Psychology Final

Dr. Kim is trying to enhance her relationships with her patients in the hospital setting. According to research, what would be your advice to her?

Be courteous and supportive toward the patient.

Why do we have emotions?

All of the above

Which of the following is due to a beta amyloid plaques and tangles which result in the patient having cognitive (e.g., forgetting) and physical deteriorations?

Alzheimer's disease

Lynda's baby was born with a smaller head, some facial malformations, and has cognitive deficits. What was Lynda MOST likely engaging in early in her pregnancy?

Lynda drank alcohol regularly with her friends.

Which of the following statements about marijuana is TRUE?

Marijuana is not physically addictive.

Leticia is participating in a sleep study. The researchers notice that Leticia's brain wave patterns are showing a significant number of delta waves. Leticia is also currently talking in her sleep. Which stage of sleep is Leticia most likely in?

Stage 4

Bethany has a phobia of elevators. Her behavioral therapist asks her to prepare a list of experiences that run from the least frightening (e.g., seeing an elevator in a magazine) to the most frightening (e.g., getting into an elevator). In addition, Bethany is taught relaxation techniques while experiencing the items on the list. What type of method is being used with Bethany?

Systematic desensitization

Louisa is shown a picture by the researcher and she is asked to make up a story about it. What type of personality test did the researcher give to Louisa?

TAT

Your friend recently had a baby. You would expect your friend's newborn baby to do which of the following?

The baby will respond negatively to the taste of a lemon.

Kenisha is currently taking a psychology class. She recently read in the textbook chapter that this drug type causes people to have increased alertness, greater self-confidence, stamina, and euphoria. Which drug type is MOST likely being described?

CNS stimulants

Which of the following theory of emotion states that both an emotional response and physiological arousal are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus in the thalamus.

Cannon-Bard

You notice that your friend is having a difficult time after she broke up with her partner of two years. Her grades are slipping in her classes because she is constantly thinking about the break-up. You are concerned about your friend's well-being and you want your friend to seek help. Which professional would you advise your friend to go see?

Counseling psychologist

Which of the following is NOT one of the common ethical rules that psychologists must abide by?

Deception cannot be used in any studies with human beings.

Which of the following is NOT likely to bring you the best possible health care?

Do anything necessary to gain the attention of the health-care providers.

Which of the following brain scans place electrodes around the skull to record the electrical signals transmitted throughout the brain?

EEG

According to the research on biological preparedness, which pairing of stimuli will MOST quickly create a learned association?

Eating a box of raisins and experiencing extreme nausea.

Tse-Hui is painfully shy in that she will avoid meeting new people at all costs. According to the humanistic perspective, the best way to deal with Tse-Hui's "abnormal" behavior is to do which of the following?

Express a great deal of caring (unconditional positive regard).

According to researchers, the increase in premarital sex in recent years has been greater for men than for women.

False

According to the psychoanalyst, Carl Jung, archetypes are defined as the individual's personal and subjective unconscious symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience.

False

Individuals who suffer from Korsakoff's syndrome are people who are long-term heroin addicts and they may suffer from mood changes and cognitive deficits (e.g., repeating a story over and over again).

False

It is believed by psychologists that emotions are always accompanied by a cognitive response.

False

Researchers in the health field have found that the incidence of masturbation among young adults is fairly low. However once men and women become involved in intimate relationships, they tend to decrease their likelihood to masturbate.

False

According to researchers, what is the MOST likely explanation for why fear caused by severe punishment tends to make the punishment ineffective?

Fear often interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment.

If you are a split-brain patient, which of the following would be TRUE?

Objects in your right visual field would be easily name.

Which theoretical perspective would MOST likely to be in agreement with the structuralists?

Gestalt

The saying "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" tends to be best associated with which theoretical perspective?

Gestalt Psychology

Kiesha, who is 35 years old, has been smoking for 15 years. She knows that it is extremely unhealthy for her and wants to stop but is having difficulty doing so. What may prove to be the MOST effective means to help Kiesha to stop smoking?

Behavioral strategies that concentrate on changing the smoking response

Pasha loves working with animals and she wants to study veterinary science in college. Her father wants Pasha to become a computer analyst. He also criticizes her for focusing her future career based on her love of animals. According to Carl Rogers, this conflict will lead to

Pasha learning to love being a computer analyst in order to please her father.

Which of the following is problematic to survey research?

People may lie in order to present a good image.

Peter is not able to function well during the day because he is so fatigued. His wife said that he stops breathing and wakes himself up frequently throughout the night. Peter's wife is worried about his condition and wants him to get checked out by a physician. What sort of diagnosis will the physican give Peter?

Peter is suffering from sleep apnea

Penelope just won the lottery. According to research studies, what sort of effect will it have on Penelope's well-being?

Produce an immediate, but not lingering, increase in the level of well-being.

Quentin is very ambitious and driven to succeed. He is easily angered, always wants to be working, and finds it hard to relax. According to researchers, Quentin is most likely to be which of the following?

Quentin has a Type A personality.

Acting out your dreams during REM sleep is a rare condition called ___________________.

REM behavioral disorder

Researchers state that the main advantage of a case study is which of the following?

It is easily generalizable to other similar participants and/or conditions.

Your heart is racing, your breathing is rapid, and your mouth is dry. What emotion are you experiencing?

It is not always possible to distinguish one emotion from another by physiological reactions only.

Who among the following probably has the LEAST ability to cope effectively with stress?

Jackie, who has few friends and whose family lives far away from her.

Yousef just sees a rattlesnake while hiking in the foothills. He suddenly feels his heart start to pound, his breathing becames labored, and he starts to sweat. Due to his physiological reaction to the snake, Yousef interprets it as fear of the snake. Which theory of emotion is supported by this account?

James-Lange theory

Health psychologists generally define the concept of stress as a response to challenging or threatening events.

True

Health psychologists have defined psychoimmunology as the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behaviors on the immune system.

True

In order to resolve the anxieties brought up in the Oedipus complex, Freud believed that boys learn to repress their desire for their mothers and identify with their fathers.

True

Learning theorists such as Skinner state that reinforcement leads to an increase in a previous response, while punishment leads to a decrease in the previous response.

True

Memory researchers have found that long-term memory tends to store information on a relatively permanent basis.

True

Menopause is known as the period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile.

True

Most Skinnerian behaviorists believed that the differences between species of animals (humans vs. pigeons) are not significant. That is, they believe that there are no major differences between humans and other animals in our behaviors.

True

Researchers have established that teratogens (e.g., drugs, viruses, chemicals) are substances from the environment that can damage the developing baby.

True

Spontaneous recovery is the re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.

True

A genetic defect that leads to a very short life because of a breakdown in strategic metabolic processes and occurs most frequently among Jewish people of Eastern European descent is called ___________________.

Tya-Sachs dicease

A man wakes up one morning to find that people around him are using words that make no sense to him, and they don't seem to understand him either, even though his speech is flowing smoothly. What type of disorder is this man suffering from?

Wernicke's aphasia

Julian's mother thinks that her son's behavior is clearly abnormal because he decided to turn down his admission to medical school in order to become a server. What approach BEST fits how Julian's mother is defining her son's abnormal behavior?

abnormality as a deviation from the ideal

Julio is the type of person who constantly strives for excellence. He feels intense satisfaction when he is able to master a new task. Julio most likely has a high need for _________________.

acheivement

Gabriela believes that random electrical activity stimulates various areas of the brain, which are woven together to produce a dream. Which dream theory is Gabriela endorsing?

activation-synthesis theory

Dr. Ravi states that sleeping is important because it keeps us out of trouble so we do not get eaten by predators. This in turn increases our likelihood of survival and passing on our genes to the next generation. Which sleep theory is being described by Dr. Ravi?

adaptive theory

In social settings, Annette often wants other people to like her. Generally she seems to get along well with others and she often goes along with the group (i.e., good team player). Annette most likely has a high need for _______________.

affiliation

A program of regular exercise for fitness has been found to do which of the following?

all of the above

Ethical research begins with the concept of informed consent. Before signing up to participate in an experiment, participants should be informed of which of the following?

all of the above

Hypnosis has been used for which of the following?

all of the above

Long-term memories are encoded in terms of ____________________.

all of the above

Raoul is 79 years old, and he is starting to notice that he is having some cognitive difficulties (e.g., memory loss). He is not sure what is causing his problem with remembering things. What is (are) Raoul's cognitive challenges most likely due to?

all of the above

Which of the following is TRUE of the physical abilities of the newborn infant?

all of the above

Although the use of animals for research purposes is still highly controversial. However these researchers believe that it is beneficial to use animals in their studies. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to these benefits?

all of the above statements are correct

Several of her friends suspect that Marnie is using some sort of drug. She is very thin, stays awake for long periods of time, and is often jittery, nervous, and somewhat paranoid. What type of drug is Marnie most likely using?

amphetamine

Padma remembers when she was hiking and saw a bear. Although she was not hurt (and the bear was probably more scared than she was), Padma was very frightened and will always vividly remember that event. Which part of Padma's brain would MOST likely store this unpleasant memory?

amygdala

Memory can best be described as

an active system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.

George's parents are trying to train their son to use the toilet instead of soiling his diaper. George who is 3 years old goes to the potty, but he also sometimes pees or poops in his underwear to get attention from his parents. According to Freud's five psychosexual stages, which stage is George MOST likely in?

anal stage

Which of the following is the male sex hormone?

androgens

Sabrina is obsessed about her body weight. Her friends noticed that she has started to wear baggy clothes to hide her weight loss. They also observed that Sabrina has become obsessed with exercising and often cooks food for them (and does not eat any of it herself). What is Sabrina most likely suffering from?

anorexia

Jasmine was in a bike accident and she suffered an injury to her brain. As she recovered from her injuries, she found that she had difficulty learning new events. For example, she had lunch with her friend, Malik, for lunch. However later on Jasmine is asked who she had lunch with that day. She does not remember that she had lunch with Malik earlier that day. Her physicans found that she can remember the events in the morning leading up to the bike accident. Jasmine MOST likely is suffering from which type of amnesia?

anterograde

Xue Yi is displaying wild mood swings. Sometimes he is euphoric and believes that he can accomplish anything. Other times, he thinks that he is a loser and there is no hope. What type of medication would you MOST likely prescribe to Xue Yi?

anti-manic

Arlene believes that motivation stems from the belief that we try to main certain levels of stimulation and activity (e.g., increasing or decreasing). Which approach best fits Arlene's idea of motivation?

arousal approach

Background stressors do not require much coping or response, but continued exposure to them may produce

as great a toll as a single, more stressful incident.

Royce takes swimming lessons at the local pool. He often arrives without his swim stuff (e.g., towel, goggles). When his teacher is instructing the class, Royce is often blowing bubbles in the water. He sometimes listens to the teacher, but he has difficulty using the suggestions to improve his swimming stroke. Which of the following disorders does Royce MOST likely have?

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Imagine that you are a developmental psychologist. Which parenting style would you encourage parents to adopt in order to encourage their children to become confident, friendly, and self-reliant?

authoritative

David is trying to stop biting his fingernails. He wears a rubber band around each of his wrists, and whenever he finds himself biting his nails, he snaps the band. What is David using to modify his nail-biting behavior?

aversion therapy

Liam is 1 year old, and a participant in the Strange Situation. He explores the room with his mother nearby. When she leaves, he does not get upset. However when she returns, Liam continues to play with the toys and he barely even notices her. According to Ainsworth, what kind of attachment style does Liam have?

avoidant

Heidi knows that she has a terminal illness. At her most recent doctor's visit, she is desperate and she promises to do everything that her doctor says if the doctor will say that she can live a little bit longer. According to Kubler-Ross's theory on death and dying, what stage is Heidi in?

bargaining

The serial position effect predicts that the information that will be remembered best from a list will come at the _______________________ of the list.

beginning and the end

Which theoretical approach states that rewards, shaping, and imitation are ways in which individuals develop abnormal behavior?

behavioral

Elsie suffered a stroke and had to be hospitalized. While in the hospital, she talked in funny, garbled words and seemed to think that she was being held against her will. Which of the following fields of psychology would BEST explain Elsie's odd behavior?

behavioral neuroscience

The fact that people with dissociative disorder have different PET scan readouts when in their different "personalities" is evidence for the _________________ explanation of dissociative disorders.

biological

Ming was always coming up with grandiose plans for making money, however none of these plans ever lasted long enough before he forgot about them. When he thought up a new scheme to make "quick and easy" money, he got really excited and stayed up all night thinking about it. However one week later, Ming cannot get out of bed and he believes that he is a loser with bad ideas. What type of psychological disorder Ming MOST likely suffer from?

bipolar disorder

Tarek is a very motivated person. His determination to succeed is the dominant force in all of the activities that he engages in as well as in the interpersonal relationships that he has. According to Allport's theory, what would Tarek's behavior be an example of?

cardinal trait

Which of the following stressors is the type that would MOST likely cause the immune system to malfunction and even cause harm?

caring for a dying family member for a prolonged period of time

In 2011, the tsunami in Japan caused massive destruction and death. The huge tidal waves also severely damaged a nuclear power plant, which caused a nuclear meltdown. This produced emotional, behavioral, and psychological consequences in the Japanese people that has lasted for several years. This would most likely be considered a(n) ________________________.

cataclysmic event

Kaitlin is riding a unicycle across a wooden beam. What part of Kaitlin's brain is being utilized?

cerebellum

How does one neuron communicate with another neuron?

chemicals in the end of one neuron float across the gap to fit into holes on the next neuron.

The sleep-wake cycle is a(n) ________________ rhythm, normally occurring every 24 hours.

circadian

Which of the following specialities in psychology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders?

clinical

Dr. Morishita is interested in understanding how people tend to remember certain types of information (e.g., ,what they did on their birthday this year), but they easily forget other types of information (e.g., what they ate for dinner last Monday). What type of psychologist is Dr. Morishita?

cognitive psychologist

According to Carl Jung (a neo-Freudian), he believed that there are two different types of the unconscious that people possess. Which did Jung call the part of the mind that contains universal human memories?

collective unconscious

Which of the following is one of the three "C's" of the hardy personality?

commitment

Eman worries that someone might come into his house at night while Eman is sleeping and helpless. He checks the locks on the doors and windows several times before he can relax enough to go to bed. His constant checking of the locks is most similar to a(n) ________________.

compulsion

Tyrell noticed that whenever he used his electric can opener, his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry by mewing. He reasoned that this behavior was occurring because he used the can opener to open the cat's food. The mewing after hearing the can opener is which of the following?

conditioned response

Holly notices that whenever she takes the child stroller out of the garage, her dog would start barking excitedly and race around the room. Holly believes that her dog is excited because he thinks that he is going for a walk. The child stroller has become a(n) ____________________________.

conditioned stimulus

Dr. Phillips is constantly late for his classes and often shows up late for his office hours, leaving students waiting in the hallway outside his door for nearly an hour at times. Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Phillips?

conscientiousness

In the Big Five theory of personality, "C" stands for which of the following?

conscientiousness

"Hey, that's not fair," complains Judi. "Antonio has more ice cream than me." Actually, both Judi and Antonio received a single scoop, but Antonio has stirred his around so it seems to fill the dish, while Judi's scoop is more compact. According to Piaget, Judi's complaint indicates that she has not yet acquired the concept of __________ that affects how children think about the physical properties of things

conservation

Which of the following is NOT one of the physiological factors in hunger?

corpus callosum

Guang Xu, a college freshman, is worried about his grades. He needs to learn better organizational skills and study habits to cope with the demands of college life. Which type of psychologist could BEST help Guang Xu with building these skills?

counseling

Dr. Yang compares the visual abilities of four groups of infants of ages 1 month, 3 months, 5 months, and 7 months. She is particularly interested in how vision changes over time. She notices that the 7 month olds have significantly better color and depth perception than the 1 month olds. What type of study is Dr. Yang conducting?

cross-sectional

Dr. Susskind is conducting research on how children think about gender roles. He is testing children between the ages of 6-10 years and he will be following them for the next four years. Which type of developmental research design is Dr. Susskind utilizing?

cross-sequential

In a group therapy session with chronic alcoholics, the counselor describes the range of personal issues that are aggravated by alcohol. What type of approach is the counselor trying to promote in these alcoholics?

problem-focused coping

Even though Su Fang has not been on a bicycle in years, she was still able to ride it successfully. What type of memory is Shu Fang utilizing?

procedural

Mike is convinced that a woman supervisor in his office is very attracted to him, even though she has given him no outward signs of interest in him. He watches her frequently and makes excuses to be near her. He interprets everything that she says to him as being romantic with him. Mikes's supervisor is in a relationship and she has absolutely no interest in him. According to Freud, what defense mechanism is Mike most likely using in this situation?

projection

Eneuh is a medical doctor who helps her patients with their emotional problems by prescribing different types of medications. Eneuh is MOST likely a ____________.

psychiatrist

Colin has to constantly check the stove to see if it is on or off. He does this behavior of checking it again and again. Which perspective would BEST explain Colin's stove-checking behavior as a result of being complimented by others for having safety-awareness?

psychoanalytic

The fact that the dissociative disorders seem to have a large element of repression in them is related to the _____________________ explanation of disorders.

psychoanalytic

Ramon tells his therapist that he had a dream about riding on a train that went through a tunnel. The therapist tells Ramone that his dream was most likely about sexual intercourse, as the tunnel represents a woman's genital area. Ramonel's therapist is using the ______________ theory of dreams to explain Ramone's dream.

psychoanalytic (wish-fulfillment)

In her practice, Dr. Gonzales has patients explore their past by asking them about their recent dreams and to associate freely about anything on their minds. Which type of therapy is Dr. Gonzales MOST likely using with her patients?

psychodynamic therapy

Alonzo is physically attracted to his cousin, Gina. He believes that he has successfully overcome this forbidden attraction. However every time Gina is near him, he is overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and he feels the need to wash his hands. Which model of abnormality would BEST explain Alonzo's behavior?

psychodynamic/psychoanalytic

High blood pressure, ulcers, or eczema are common

psychophysiological disorders.

A procedure by which areas of the brain are removed or destroyed in order to control severe abnormal behaviors is called ____________________________.

psychosurgery

Aarti, a 17-year old client of Dr. Martorell explains, "I was uncomfortable and didn't interview well for a job that I really wanted, and of course, I made a perfect fool of myself." Dr. Martorell responds by saying, "Is it important for you to be perfectly competent in every area of your life?" Dr. Martorell is using which form of therapy?

rational-emotive therapy

These types of quiz questions (giving you different choices for the answer) makes use of which form of retrieval of memories?

recognition

According to research, if an older person wants to adjust more positively to aging, he or she should do which of the following?

remain active in some way

Victims of child abuse, rape, or incest attacks might not recall the incident or may remember only scant details. Freud suggested that the reason for this is that the defense mechanism of __________________ was applied.

repression

3-year old Annie watches her older brother successfully tie his shoelaces. The next day, she puts on her brother's shoes, and tries to tie the laces. She becomes frustrated because she can't do it (e.g., she has trouble making the loops and criss-crossing the laces to make a bow). According to Bandura's theory on observation learning, what key element is missing for Annie?

reproduction

Miranda wanted to make a casserole that she saw on a food show on TV. She bought the ingredients, put them together, baked it, and served it at dinner that night. To her horror, it tasted awful. She realized that she had left out a key ingredient and vowed next time to write everything down as she watched the show. Miranda's dinner disaster was an example of failing at which of Bandura's four elements of observation learning?

retention

Juan took sociology in the fall quarter and is now taking psychology. Some of the concepts are similar, and Juan finds that he sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major sociology theorists. He keeps getting them confused with psychology theorists. Juan's problem is most likely due to which of the following?

retroactive interference

Stella had a small stroke that unfortunately resulted in partial paralysis on the left side of her body. The stroke damage MOST likely occurred in which cerebral lobe?

right frontal

If you run your finger gently along the side of a newborn's mouth, which reflex are you MOST likely going to trigger?

rooting reflex

Dr. Kilner works in a school district. On a daily basis, he goes to different elementary schools to help children who are having problems at school (for example, difficulty understanding writing assignments, hitting other children during recess, refusing to listen to the teacher). Dr. Kilner is MOST likely a(n) _______________ psychologist.

school

According to Allport, Navin's fondness for old, black and white, silent movies is an example of a __________________ trait.

secondary

Seres's in-laws are coming to visit for the weekend. He is a bit stressed about their upcoming visit. Seres is asking himself if he has the resources to deal with his in-laws. According to Lazarus, which cognitive step is Seres at?

secondary appraisal

Which of the following has NOT been shown to help maintain a healthy level of cognitive functioning?

sedentary lifestyle

As a child, you may have read the popular children's story called "The Little Engine that Could." The story begins with the Big Engines laughing at the Little Engine when she attempts to go up and over a big mountain. However she is determined to make it. As the Little Engine goes up the mountain, she says to herself "I think I can, I think I can, I think I can," and she eventually makes it. According to Bandura, the Little Engine does not have low _________________.

self-efficacy

In the game show, "Jeopardy," contestants are asked a series of questions of general information with increasing difficulty. The type of memory needed to access the answers to these kinds of questions is which of the following?

semantic

Amit realizes that when his daddy leaves the room where they are playing, his daddy still continues to exist when if he cannot see him anymore. According to psychologists, Amit has gained the concept of object permanence. According to Piaget, what stage is Amit in?

sensorimotor

Hope can remember names of the first two people she was introduced to at Ian's party, and she can also remember the name of the last two people that she met. However, the names of the dozen or so people that she met in between are gone from her memory. Hope's memory is an example of which concept?

serial position effect

Psychiatrists regularly prescribe antidepressants to their patients. The theory is that the antidepressants are increasing the levels of ______________ in the patients' physiological systems, which reducing their symptoms of depression.

serotonin

Which of the following neurotransmitter is MOST associated with sleep, mood, and appetite?

serotonin

Which of the following is an example of a test using recall of information?

short answer

Which of the following in NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?

slower, deeper breathing

According to researchers, which of the following sense is NOT sent to the cortex by the thalamus?

smell

Javier is interested in becoming a psychologist. He is most interested in how people in groups behave differently from people who act alone. Javier would MOST likely be interested in which area of psychology?

social

Some researchers believe that due to lifestyle differences and opportunities among classes, schizophrenia is more common among lower socioeconomic classes. Which of the following theoretical approach would BEST capture this perspective?

sociocultural

If you are strumming the guitar, the motions of your fingers hitting the different parts of the strings are probably being controlled by which nervous system?

somatic nervous system

It is very difficult to wake up someone who is currently in which stage?

stage 4

Drinking alcohol has a significant impact on one's behavior. Researchers have found that alcohol ____________ the release of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits many brain functions.

stimulates

Eric wants a new camera that he saw in the local electronics store, but he doesn't have enough money to pay for it. Which structure of Eric's personality would urge him NOT to steal the camera in the store because it is wrong?

superego

According to Cattell, traits that are numerous and can easily be seen by other people are called ____________ traits.

surface

Your friend is hiking on a popular mountain trail and she sees a mountain lion in the middle of the trail. Her heart starts to pump harder. She begins to breathe a lot faster. Her pupils get larger and she starts sweat. Which part of your friend's system has been activated after spotting the mountain lion?

sympathetic

Heinz is enjoying a musical concert with his friends. What lobe is most likely activated in Heinz's brain?

temporal

In your college dorm, any time you take a shower, someone always flushes the toilet and causes the water in your shower to turn icy cold, making you cringe. After several episodes like this, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, no matter where you are. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

the cold water

In the split-brain operation, what part of the brain is severed?

the corpus callosum

In the famous Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the unconditioned response was which of the following?

the fear from the loud noise

In an experiment to test the effects of alcohol on memory, the experimenter gives vodka mixed in orange juice to one group of participants and orange juice with no vodka to the other group. She then measures the memory skills of both groups by giving them a word memory test. In this study, which one is the control group?

the orange drink without vodka

In an experiment to test the effects of alcohol on memory, the experimenter gives vodka mixed in orange juice to one group of participants and orange juice with no vodka to the other group. She then measures the memory skills of both groups by giving them a word memory test. In this study, the independent variable would be which of the following?

the presence or absence of vodka in the orange juice

According to researchers, which of the following is the definition of personality?

the unique way that an individual thinks, feels, and acts across situations

In an experiment to test the effects of alcohol on memory, the experimenter gives vodka mixed in orange juice to one group of participants and orange juice with no vodka to the other group. She then measures the memory skills of both groups by giving them a word memory test. In this study, the dependent variable would be which of the following?

the word memory test

As you are learning the different psychological concepts and vocabulary in this textbook, which type of methodology should you use in order to reach the deepest level of processing?

thinking of an example of each vocabulary term

In the last few weeks, Estefany noticed that she is feeling tired all the time, her body temperature is low, and she has gained some weight. Which endocrine gland should she get checked out by her physician?

thyroid

While with a group of friends at a dance, Evangelina bumps into a woman that she dated last month. However when Evangelina tries to introduce her to her friends, she cannot remember her name. What is the term for this occurrence?

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

At the BF Skinner Elementary School, teachers pass out "skinner bucks" to students who turn in papers on time, obey the teacher, and finish their homework. The paper "bucks" can be used at the end of the week to trade for special treats or game-playing time on the classroom computer. What system does this most resemble?

token economy

Methadone is known as a "replacement" drug that has been used to help people suffering from heroine addiction.

true

The chemical messengers that travel through the blood system to go to targeted endocrine glands are called hormones.

true

Tyrell noticed that whenever he used his electric can opener, his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry by mewing. He reasoned that this behavior was occurring because he used the can opener to open the cat's food. What is the cat's food?

unconditioned stimulus

Dr. Yamada gives surprise quizzes that vary from one every three days to one every three weeks, which averages out to one quiz every two weeks. What type of reinforcement schedule is being utilized by Dr. Yamada?

variable-interval schedule

Dr. Katz, a biopsychologist, damaged a particular structure in the rat's brain. This caused the rat to continue to eat. Which part of the rat's brain did Dr. Katz damage? (Side note: sorry if this question offends anyone!).

ventromedial hypothalamus

In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group that saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of ________________________.

vicarious (observational) learning

Collagen, an elastic tissue that becomes less elastic as we get older, is a good example of the ________ theory of aging.

wear-and-tear

According to the textbook, when your body strives to maintain the particular level of weight (internal weight themostat), it is called ________________________________.

weight set point

Vygotsky defines ___________________ as the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with help.

zone of proximal development

Which of the following methods would be used to study personality by a behaviorist?

direct observation

Mothers who are abusive and/or neglectful were associated with _____________ type of attachment.

disorganized-disoriented

Jorge loses his job and ends up traveling away from home. He ends up driving to another state. One day he wakes up in a strange motel room. He doesn't know where he is or how he got there, and he's not sure what day it is. What is Jorge most likely suffering from?

dissociative fugue

The neurotransmitter associated with the feelings of reward or pleasure produced by many psychoactive substances is which of the following?

dopamine

Your psychology professor tells you, "Explaining behavior is easy! When we lack something, we are motivated to get it." Which approach to motivation does your professor subscribe to?

drive reduction

Jackie has been diagnosed with major depression. Dr. Sato, her psychiatrist, has prescribed antidepressants to Jackie. In addition, Dr. Sato meets with Jackie on a weekly basis to talk about the her irrational beliefs about not being liked or loved by her family and friends. What type of therapy is Dr. Sato MOST likely using?

eclectic

Desiree went to an all-night rave party with her friends. She observed that many of her friends were ingesting a pill that made them more energetic, very happy, and connected to those around them. However Desiree learned from her psychology class that this pill can make people feel dehydrated, overheated, have increased blood pressure, and cause death. What type of drug is Desiree's friends MOST likely using?

ecstasy

The critical period for pregnancy (when baby is most vulnerable to teratogens) is during which stage?

embryonic period

Vinita is running the L.A. marathon. She is on her 23rd mile, and she is still euphoric and experiencing a "runner's high." Which type of neurotransmitters are most likely being released in Vinita's body?

endorphins

Venus will always remember that she learned about the Presidents of United States from Mr. Tilper, her fourth grade teacher. Venus even remembers the song that they learned of all the Presidents. What type of memory is Venus using?

episodic

Which perspective assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions because it served a useful function in preserving the species?

evolutionary

Carlos, a firefighter, has been battling the house fire for over 4 hours. His parasympathetic nervous system is now activated and the prolonged tension in his muscles has caused him to become fatigued. In addition, he is about to physically collapse. According to Selye's GAS model, what stage is Carlos most likely in?

exhaustion

A construction worker's mouth waters whenever a noontime bell signals the beginning of her lunch break. One day, the bell goes haywire and rings every half hour. By the end of the day, the worker has stopped salivating to the bell. What has occurred in this situation?

extinction

__________________ is a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

extinction

Ching Yen often volunteers at a homeless shelter because all of her friends also volunteer at the shelter. Ching Yen is applying for colleges next year and she knows that doing community service will look great on her college application forms. What type of motivation is Ching Yen MOST likely demonstrating?

extrinsic

Jamal's parents buy their son a new toy for every good grade on his report card in first grade. According to motivation researchers, what is Jamal receiving from his parents?

extrinsic motivation

A friend tells you "I once heard of a person who was murdered by being hyponotized and then told to jump off the Golden Gate Bridge!" Is this statement possible?

false

Debriefing is one strategy that investigators can use to try to eliminate participants' expectations about their research study. You Answered True

false

If you are trying to solve a math problem, then it is assumed that you must be engaged in some logical sequential processing. This type of processing is MOST likely a function of the right hemisphere.

false

In contrast to the behavioral learning theorists such as B.F. Skinner, cognitive learning theorists such as Albert Bandura are concerned with ONLY with overt behavior and NOT the internal causes of behavior.

false

Neuropsychologists have determined that the action potential is the fundamental element of the nervous system.

false

One of your classmates tells you that there are some people who never dream. According to sleep researchers, is your friend's statement true or false?

false

Sleep researchers have found that sleep enables the brain to rest because there is very little brain activity takes place during sleep.

false

The chemical messengers in the brain are called hormones.

false

While you are picking up some groceries for dinner, you happen to run into one of your old high school classmates. Recognizing your high school classmate is MOST likely due to the activation in the left hemisphere.

false

According to Erik Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to

find a consistent sense of self.

Dr. Kasha viewed the thumb-sucking behavior of 7-year old Maggie as:

fixated at the oral stage of development.

A garment worker generally receives a specific number of dollars for every blouse that he sews. So it is to his advantage to try to sew as many blouses as possible to make as money as possible. According to learning theorists, what type of schedule of reinforcement is being described?

fixed-ratio schedule

During a conversation with your friend, she says "I know exactly where I was and what I was doing when I heard that Prince died." What is this type of memory phenomenon called?

flashbulb memory

There is a famous 1848 case study of Phineas Gage, a railroad worker. A horrific accident occurred when a iron rod penetrated his skull. Even though he survived the accident, he was a complete changed man. He was no longer able to make good, rational decisions and had difficulty planning and setting goals for himself. Where did the damage in Phineas Gage occur?

frontal lobe

The first time Giorgio sees a duck, his mother tells him, "That's a duck. Can you say duck?" He repeats the word gleefully. The next day he is watching a cartoon and sees a chicken on the television. He points at the chicken and says "duck!" What is Giorgio demonstrating?

generalization

Simone is satisfied with her teaching position and she is quite comfortable with her single lifestyle. She has begun to expand her reflections on the topics of empathy and compassion and its broader implications for society. Simone hopes to write a book that appeals to a wider audience than the typical academic book. Which of the following BEST describes Simone's situation?

generativity vs. stagnation

Temperament is presumed to originate from the child's

genetic predisposition.

There are different stages to a woman's pregnancy. The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the ______________ period.

germinal

Which of the following is one of the ways to promote wellness in one's life?

get enough sleep

Some memory researchers would suggest that if you were really happy when you were learning Russian, then you should be _______________ when taking the final exam in order to get the best retrieval.

happy

Tad seems to thrive on stress and feels very much in control of his life. He would probably be labeled as a ______________ personality.

hardy

Which strucutre of personality, according to Freud, works on the pleasure principle?

id

The system of organs and glands that forms the body's natural defense against disease is called the ____________________.

immune system

Health psychologists are most likely to focus on which of the following problems with health care?

ineffective communication between physician and patient

When we eat, the pancreas releases ______________, which lowers blood sugar and can increase the feeling of hunger.

insulin

Shontia works at a day care center. The pay is low and the hours are long, but she loves being around the children and has no desire to look for a higher-paying job. What type of motivation is Shontia demonstrating?

intrinsic

Multiple research studies have demonstrated that the "storm and stress" of adolescence

is a myth for most teenagers

Many researchers have found that bulimia nervosa, unlike anorexia nervosa,

is difficult to detect because the person's weight is often normal.

Patients' erroneous theories about their own illnesses

lead them to disobey the doctor's prescribed course of treatment.

A physician uses his assistants to regulate in-patients' every activity. By the end of their time in his clinic, the patients take no initiative. This patients' behavior demonstrates which concept?

learned helplessness

There are different theories about a person's sexual orientation. Cara believes that her friend, Kevin, is gay because his homosexual behavior was reinforced (e.g., pleasant experience with another gay male), whereas his heterosexual behavior was punished (e.g., unpleasant experience with a female date). What type of theory about homosexuality does Cara endorse?

learning

Amanda wants her wife, Beatrice, to come home earlier from work, so they can spend more time together. Yesterday Beatrice came home early and she was pleasantly surprised by a delicious meal that Amanda prepared. If she continues to come home early, Amanda promised that she would cook a tasty dinner every night. Which theoretical perspective is Amanda MOST likely using to encourage Beatrice to come home earlier?

learning/behavioral

The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of _______________.

long-term memory

Macha woke up one morning in a very sad mood and couldn't think of any reason why she should feel that way. The feeling got worse as the day went on, and although in the days and weeks to follow, she occasionally felt normal, but she had more sad days than normal. Her feelings were so intense that she couldn't sleep, ate too much, and couldn't take joy in anything. What is Macha suffering from?

major depression

If you were to develop a rare condition in which signals from your eyes were sent to the area of the brain that processes sound and signals from the ears were sent to the area of the brain that processes vision, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?

medulla

Which brain structure would MOST likely result in death if damaged?

medulla

According to researchers, which hormone is MOST related to our sleep/wake cycle?

melatonin

Studies of eyewitness testimony and recovery of "repressed" memories show which of the following?

memories can be severely distorted, even when we have confidence in them

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been found in the hippocampus. This suggests that acetylcholine is involved in ____________, which affects patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

memory

Professor Costello reviews her past actions and failed personal goals. She devoted her efforts to her academic career rather than to marriage or children, yet she now realizes that her colleagues regard her research as trivial and uninspired. She feels old and knows that she has accomplished little in her life. What is she experiencing?

midlife crisis

Which of the following are memory aids (particularly those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices)?

mnemonics

According to Maslow, a person who wants to become self-actualized must first satisfy

more basic needs such as food and safety.

