percieve colors with different names as more different
traumatic experienes typically lead to ____ memories
persistant, haunting memories
the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language
phoneme
Brad is watching a screen as a researcher flashes the word "bird" on the screen. (The flash is so brief that Brad cannot say for certain what word he saw.) Later, the researcher gives Brad a word stem completion task. Brad is more likely to complete the word stem b-i-_-_ with the word "bird" than participants who did not see the word "bird" flashed on the screen. This situation illustrates the effects of __________.
priming
Memories can often be triggered by an associated environmental stimulus. This process is called:
priming
The unconscious activation of associations in memory is called _____.
priming
activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
priming
_____ occurs when something you learned previously interferes with your recall of something you learn later.
proactive inference
forward acting, older information interferes wtih the ability to remember new information
proactive interference
My high school friend, Christine Hammond, married a man whose last name is Locker. Even though I know that she took her husband's last name, I still accidentally call her Christine Hammond. I am experiencing _______.
proactive interfierence
how we remember to do things. Is effortful at first, but eventually can be done without thinking about it (ex: riding a bike) type of long term memory
procedural
_____ simulation is more effective than _____ simulation
process simulation; outcome
ability to produce word
productive language
we repress painful or unacceptable memories to _____
protect our self concept and minimize anxiety
a mental image or best example of a catgory
prototype
course of forgetting memory is initially ___, and ____ with time
rapid; levles off
retrieving information that is not currently in the conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time (ex:short answer test)
recall
Which type of language develops most quickly among infants and toddlers? Inductive language Productive language Receptive language Conductive language
receptive language
ability to understand what is said
receptive language.
____ language develops much faster than _____ language
receptive; productive
identifying items previously learned (ex: multiple choice test)
recognition
Researchers conduct a laboratory-based study in which participants read educational information about safer sex practices. One group of participants reads that the success rate of condoms is 90%. The other group reads that the failure rate of condoms is 10%. As participants leave the lab, they are offered the opportunity to take free condoms with them. The researchers measure the number of condoms taken by each group. Given what you know about framing, what do you predict will happen?
The group exposed to the 90% effective rate will take more condoms
Imagine that you take a semester of Italian. Which of the following statements about your memory for what you learned is likely to be TRUE? Your memory for what you learned will show a gradual, steady decline over the next 30 years. You will remember most of what you learned for the first 3 years, and then your memory will decline sharply. You will forget most of what you learned in the first 3 years, and then your memory will decline until you remember almost nothing. You will forget most of what you learned in the first 3 years, but you will retain most of what you still remember at the 3-year mark for many years.
You will forget most of what you learned in the first 3 years, but you will retain most of what you still remember at the 3-year mark for many years.
we often form concepts by developing
______ prototypes
memory distrubution across the brain can be described as
a distrubution across a network of locations
children often accuratley recall events and actors when questioned by _____ or when asked _____ soon after an event using _____
a neutral person; nonleading questions, words they can understand
wthat is the approxiamte duration of sensory memory?
about 0.5-3 seconds
intuition is usually _____, enabling quick reactions
adaptive
encoding lag is linked to ______ memory decline
age-related
Amir systematically tried each successive key on his dad's key ring until he found the one that unlocked his dad's office door. This BEST illustrates problem solving by means of a(n) _____.
algorithm
what problem solving solution is guaranteed to lead to the correct solution
algorithm
a methodical, logcial rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Step by step procedure
algorythm.
stress causes ____ to create a memory trace that boosts activity in the brain's memory forming areas
amygadala
what brain area plays an important role in the formation of memories for stressful events
amygadala
we remember exciting or shocking events for a long time due to the activation of the
amygdala
During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:
anterograde amnesia
Sophie, age 72, has excellent recall of experiences from her childhood, but is not able to remember what she has just read in the newspaper or new people that she meets. Sophie has _________.
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to wernicke's area
aphasia
some information enters the long-term memory without our conscioulsy attending to it. This is known as
automatic processing
if instances come reaily to mind, we presume such events are common. This is known as the
availability heurisitc
estimating the likelihoood of events based on their avalability in memory
availability heuristic
helps to form memories for physical skills
basal ganglia
representativeness heuristic may lead us to ignore _______
base rate information
our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidencce
belief perserverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
belief perservierence
After her stroke, Lillian was able to understand what was said to her, but she could not speak or write. Lillian probably experienced damage to _________. Broca's area Gazanniga's area Wernicke's area Wolpert's area
broca's area
brain area involved in language expression. directs the muscle movements involved in speech. After damage, person can understand language but has difficulty/ is unable to produce it
broca's area
damage to _____ results in being able to understand language but having difficulty/is unable to produce it
broca's area
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
confirmation bias
My husband and I frequently eat a restaurant near our home. Recently, I encountered one of the regular servers at the grocery store. I knew I recognized her, but I couldn't figure out from where. My memory for the server was __________.
