Psychology Final Exam Study

tip-of-the-tongue

"I know it! It's um . . . um . . . it starts with G," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the _____ phenomenon.

recognition

involves picking the correct answer from a displayed list of options

NREM-3 sleep

delta waves. Sleepwalking

cocktail party

A man is at a large party with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend about her latest romantic breakup, he hears his name spoken from the other side of the room. He immediately looks in the direction of the voice and sees the person who spoke his name. This ability to detect one's name being spoken in this situation is an example of the _____ effect.

B. F. Skinner

- Skinner believed that notions such as a person having free will and self-determination are really just illusions. - Skinner advocated that society should be redesigned using principles of operant conditioning to shape desired behaviors. - Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society.

sleep apnea

A common sleep disorder which occurs when a sleeping person stops breathing for a brief period strongly associated with obesity

opiates

A reduction in anxiety, pupil constriction, slower respiration, and feelings of lethargy

change blindness

During commencement, a parent sat waiting for her child's name to be called. She failed to realize that the person initially reading off the graduates' names left and that a new person was now reading.

amygdala

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus, but also her ____ because of the emotional nature of the event.

classical conditioning

Five-year-old Arianna is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Arianna associates lightning with thunder because lightning always precedes thunder. Thus, when Arianna sees lightning she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

source amnesia

Forest often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced.

short-term memory

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store about seven bits of information

selective attention.

Gerri ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation.

semantic encoding

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material.

90 minutes

How long is a typical sleep cycle in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

encoding

In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates a failure in the memory process of:

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

based on Pavlov's research on classical conditioning

In order to reduce her cravings she should avoid places where she usually smoked.

reconsolidation

It's evening and we're mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall necessarily illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had grown to associate the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea BEST illustrates:

right hippocampus

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his

placebo effect

occur when subjects get more benefit from the human contact of a research study than from the actual treatment under clinical investigation.

rehearsal

one repeats the information to oneself

Psychoactive drugs

produce changes in thought, feeling, and behavior

iconic memory

provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture image, that lasts only a few tenths of a second. Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory.

explicit memory

refers to memory of facts and experiences.

implicit memory

refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection Involves the cerebellum.

Hippocampus

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory of anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

40%

Marcie is driving Adam to the airport. Adam is telling Marcie about some financial difficulties he is having. Periodically, he asks Marcie for her opinion. According to the textbook, attending to the conversation may decrease activity in the areas of Marcie's brain critical for safe driving by nearly

dopamine

Methamphetamines trigger the release of the neurotransmitter _____, which stimulates the brain to enhance energy and mood.

repression

Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates a defense mechanism called _____.

insomnia

One in 10 adults complains of _____, a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep.

extinction

Pavlov's dogs stopped salivating to the tone when the food was no longer paired with the tone.

narcolepsy

People with the sleep disorder _____ experience periodic, overwhelming sleepiness.

variable-interval

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

George Sperling

Psychologist associated with early research into the capacity of visual sensory memory.

infantile amnesia

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

introspection

Structuralists introduced which research method to identify basic elements of the human mind?

humanistic psychology

The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized by?

delta waves

The large, slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep

flashbulb

Tim remembers the exact moment he heard about the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Tim has a(n) _____ memory of this event.

while enduring extreme cold

When can a person have an out-of-body or mystical sensation?

proactive interference

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell-phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell-phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new cell-phone number is probably caused by _____.

retrieval failure

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States.

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

mnemonic aids

can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

You feel fine at a picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. You begin to become anxious and fearful.

conditioned stimulus--> the spider unconditioned stimulus--> the spider bite conditioned response--> the fearful feeling

Freudian Psychology

emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

recall

fill-in-the-blank questions

Episodic memory

for example of one's first kiss.

humility

helped to make modern science possible

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

the cocktail party effect

A woman is at a large event with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend about his latest romantic breakup, she hears her name spoken from the other side of the room. She immediately looks in the direction of the voice and sees the person who spoke her name. This ability to detect one's name being spoken in this situation

8

About _____ out of 10 dreams are marked by a negative event or emotion.

generalization.

Adam was stung by a bee. Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects.

parasympathetic nervous system

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise that Corrine heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, Corrine begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Clearly Corrine's _____ nervous system has now been activated.

retroactive interference

After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number.

the misinformation effect

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime.

interference

At a loud party, Maggie met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day, she was unable to remember the person's name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is:

operant conditioning

Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. - Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name.

circadian rhythms

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours

state-dependent memory

Chan came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. Luckily he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys until he is once again drunk because of _____ memory.

psychoactive drugs

Chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses are referred to as _____ drugs.

suppression of the immune system

Chronic sleep deprivation is MOST likely to contribute to:

neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning bell is rang and dog did not respond

unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. feeling sick, drawling of dogs

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Echoic memory

the brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about 3 seconds before fading away.

Mary Whiton Calkins

the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA)

William James

the functionalist who authored the textbook Principles of Psychology in the late nineteenth century?

Edward Titchener

was concerned primarily with the discovery of the elements of mind.

William James

was concerned with the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings