Psychology Exam Ch.14

three things diagnosis for bulimia:

1. bingeing and purging at least once a week for three months 2. uncontrollable urges to overeat 3. sense of self inordinately tied to body shape and weight

anorexia is officially diagnosed when 3 symptoms are present:

1. low body weight/ BMI under 17 2. Intense fear of weight gain 3. disturbed body perception and denial of the problem

severe problems are less problematic now than in earlier decades

1. teen births have decreased in every nation 2. use of protection has risen 3. teen abortion rate is down

4 circumstances have changed

1. weaker social taboos mean teens have sexual impulses and experiences at younger ages 2. most teenage mothers have no husbands to help them 3. raising a child has become more complex and expensive 4. STD are more common

Half of adult bone mass is acquired from ages __ to ___, which means many teenagers will develop osteoporosis

10-20

most girls must weigh at least ___ pounds before they experience their first period

100

average age of menarche among normal weight girl is about __ years, _ months

12 , 8

Boys want to look taller and stronger, a concern that increases from ages __ to __

12 to 17

at age __, the average girl has twice the percentage of body fat as her male classmate

17

if someones BMI is __ or lower, and if she has a fixation with their weight, anorexia is suspected

17

each __ year old tends to eat a less balanced diet than he or she did at age __

18 /10

in height, the average girl is about __ years ahead of boy

2

about ___ of the variation in age of puberty is genetic, evident not only in families but in ethnic groups

2/3

Most physical growth and maturation ends about __ years after the first signs appear, although some individuals add height, weight, and muscle until age 20 or so

4

Puberty normal starts between ages __ and __

8 -14

if a girl has visible breasts at age 10,

boys tease her; hide her breasts in larger t shirts

about three times as common as anorexia is

bulimia nervosa

body weight and height are affected by time of year

children grow taller in summer and heavier in winter

abnormalities of the HPA axis probably cause the sudden increases in __________ in early adolescence

clinical depression

the boys most likely to become depressed are those for whom puberty was both

early and quick

puberty comes ___ if their family context is stressful, but ___ if their family is supportive

early, late

GnRH ( gonadotropin- releasing hormone ) causes the gonads to

enlarge and dramatically increase their production of sex hormones

estradiol

estrogen; in girls; increases to about 8 times a girls childhood level

growth proceeds from the ____ to the ____

extremities - core; growth not always symmetrical

teenage sexual impulses need to guided, and reproduction controlled, but it is a mistake to make teenagers...

feel depraved or evil if they experience sexual urges

girls are only a __ months ahead of boys when it comes to hormonal and sexual changes

few

Spermarche

first ejaculation of seminal fluid

Menarche

first menstrual period

hormones in the ___ ___ speed the onset of puberty

food supply

body image

persons idea of how his or her body looks

hormone levels correlate with

physiological changes and self reported developments

biochemicals signs from the hypothalamus signal another brain structure, the _____, to go into action

pituitary

secular trend

positive or negative direction of a certain set of statistical measurements; over the past two years ex.

the adrenal glands

produce more hormones

anorexia nervosa

severe calorie restriction, or a cycle of bingeing followed by purging, that can lead to death by organ failure or suicide for between 5 to 20 percent of suffers

precocious puberty

sexual development before age 8

stress targets ___ ____ more than factors that lead to overall rebellion

sexual hormones

although the daily recommended intake of calcium for teenagers is _____ milligrams, the average US teen consumes less than ___ milligrams a day

1,300 ; 500

____ is the most common STD

Chlamydia

Many hormones that regulate puberty follow this route, known as the

HPA (hypothalamus -pituitary- adrenal) axis

Circadian Rhythm

a day night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours / biorhythms/ biological clock

the pituitary produces hormones that stimulate the

adrenal glands, located above the kidneys at either side of the lower back

very late puberty

after age 16

certain ____ increase the risk of anorexia

alleles

testosterone

androgen; in boys ; up to 20 times the prepubescent level

slow developing boys tend to be more

anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex

STI or VD( venereal disease)

any infection transmitted through sexual contact

Child sexual abuse

any sexual activity including fondling between a juvenile and an adult, with age 18 the usual demarcation

Secondary sex characteristics

bodily features that do not directly affect fertility but they signify masculinity or femininity. ( shoulders/ breasts)

hormones

body chemicals that regulate hunger, sleep, moods, stress, sexual desire, immunity, reproduction, and many other body reactions, including puberty

5 general elements make disordered eating more likely

cultural images stress puberty hormones childhood patterns

Primary sex characteristic

directly involved in conception and pregnancy; increases dramatically in size and matures in function

bulimia nervosa is a

disorder present in 1 to 3 females; overeats compulsively and than purges

heavy girls reach menarche years ___ than malnourished ones do

earlier

the pituitary activates not only the adrenal glands but also the

gonads , or sex glands (ovaries , testes, and testicles )

early maturation in girls has always seemed more ____ than helpful, but cohort seems crucial for boys

harmful

The US rate of adolescent pregnancy is the ____ of any developed nation

highest

the entire process begins with an invisible event,

hormonal increase

5 steps hormones trigger what?

hormones- sexual impulses- culture- opportunity- action

HPV (human papillomavirus)

increase cervical cancer

deficiencies of __, ___, ____, and other minerals are common during adolescence

iron calcium zinc

many adolescents of both sexes in every nation spurn ..

iron rich foods in favor of iron poor chips, sweets and fries

puberty that is late by world norms (age 14) is

is not troubling if ones friends are late as well

US boys who are heavy in childhood reach puberty _____, not ___

later, earlier

in the US, each new generation eats ___ well than the previous one

less

cutoff for anemia is ____ for boys than for girls because boys naturally require more iron to be healthy

lower

early maturing girls tend to have ___ self esteem, more depression,, and poorer body image than do other girls

lower

Only one organ system, the ______ _____, decreases in size, so teenagers are less susceptible to respiratory ailments

lymphatic stystem

the observable changes of puberty usually begin with

nipple growth

leptin

stimulates the appetite

___ affects the sexual reproductive system by making reproduction more difficult in adult hood and by hastening the hormonal onset of puberty

stress

growth spurt

sudden uneven jump in the size of almost every body part

___ ___ enhances moral development

synaptic growth

lungs ___ in weight

triple

on average a boys arm muscles are __ as strong at age 18 as at age __, enabling him to throw a ball FOUR times as far

twice; 8

Menarche or spermarche is a

very late event

phase delay in sleep-

wake cycles making many teens wide awake and hungry at midnight but half asleep with little appetite or energy

both __ and ___ increase before muscles and internal organs

weight height

Puberty

years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood,

Before the brain becomes fully mature ( at age 25) and before another wave of pruning ( at about age 18) ...

young brains have both fast growing synapses ands actions that remain unconnected