context dependent
recall of specific inormation is improved when the contexts present at encoding and at a retrieval are the same
context-dependent memory
imporant for infants born with ____ to be exposed to language early
deafness
encodes semantically, based on actual meaning associated with a word. Better retention
deep processing
A police officer is interviewing a woman who witnessed a gas station robbery. If the officer wants to know whether the suspect had a weapon, and wants to avoid contaminating the woman's memory, what is the BEST question to ask?
did you see a weapon?
con of algorithm
difficult and time consuming
Although one might wish that studying occurred automatically, unfortunately, successful studying requires the attention and conscious work known as:
effortful processing
cochlear implants convert sounds into __-- and stimulate the ____ nerve by means of electrodes threaded into the cochlea
electrical signals; auditory
to move into long-term memory, short term memory must _____
encode
the best retrieval cues come from associations formed at the time a memory is ____
encoded
Carlos can't remember Juan Alvarez's name because he wasn't paying attention when Juan was formally introduced. Carlos' poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____ failure.
encoding
getting information into the brain
encoding
process of getting information into the memory system
encoding
causes of forgetting
encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, interference, motivated forgetting
cues specific to an event or person will most effectively trigger memory
encoding specifity principle
three processes of the information processing model
encoding storage and relearning
type of long term memory tied to specific episodes in life
episodic memories
personally experienced events memory
episodic memory
representativeness heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
rather than using ____ to draw _____, we use _____ to assess _____
evidence to draw conclusions, conclusions to assess evidence
effortful memory=
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
explicit memory
Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories of people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being shown words repeatedly.
explicit; implicit
overconfidence can feed _____
extreme political views
memories for individual events reside in specific, single spots in the brain. True or false
false
pro of heuristic
faster than algorithm
when we process information, we ___, ___, or ___ much of it
filter, alter, or lose
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
fixation
Tim remembers the exact moment he heard about the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Tim has a(n) _____ memory of this event.
flashbulb
during stress, the affct is to ____ our attention and recall ____ priority information _____ recall for _____ information
focus; higher; reduce; irrelevant
infant's ability to understand what is said is said to them begins around _______
four months
the way an issue is posed; significantly affects decisions and judgements
framing
before the aha moment of insight, the problem solvers ________ were active
frontal lobes
when you summon a memory, many brain areas send info to the _____ for working memory processing
frontal lobes
a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
grammar
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. Mental short cut or rule of thumb
heuristic
organization of items into a few broad catergories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
hierarchies
Ethan is studying history. Which of the following areas is involved in processing this information into long-term memory
hippocampus
Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory of anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
registers and temporily holds elements of explicit memories before moving them to the cortex for long-term storage.
hippocampus
explicit memory includes these parts of the brain
hippocampus and frontal lobe
persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
memory
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. Predisposes the way we think
mental set
occurs when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event
misinformation effect
memory aids, espcecially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. Work partially through chunking
mnemonics
_____ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that our consistent with our current.
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
mood-congruent memory
con of heuristic
more error-prone than algorythm
overconfidence can sometimes have an adaptive value as it can lead people to live _______
more happily
getting information out of memory storage
relearning
studying info you learned in an earlier semester for comprehensive final exam
relearning
two common types of heuristics
representativeness heuristic and availability heurisitc
Carmen is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Carmen is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Carmen is using _____ cues to remember the woman's name.
retrieval
information has been stored, but person is unable to access the memory
retrieval failure
newer information interferes with the ability to remember older information
retroactive interference
inability to retrieve information from one's past
retrograde amnesia
Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his:
right hippocampus
facts and general knowledge memory
semantic memory
explicit memories include _____ memory and ____ memory
semantic memory and episodic memory
deriving meaning from sounds
semantics
rapidly stimulating a memory circuit increases its _____.
sensitivity
recieving neuron has increased _____ (more ___) for neurotransmitter
sensitivity; receptor sites
immediate, very briefe (1-3 seconds) recording of sensory information into the memory system
sensory memory
memory that is to be remembered. only lasts 1-3 seconds
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
sensory memory
the tendency to recalll best the last and first items in a list
serial position effect
encoding information on basic auditory or visual levles, based on the sound, structure, or appearance of a word. Poor retention
shallow processing
information that can only stay for about 20 seconds without a rehearsal. Either decays or gets transferred into long term memory
short term memory
the file transfer of memories of the hippocampus occurs during
sleep
Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This BEST illustrates the advantage of _____ encoding.
smeantic
deep processing works by connecting information to___.
something meaningful or related to your own personal, emotional experience
A schoolyard was terrorized by a shooter. Later, some children who were absent on the day the shootings occurred reported hearing shots and seeing bodies on the ground. These children's memories demonstrate _________.
