Psychology - Helping Behaviors
Personalized Verbal Appeals
"Even a penny will help"
What are two types of Pro-social Behavior
1) Altruism, 2) Egoism
Why Monkey See, Monkey Do happens?
1) Event gets noticed, 2) Objective Self-Awareness increases, 3) Reduction of Pluralistic Ignorance, 4) By observing others, you now know how to hlep, 5) fear and embarrassment, 6) Conformity
Altruistic Personality
1) High levels of Empathy, 2) Belief in a Just World, 3) Accepting of social responsibility, 4) Internal Locus of Control, 5) Low Egocentrism
Gender
1) Men are more likely to engage in helping that is heroic and chivalrous, 2) Men are mokre likely to help strangers than are women, 3) Women are more likely to engage in helping that is nurturing.
Latane and Darley's Five Step Model Leading to Helping
1) Notice Event, 2) Interpret Event, 3) Assume Responsibility, 4) Know how to offer help, 5) Decide to Help
Monkey See, Monkey Do...Again
1) Once we see people helping, other people begin helping. In fact, too many people may try to offer help and cause "helping interference".
Environmental Factors
1) People are more helpful when it's pleasantly warn and sunny, 2) People are more likely to help strangers in small towns & cities than in big cities, 3) What matters is the current environmental setting, not where a person was raised, 4) Urban Overload Hypothesis.
Attractiveness
1) Physical attraction and well-dressed people are more likely to receive help than physically unattractive and poorly-dressed people, 2) This is especially strong when it comes to attractive women receiving help from men.
Religiosity
1) Religious people are more likely to help in numerous ways than are non-religious people, 2) Religion operates similarly to social norms. The norms of many religions include the element of helping those in need.
Two types of Social Norms
1) The Norm of Reciprocity, 2) The Social-Responsibility Norm
Self-Esteem
1) When aid lowers recipients' self-esteem, they are more likely to dislike both the aid and the helper, and are likely to avoid seeking such help again, 2) When the helper is very similar to oneself, receiving aid is likely to reduce one's self-esteem, 3) How recipients respond to help is also influenced by their present level of self-esteem.
Pro-social Behavior
Any voluntary behavior intended to help others.
Objective Self-Awareness Theory
Argues that when a bystander's attention is focused on themselves, standards of appropriate behavior (the social norms of helping) get activated. This increases the likelihood that the bystander will offer help as attention shifts back and forth between themselves (helper) and the victim.
Egosim
Consciously planned behavior that involves helping others as a means to benefit oneself.
Gestalt Psychology
Focuses on the human ability to perceive overall patterns.
Altruism
Helping others out of inner concern for the welfare of others and without conscious regard for one's self-interest.
Moral Model
People are held responsible both for problems and solutions and are believed to need proper motivation.
The Bystander Effect
People are less likely to help offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present; the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one will help.
Time Pressure Graph
People are less likely to help out when they are pressed for time. However, when people have more time, they are more likely to help out. However, this does not take into consideration that people who are in a rush probably are less attentive to others when they are rushing and not paying attention.
Compensatory Model
People are not seen as responsible for problems but they are responsible for solutions.
Medical Model
People are seen as neither responsible for the problem nor for the solution.
Equity
People may prefer relationships which are equitable, in which giving and receiving are in balance. One-way helping threatens equity and creates power imbalances.
Pluralistic Ignorance
People will sometimes assume that with ambiguous information or in the absence of information that others have a different and better-informed opinion.
Feeling bad leads to Doing good, leading to Feeling good is an example of?
Reducing Guilt
Feeling good leads to doing good, is an example of?
Sustaining a Positive Mood
Diffusion of Responsibility
Tend to feel less responsibility to act when other people nearby are equally able to act.
The Social-Responsibility Norm
The expectation that people will help those in need of help.
The Norm of Reciprocity
The expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
Evolutionary Theory or Kin Selection
The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
Empathic-Joy Hypothesis
The idea that helpers respond to the needs of a victim because they want to accomplish something and doing so is rewarding in and of itself. (Doing this is rewarding).
Negative-State Relief Hypothesis
The idea that instead of helping because we genuinely care about the welfare of another person, we help because such actions allow us to reduce our own distressful, unpleasant emotions. (We don't care if it makes others happy, we are doing it to make us feel better).
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain. (We feel bad for someone so we help that person).
Social Exchange Theory
The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs.
Urban Overload Hypothesis
Theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.
Similarity
We are likely to help people who we perceive as similar to us in some way.
Figure and ground
What's the object of focus and what's the background.
Enlightenment Model
people are seen as responsible for problems but as unable or unwilling to provide solutions.