Psychology Exam Ch.14
three things diagnosis for bulimia:
1. bingeing and purging at least once a week for three months 2. uncontrollable urges to overeat 3. sense of self inordinately tied to body shape and weight
anorexia is officially diagnosed when 3 symptoms are present:
1. low body weight/ BMI under 17 2. Intense fear of weight gain 3. disturbed body perception and denial of the problem
severe problems are less problematic now than in earlier decades
1. teen births have decreased in every nation 2. use of protection has risen 3. teen abortion rate is down
4 circumstances have changed
1. weaker social taboos mean teens have sexual impulses and experiences at younger ages 2. most teenage mothers have no husbands to help them 3. raising a child has become more complex and expensive 4. STD are more common
Half of adult bone mass is acquired from ages __ to ___, which means many teenagers will develop osteoporosis
10-20
most girls must weigh at least ___ pounds before they experience their first period
100
average age of menarche among normal weight girl is about __ years, _ months
12 , 8
Boys want to look taller and stronger, a concern that increases from ages __ to __
12 to 17
at age __, the average girl has twice the percentage of body fat as her male classmate
17
if someones BMI is __ or lower, and if she has a fixation with their weight, anorexia is suspected
17
each __ year old tends to eat a less balanced diet than he or she did at age __
18 /10
in height, the average girl is about __ years ahead of boy
2
about ___ of the variation in age of puberty is genetic, evident not only in families but in ethnic groups
2/3
Most physical growth and maturation ends about __ years after the first signs appear, although some individuals add height, weight, and muscle until age 20 or so
4
Puberty normal starts between ages __ and __
8 -14
if a girl has visible breasts at age 10,
boys tease her; hide her breasts in larger t shirts
about three times as common as anorexia is
bulimia nervosa
body weight and height are affected by time of year
children grow taller in summer and heavier in winter
abnormalities of the HPA axis probably cause the sudden increases in __________ in early adolescence
clinical depression
the boys most likely to become depressed are those for whom puberty was both
early and quick
puberty comes ___ if their family context is stressful, but ___ if their family is supportive
early, late
GnRH ( gonadotropin- releasing hormone ) causes the gonads to
enlarge and dramatically increase their production of sex hormones
estradiol
estrogen; in girls; increases to about 8 times a girls childhood level
growth proceeds from the ____ to the ____
extremities - core; growth not always symmetrical
teenage sexual impulses need to guided, and reproduction controlled, but it is a mistake to make teenagers...
feel depraved or evil if they experience sexual urges
girls are only a __ months ahead of boys when it comes to hormonal and sexual changes
few
Spermarche
first ejaculation of seminal fluid
Menarche
first menstrual period
hormones in the ___ ___ speed the onset of puberty
food supply
body image
persons idea of how his or her body looks
hormone levels correlate with
physiological changes and self reported developments
biochemicals signs from the hypothalamus signal another brain structure, the _____, to go into action
pituitary
secular trend
positive or negative direction of a certain set of statistical measurements; over the past two years ex.
the adrenal glands
produce more hormones
anorexia nervosa
severe calorie restriction, or a cycle of bingeing followed by purging, that can lead to death by organ failure or suicide for between 5 to 20 percent of suffers
precocious puberty
sexual development before age 8
stress targets ___ ____ more than factors that lead to overall rebellion
sexual hormones
although the daily recommended intake of calcium for teenagers is _____ milligrams, the average US teen consumes less than ___ milligrams a day
1,300 ; 500
____ is the most common STD
Chlamydia
Many hormones that regulate puberty follow this route, known as the
HPA (hypothalamus -pituitary- adrenal) axis
Circadian Rhythm
a day night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours / biorhythms/ biological clock
the pituitary produces hormones that stimulate the
adrenal glands, located above the kidneys at either side of the lower back
very late puberty
after age 16
certain ____ increase the risk of anorexia
alleles
testosterone
androgen; in boys ; up to 20 times the prepubescent level
slow developing boys tend to be more
anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex
STI or VD( venereal disease)
any infection transmitted through sexual contact
Child sexual abuse
any sexual activity including fondling between a juvenile and an adult, with age 18 the usual demarcation
Secondary sex characteristics
bodily features that do not directly affect fertility but they signify masculinity or femininity. ( shoulders/ breasts)
hormones
body chemicals that regulate hunger, sleep, moods, stress, sexual desire, immunity, reproduction, and many other body reactions, including puberty
5 general elements make disordered eating more likely
cultural images stress puberty hormones childhood patterns
Primary sex characteristic
directly involved in conception and pregnancy; increases dramatically in size and matures in function
bulimia nervosa is a
disorder present in 1 to 3 females; overeats compulsively and than purges
heavy girls reach menarche years ___ than malnourished ones do
earlier
the pituitary activates not only the adrenal glands but also the
gonads , or sex glands (ovaries , testes, and testicles )
early maturation in girls has always seemed more ____ than helpful, but cohort seems crucial for boys
harmful
The US rate of adolescent pregnancy is the ____ of any developed nation
highest
the entire process begins with an invisible event,
hormonal increase
5 steps hormones trigger what?
hormones- sexual impulses- culture- opportunity- action
HPV (human papillomavirus)
increase cervical cancer
deficiencies of __, ___, ____, and other minerals are common during adolescence
iron calcium zinc
many adolescents of both sexes in every nation spurn ..
iron rich foods in favor of iron poor chips, sweets and fries
puberty that is late by world norms (age 14) is
is not troubling if ones friends are late as well
US boys who are heavy in childhood reach puberty _____, not ___
later, earlier
in the US, each new generation eats ___ well than the previous one
less
cutoff for anemia is ____ for boys than for girls because boys naturally require more iron to be healthy
lower
early maturing girls tend to have ___ self esteem, more depression,, and poorer body image than do other girls
lower
Only one organ system, the ______ _____, decreases in size, so teenagers are less susceptible to respiratory ailments
lymphatic stystem
the observable changes of puberty usually begin with
nipple growth
leptin
stimulates the appetite
___ affects the sexual reproductive system by making reproduction more difficult in adult hood and by hastening the hormonal onset of puberty
stress
growth spurt
sudden uneven jump in the size of almost every body part
___ ___ enhances moral development
synaptic growth
lungs ___ in weight
triple
on average a boys arm muscles are __ as strong at age 18 as at age __, enabling him to throw a ball FOUR times as far
twice; 8
Menarche or spermarche is a
very late event
phase delay in sleep-
wake cycles making many teens wide awake and hungry at midnight but half asleep with little appetite or energy
both __ and ___ increase before muscles and internal organs
weight height
Puberty
years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood,
Before the brain becomes fully mature ( at age 25) and before another wave of pruning ( at about age 18) ...
young brains have both fast growing synapses ands actions that remain unconnected