The process by which activities are started, directed, and sustained to meet a person's wants is called which of the following?

motivation

Tyrone expects special treatment from others, because he believes that he is a very important person. When his friend ask him for some help on a project, he refuses and says that he is too busy. He also gets upset when his friends criticize his rude behavior. What type of personality disorder does Tyrone MOST likely have?

narcissistic personality disorder

A sleep researcher at Stanford University showed the dog, Hoover, a tennis ball. Hoover got so excited, but before he could play with the ball, he suddenly slumped down and slipped into REM sleep. What sort of sleep disorder does Hoover suffer from?

narcolepsy

After undergoing an emergency C-section to get her baby out, Jen was given morphine by her nurse to alleviate her pain as she recovered from the surgery. What type of drug is morphine?

narcotic

Dr. Kuo was interested in the type of video games that males and females like to play. So she went to a local video arcade and found that males and females tend to prefer different types of video games. What kind of study was conducted by Dr. Kuo?

naturalistic observation

Professor Singh surveyed her six classes and found that the students who tended to go out and party were also the students who got the poorest grades on her exams. What type of correlation is this relationship between the amount of partying and test scores?

negative

Liz failed her math test, so her parents told her that she could not play video games for an entire month. Her parents are using which of the following?

negative punishment

Randy has recently lost his driving privileges because he got too many speeding tickets. This would be an example of which of the following?

negative punishment

Sung Li turns her report in her teacher on the day it is due because papers get marked down a letter grade for every day that they are late. Sung Li's behavior is MOST likely which of the following?

negative reinforcement

When theories stress the role of environmental factors in their explanations of change in individual development, the focus of their accounts would be on which of the following?

nurture

Pierre's mother has a hard time setting up rules and structure for Pierre. She is also very playful and loving toward Pierre. According to the research by Baumrind, what type of parent does Pierre MOST likely have?

permissive

Upon visiting the doctor's office and going through extensive testing, Jordan finds out that he has a lung disease. Which type of stress is Jordan likely to experience?

personal stress

Observer bias would be a problem for any of the following methods EXCEPT for a(n) ______________

personality inventory.

With the encouragement of his peers, Matthew just tried a drug that produces hallucinations. Which drug did Matthew MOST likely ingest?

peyote

In the film, "Castaway," Tom Hank's character is stranded on a deserted island. His first concern is that he quickly needs to find some food and drinkable water. According to Maslow's need hierarchy, which level is Tom Hank's character at?

physiological

Xiang Yi is 18 years old and she is evenly proportioned. However she has not grown in height since she was 10 years old. Xiang Yi MOST likely has a problem in which endocrine gland?

pituitary

You can say that it is pretty common knowledge that the more you study, the higher your grade. What kind of correlation is this relationship?

positive

Teresa just got spanked because she drew on the walls with her crayons. What is this an example of?

positive punishment

Unfortunately you recently got pulled over by a police officer for speeding on the freeway. Getting a ticket is MOST likely an example of ______________.

positive punishment

Allen is a server at a restaurant and always tries to smile and be pleasant because that seems to lead to bigger tips. What is Allen most likely demonstrating?

positive reinforcement

A few days after giving birth to her daughter, Natane felt anxious about being a new mother and found herself crying for no good reason at odd moments throughout the day. What is Natane most likely experiencing?

postpartum depression

Jocelyn needs to be the one whose ideas are always used and craves prestige among others. She drives an expensive car and wears nothing but the most expensive clothes. Jocelyn is high in the need for ______________.

power

Katherine is trying to hold the names of the students she just met in her psychology class in short-term memory. According to the memory studies, these short-term memories will be stores in what part of the brain?

prefrontal cortex

According to behaviorists, pizza and salad are considered primary reinforcers.

primary reinforcers

Ulf used to live in a house with a large kitchen, where all the silverware was stored in a drawer to the right of the sink. Since he moved to his new apartment, Ulf finds that he habitually looks for the silverware in a drawer to the right of the sink, although no such drawer exists. Ulf's behavior reflects forgetting due to ______________________.

proactive interference

Yousef recently got a new job and he will be moving from Los Altos, California to Perth, Australia. During the first few weeks that he was in Perth, Yousef had trouble remembering to drive on the left side of the road. What is Yousef's problem MOST likely due to?

proactive interference

Nick is having trouble in calculus. He decides to go to his school's tutoring center to get some extra help. Nick is also trying to spend more time working on calculus problems at home, so he can get extra practice. What type of coping is Nick using?

problem focused

The _____________ functions to maintain homeostasis in the body.

hypothalamus

If abnormality is defined as behavior that causes personal discomfort or harms others, which of the following people is most likely to need treatment?

An executive is afriad to accept a promotion because it would require moving from his ground floor office to the top floor of a tall office building.

Vishal is recovering from damage to his brain. His main symptom is having difficulty in the fluidity of his speech. Instead of saying, "I'm going to P.T. (physical therapy) at nine o'clock, " he says "I go......P.T...........nine." Vishal's symptom is MOST likely consistent with which disorder?

Broca's aphasia

Many counselors have touted the benefits of group therapy. However others have found that there are some costs involved in group therapy. Which of the following statements below is a disadvantage of group therapy?

Clients share the therapist's time with others.

A trait theorist would MOST likely make which of the following statements?

He is sensitive, warm, and considerate person.

Enoch always sees the glass as half full (rather than half empty). In other words, he is an optimist. Which of the following would LEAST likely describe Enoch?

He would more likely suffer from learned helplessness.

Penelope is asked to develop a management strategy that will encourage safer work practices in an assembly plant. Penelope would MOST likely to be categorized as which type of psychologist?

Industrial/organizational psychologist

Archival research is BEST described as which of the following statements?

It examines existing records to confirm a hypothesis.

Which of the following drugs is NOT a central nervous system depressant?

