Psychology in Action - Chapter 6
Extinction
Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response.
Unconditioned Response
Unlearned reactions to an unconditioned stimulus.
Punishment
Weakens a response and makes it less likely to occur.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding a stimulus, and strengthening a response.
Negative Reinforcement
Taking way a stimulus, and strengthening a response.
Law of Effect
Thorndike's rule that probability of an action being repeated when it is followed by pleasant circumstances increases its reoccurrence.
Bandura
Bobo Doll experiment - Monkey see monkey do
conditioned Emotional Response
Classically conditioned emotional response to something that was previously neutral.
continuous Reinforcement
Every correct response is reinforced.
Thanatology
Field of study on death and dying. Elizabeth Kubler Ross
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
Higher Order Conditioning
Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus
Learning
Relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process; acquired knowledge.
Stimuli
Something that provokes a response.
Stimulus Generalization
Stimuli similar to the original unconditioned stimulus and elicits the conditioned response.
Secondary Reinforcers
Stimuli that increase probability of a response because of their learned value. (money, possessions)
Primary Reinforcers
Stimuli that increase probability of a response because they satisfy biological needs (food, water, rest)
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus provokes programmed response; response becomes automatic and subconscious.
Neutral Stimulus
Stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about a response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Stimulus that elicits unconditional response without previous conditioning.
Reinforcement
Strengthens a response and makes it more likely to occur.
Disengagement theory of aging
Successful aging is characterized by natural withdrawal from society.
Activity Theory of Aging
Successful aging is fostered by a full commitment to life.
Spontaneous Recovery
Sudden, temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished response.
Negative Punishment
Taking away a stimulus therefore weakening a response.
Kubler Ross - Death and Dying
1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
Resilience
Ability to adapt effectively to a threat; developing good coping skills.
Positive Punishment
Adding a stimulus therefore weakening a response.
Operant Conditioning
Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences.
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Only some responses are reinforced.
Stimulus Discrimination
Only the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.
Socioemotional Selectivity
Process of elderly adults being selective with their time.
Conditioning
Process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses.