Psychology Exam Part 2

Name the Three types of learning

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning

Escape Learning

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation. If you were to leave a party where you were getting picked on by peers, you would be engaging in an escape response. Escape learning often leads to avoidance learning.

Avoidance Learning

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

Do you think Bandura's model of learning is reflected in nursing program? If so, explain how using examples:

Yes: We learn from observing Nurses in videos, from demonstration in labs by our instructors, in clinicals, and ultimately in preceptorships.

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Real Life example: Learning

not touching fire because you already experienced that it's hot and it will burn.

Reinforcement

occurs when an EVENT following a RESPONSE increases an organism's TENDENCY to make that response.

Ivan Pavlov & Classical Conditioning

A neutral stimulus (for example, a tone) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) that elicits an unconditioned response (salivation). The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response (for example, a tone triggers salivation).

Albert Bandura & Observational Learning

An observer attends to a model's behavior (for example, aggressive bargaining) and its consequences (for example, a good buy on a car). The observer stores a mental representation of the modeled response; the observer's tendency to emit the response may be strengthened or weakened, depending on the consequences observed.

Escape vs Avoidance Learning: Similarities

Both work to reduce organisms exposure to aversive stimulus Negative reinforcement plays a key role in both

Escape vs Avoidance Learning: Differences

Escape seeks to decrease duration or end averse stimulus & avoidance seeks to prevent averse stimulus from occurring

Use a personal example of how this reinforcement concept has occurred in your own life:

Giving a teenager a weekly 30$ for keeping room clean and getting high grades in school. In operant conditioning, EXTINCTION refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcement.

Describe in your own words Pavlov's experiments. How did these experiments demonstrate classical conditioning?

He paired the presentation of the meat powder with various stimuli that would stand out in the laboratory situation. For instance, he used a simple auditory stimulus: the presentation of a tone. After the tone and the meat powder had been presented together a number of times, the tone was presented alone. What happened? The dogs responded by salivating to the sound of the tone alone.

BF Skinner & Operant Conditioning

In a stimulus situation, a response is followed by favorable consequences (reinforcement) or unfavorable consequences (punishment). If reinforced, the response is strengthened (emitted more frequently); if punished, the response is weakened (emitted less frequently).

Learning

Learning is any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Albert Banduras Observational Learning Theory

Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. Essentially, observational learning involves being conditioned indirectly by virtue of observing another's conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. It's all a matter of consequences. So Skinner says that organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences.

Spontaneous Recovery

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers

are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. The events that function as secondary reinforcers vary among members of a species because they depend on learning. Examples of common secondary reinforcers in humans include money, good grades, attention, flattery, praise, and applause. Most of the material things that people work hard to earn are secondary reinforcers.

Real Life example: Classical Conditioning

being arachnophobic because you're been taught to fear spiders.

Primary Reinforcers

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. A given species has a limited number of primary reinforcers because these reinforcers are closely tied to physiological needs. In humans, primary reinforcers include food, water, warmth, sex, and perhaps affection expressed through hugging and close bodily contact.

Real Life example: Conditioning

expecting to see lightning when it's raining and there are thunders.

Conditioning

involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment.

Extinction

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Acquisition

the initial stage of learning a new response tendency. Pavlov theorized that the acquisition of a conditioned response depends on stimulus contiguity. Stimuli are contiguous if they occur together in time and space