NFSC 320 Understanding Obesity Exam 3

The n-3 fatty acid that is the shortest (has the fewest number of carbon atoms) is

ALA

Identify the glucose transporter molecules active in adipocytes, and in both hepatocytes and adipocyte cell membranes, respectively.

Glut4 and Glut2

Regarding fatty acids, _____________ are mostly deposited into adipose (fat) tissue, whereas ______________ are mostly oxidized to carbon dioxide in the liver for energy

LCFAs; MCFAs

If a research study determines that a HiVOL/LoE liquid food compared to LoVOL/LoE liquid food affects pleasantness ratings of the foods being consumed, what area of study is implicated?

SSS

Epidemiological studies have described a J- or U- shaped relationship between birth weight as a marker of fetal nutritional exposure and the tendency to develop adult-onset obesity. What does this mean?

a higher birth weight does not always correlate later to obesity

List the five components of CBT:

action, the situation, emotions, thoughts, physical feelings

As a means of preventing childhood obesity, which of the following should be considered?

all of these

In order to conduct research in the area of SSS, it is important to have methodologies in place that can obtain the following types of data:

all of these

Which one does not belong?

alpha-linolenic acid

Which one does not belong?

aminostatic hypothesis

Both endogenous (eg hormonal signals) and exogenous (environmental) factors can serve as programming stimuli. Therefore, the mother's diet...

both (a) and (b)

The effect of suppressing MAPK

both (a) and (b)

What is NOT accurate regarding stevioside and rebaudoside-A?

both are effective fat replacers

There are several key receptors involved in hypothalamic food control: these are

both orexigenic and anorexigenic receptors

If T3 molecules (tocotrienols) are known to modulate induction of preadipocyte apoptosis,

choices (a), (b), and (c)

When the action of insulin is blocked in preadipocytes,

choices (a), (b), and (c)

It has been suggested that piceatannol may serve to uncouple obesity from its related metabolic disease, insulin resistance. What does this mean?

excess visceral adiposity and lipid accumulation interferes with insulin signaling--causing insulin resistance--but with piceatannol treatment, insulin sensitivity is restored

T or F: A host of food components, ranging from amino acids and alternative sweeteners to fatty acids and flavonoid molecules, may be effective in one or more mechanisms that influence energy metabolism, food intake, and adipose tissue development and metabolism that never involve cell signaling pathways

false

T or F: An obese intestinal (gut) microbiota profile was developed using a gherkin-deficient ob/ob mouse model

false

T or F: Bother maternal and paternal environmental factors are thought to act on the phenotype of the offspring via genetic alterations in the DNA sequences of its genome

false

T or F: Food energy density can have an effect on satiation (meal termination), and in addition, the time interval between desires to eat (satiety) can be lengthened by decreasing the energy density of food.

false

T or F: From the research of Bell et al, ("Sensory specific satiety is affected more by volume than by energy content of a liquid food"), when the ratings of the uneaten foods were examined separately, most palatability change scores were affected by increasing the volume of liquid food that was consumed

false

T or F: In the AH, B, X theory of sweetness, the tasting molecule (or glycophore) interacts with tongue receptors at the AH,B sites, all of which are hydrophobic/nonpolar

false

T or F: Inhibiting lipogenesis through increasing ATGL activity and/or expression has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obesity

false

T or F: Maternal obesity has been shown to change methylation status and miRNA content, both of which represent alterations in the epigenome of the sperm

false

T or F: Recognizing that many who are overweight and obese find it difficult to adjust their food preferences and eating habits, there is a key role for food science and technology to play in providing consumers a variety of high energy density processed foods.

false

T or F: Since dietary fat generally induces overcompensation of food and resultant weight gain through its low satiety properties and high caloric density, lipid molecules are never considered to have any potential regarding anti-obesity strategies.

false

T or F: The hypothetical "feeding regulation model" presents a series of enzymatic reactions in the hypothalamus rather than a hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling pathway

false

This refers to the nation that factors occurring during critical time periods early in life can have life-long consequences and is SPECIFICALLY related to the corresponding developmental biology concept:

fetal programming

If research is conducted that discovers that the decline in liking of a strong peach beverage did not differ from the decline in liking when participants consumed a weak peach beverage, what should the conclusion be?

flavor intensity did not affect SSS

T or F: In suggesting that consumers eat fewer desert and fried foods and more fruits, vegetables and whole grains, the concept that is being addressed here is:

food energy density

Human breast milk supplies not only nutrients to the infant but also an array of growth factors. Which one of the following is NOT one of these?

lactoferrin

Which pairing is incorrect?

lower SES/lower ED food consumption

Which represents the longest time interval?

neonatal to adolescent

_________________________ is a critical timeframe, and refers to the time preceding, including and immediately following human conception-the upper time boundary being somewhat variable

periconception

Which compound is thought to inhibit adipogenesis?

piceatonnol

Mellinkoff's amino static hypothesis basically says

protein consumption causes appetite to diminish as the blood amino acid concentration rises, and vice versa

In support of the statement "research has identified an anorectic effect for L-cysteine," all of the following make sense except:

reduced levels of anorexigenic hormones

Interpreting the statement, "When consuming stevia and aspartame preloads, participants did not compensate by eating more food later, and reported similar levels of satiety compared to when they consumed the higher calorie sucrose preload," which choice below makes the LEAST sense?

the highest calorie preload, sucrose, generated significantly lower satiety than the other preloads

The main difference between WPC and WPI is

the protein content

The effect of green tea catechizes on UCP gene expression is in the area of

thermogenesis

MCFAs and MCTs in experimental studies suppress fat deposition through enhanced ____________________ and fat _____________________ in animal and human subjects

thermogenesis; oxidation

It has been suggested that SSS might be a factor contributing to obesity, since

through habitual food choices, an obese person might be consuming foods with low SSS values more than those with high

What is the significance of methylated CpG sites in DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases?

transfer of obese phenotype may be linked to this kind of epigenetic alteration

T or F: According to some studies, protein and carbohydrate have a greater effect on sensory specific satiety in human subjects than fat.

true

T or F: In the article by Weijzen et al, "Sensory specific satiety and intake: The difference between nibble- and bar-size snacks," probably the major finding was that consumption of nibble-size snacks instead of bar-size snacks might facilitate the limitation of snack intake

true

T or F: It is believed that breastfeeding in the first six months of life is associated with lower adiposity in the growing child

true

T or F: PPAR-y (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) is known as a master transcription factor regulating adipocyte differentiation. PPAR-y antagonists would therefore be expected to exert anti-adipogenic activity.

true

T or F: Recent research using mouse models observed that a dietary switch from unhealthy (HFD) to (NFD) healthy shortly before pregnancy, without weight loss, was not necessarily beneficial to offspring, and might even be harmful

true

T or F: The hypothetical "feeding regulation model" presents a mechanism by which gherkin regulates food intake

true