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, wehn, or where information was learned or imagine
source amnesia (source misattribution
tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study or practice
spacing effect
what we learn in one state is more easily recalled when in that state again
state dependent memory
retaining information overtime
storage
I prepare a grocery list with the following items: milk, eggs, bread, peanut butter, apples, yogurt, spinach, chicken, tomatoes, and almonds. My husband forgets the list and tries to purchase all the items from memory. Which of the items listed below is he most likely to forget?
yogurt
an example of an implicit memory is ?
your memory of the definition of classical conditioning
Which of the following statements about deafness and language development is TRUE? Deaf individuals who learn sign language later in life are able to communicate as proficiently as deaf individuals who learn sign language early in life. Most deaf children are born to deaf parents. Deaf children who are raised in a signing household demonstrate higher self-esteem Deaf culture advocates support giving deaf children cochlear implants.
Deaf children who are raised in a signing household demonstrate higher self-esteem
when we categorize people, we mentally shift them toward our ______
category prototype
researchers that studied the effect of suggestive interviewing techniques.
ceci and bruck
plays an important role in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning
cerebellum
implicit memor includes these parts of the brain
cerebellum and basal ganglia
sarah is practicing guitar. Which of the following brain areas are involved in processing his skill into long- term memory?
cerebellum and basal ganglia
Combining individual letters into familiar words enables one to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This BEST illustrates the value of:
chunking
all the mental activites associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
concept
deaf children who grow up around other deaf people usually _______ and feel _____
identify more with Deaf culture and feel positive self esteem
pro of algorithm
if followed correctly, guarantees a correct solution
when to believe memories
if there is corroborating evidence (such as medical records, police records, or recollections of other family members), if the person reacted emotionally at the time, if the person spontaneously realled event without pressure from others or use of suggestive techniques in therapy
repeatedly imagining fake actions and events can create false memories
imagination effect
intuition is ______ knowledge
implicit
memory types that include classical conditioning, motor skills, space, time, and frequency
implicit memories
automatic memory=
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious reflection Ex: time, space, and frequency
implicit memory
your memory for how to type is a ____ memory?
implicit, procedural memory
_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory of facts and experiences.
implicit; explicit
rapidly stimulating a memory circuit ____
increases its sensitivity
Sonya is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory of anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her hippocampus, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age. This inability to remember events when she was 3 years old and younger is called _____.
infantile amnesia
The sudden realization that we have solved a problem is called a(n) _____.
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
insight
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought
intuition
what problem solving strategy is based on implicit knowledge
intuition
availability heuristic can distort our ______
judgement of other people
keiko is japanese. Savanna is america. Each women is asked to consider whether a first list of adjectives applies to her, a second list of adjectives applies to her mother, and a third list of adjectives applies to someone they have just met. How will this action affect their retention of the lists of adjectives
keiko will show better recall of the second list of adjectives than savannah
words influence our thinking
linguistic relativism
In _____ memory, knowledge, skills, and experiences are permanently stored for future retrieval.
long term
vast and durable memory that holds all of our knowledge and expriences
long term memory
people can ____ the ability to form new ____ memorys, yet ___ the ability to form new implicit memories
lose; explicit; retain
method that is most likely to lead to increased retention of information is?
studying for 15 minutes on monday, tuesday, wednesday, and thursday
giving cochlear implants is hotly debated becasue
surgery must be performed before the age of consent
rules for combining words into gramatically sensible sentences
syntax
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
testing effect
what obstacle of critical thinking best explains why some poeple fear air travel more than travel by car?
the availability heuristic
,Belinda believes that global warming does not exist. She watches a political debate in which one candidate argues for use of renewable energy sources. Given what you know about belief perserverance, which candidate would belinda find to be more impressive?
the candidate who wants to use fossil fuel
conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory
working memory
availability heurisitc can lead us to fear
the wrong things
true or false: research suggests that when we categorize things, we remember them as being more similar to a prototype than they actually are
true
emotional events produce _________ memory
tunnel vision memory
using the sentence "my very excellant mother just served us nine pizzas" to remember the order of the planets from the sun outward is an example of ?
using a mnemonic strategy and chunking
memories are held in storage by a ____
web of associations
brain area involved in language comprehension. Usually in the left temporal area. After damage, a person cannot understand language. Can produce language, but words don't make sense.
wernicke's area
A great deal of controversy surrounds the issue of whether victims of sexual abuse can repress the memory for many years and then recover it much later. Which of the following is a condition that should increase your suspicion that such a memory is false?
when the therapist uses hypnosis to help the client uncover the memory and when the memories of the abuse become more bizarre or implausable over time
sometimes ideas precede _____
words