LSD

Proponents of which approach to personality would be most likely to agree with the statement "Personality can be thought of as learned responses to a person's upbringing and environment?"

Learning

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

Learning is another word for maturation.

Leticia rarely takes any work home, preferring to leave her work worries at the office. She is not ambitious and likes to have a lot of leisure time whenever possible. She is also easygoing and doesn't lose her temper too often. Which of the following statements about Leticia is MOST likely true?

Leticia is a Type B personality.

Which of the following represents the proper order of personality development, according to Freud?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

You were recently told that your uncle may have a brain tumor. His doctor suggests that your uncle needs to have a brain scan in which a radioactive sugar will be injected into his bloodstream in order to look at his brain's biochemical activity. What type of brain scan is being suggested?

PET

Your friend, a psychology major, tells you, "I was at a party last night. During the course of the evening, my general level of arousal increased. Since I was at a party where people were enjoying themselves, I asume that I must have felt happy." What theory of emotion does your friend subscribe to?

Schachter-Singer theory

Last year, Felicia was in a major car accident. Although she has recovered physically from the accident, she still gets quite stressed whenever she drives to and back from work. According to Selye's GAS theory, if the stressor threatening someone is prolonged or extremely intense, what may eventually happen to Felicia?

She will demonstrate enhanced mental and physical abilities to combat the stressor.

The best place to take your math exam to ensure good retrieval of these concepts is in which of the following places?

The math classroom

Evolutionary psychologists state that some people become obese because their ancestors were hunter-gatherers and they were more likely to store up fat for future times of famine.

True

Which of the following is TRUE of night terrors?

They are more common in children.

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories (e.g., like the moment that you heard about September 11th) is TRUE?

They are vivid and detailed.

_______________________ is the basis for behavioral approaches to therapy.

Training new habits

According to Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, a person with no job, no home, and no friends cannot become self-actualized.

True

According to developmental psychologists, male adolescents who are "early maturers" (i.e., adolescents who develop physically earlier than their peers) tend to generally fare better in social situations.

True

According to researchers who study intelligence, crystallized intelligence can actually increase as one gets older.

True

According to researchers, patterns of behavior that are biologically determined and inborn are known as drives.

True

You decided to use an experimental design for your study. Since you have to select a representative sample for your study, which of the following is the BEST example of getting this type of sample?

You choose people randomly from the telephone book to respond to your survey about health care.

Your friend, who rarely calls you, has finally left a voice-mail message. According to learning theorists, what should you do to encourage communication between you and your friend?

You should reply quickly, and call your friend back.

If you take the Rorschach test, then you would do which of the following?

You would look at ambiguous visual images and tell the researcher what you see and think about the images.

Your friend is having a difficult time getting to sleep. If he does fall asleep, then he often wakes up frequently throughout the night. Which of the following is bad advice for your friend who is most likely suffering from insomnia?

Your friend should lie in bed until hhe eventually fall asleep even if it takes several hours.

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, a rapist would be considered to have which of the following?

a deficient superego

Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?

a desk top

________________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

a granola bar ; money

Researchers in the field of psychology have verified that meditation can be useful for producing ____________________.

a state of relaxation

According to psychologists, ______________ is considered a state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.

hypnosis

All of the following are related to our circadian rhythms, except.....

daydreaming

If, after learning history of the Middle East for a class two years ago, you now find yourself unable to recall what you learned. Due to the cause of nonuse, you are experiencing what type of memory loss?

decay

According to Folkman & Lazarus, primary appraisal involves

deciding whether the stressor is a problem.

Which part of the neuron receives messages from other cells?

dendrite

Ulf drinks beer all day long, often passing out in a stupor after several hours of steady drinking. Yet he refuses to admit that he has a drinking problem. He says that "it's only beer" and continues to drink. Ulf is most likely using which defense mechanism?

denial

Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best fit are interested in the goal of ___________.

description

Amanda possesses many Type A personality traits. This means that Amanda has a higher probability of suffering from _________________ than non-Type A individuals.

heart disease

The use of a strong conditioned stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus is called __________________.

higher-order conditioning

The role of the ______________ in the formation of new long-term memories was first made apparent in the case of H.M., a famous amnesiac, who underwent brain surgery to rid his severe epiletic seizures.

hippocampus

Thomas had a viral infection in the brain. Although he just watched a sitcom on television, he now cannot remember what he just saw. Thomas most likely has damage to which part of his brain?

hippocampus

"I can understand why you wanted to wreck your friend's car after she hurt your feelings. Now tell me more about the accident." What type of clinical psychologist would MOST likely say that?

humanistic

"My therapist is wonderful! She always points out my positive traits. She focuses on my uniqueness and strength as an individual. I feel much more confident about myself -- as if I'm really growing and reaching my full potential." The therapist being described most likely follows a ____________________________ perspective.

humanistic

Dr. Martorell is a personality theorist who states that all individuals are naturally good, make rational decisions, and have a desire to grow. Which theoretical perspective does Dr. Martorell endorse?

humanistic

Pat's daughter gave him a iPhone for his birthday. Pat has never used a iPhone and is scared to use it. Instead, Pat just lets it sit on his desk and refuses to let his daughter teach him how to use it. According to the five-factor theory, Pat would probably score very low in which dimension?

openness

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of schizophrenia?

overly rational thinking

Ida experiences sudden attacks of intense fear, racing heart, dizziness, and other physical signs of stress. Her partner is also trying to get her to leave the home. She refuses to go away from home for fear one of these attacks will happen again. Which disorder does Ida MOST likely have?

panic disorder with agoraphobia

Unfortunately Alain is undergoing a dangerous type of brain surgery to remove a tumor. During the surgery, the doctor applies electrical stimulation to different areas around the tumor. This causes Alain to state that he is experiencing tingling sensations in various areas of his skin. The tumor is MOST likely located in which lobe of Alain's brain?

parietal

The basic assumption shared by trait personality theorists is that

people possess traits to the same degree but differ in how they choose to apply them.