Psychology in Action - Chapter 6

Extinction

Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Response

Unlearned reactions to an unconditioned stimulus.

Punishment

Weakens a response and makes it less likely to occur.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a stimulus, and strengthening a response.

Negative Reinforcement

Taking way a stimulus, and strengthening a response.

Law of Effect

Thorndike's rule that probability of an action being repeated when it is followed by pleasant circumstances increases its reoccurrence.

Bandura

Bobo Doll experiment - Monkey see monkey do

conditioned Emotional Response

Classically conditioned emotional response to something that was previously neutral.

continuous Reinforcement

Every correct response is reinforced.

Thanatology

Field of study on death and dying. Elizabeth Kubler Ross

Acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

Higher Order Conditioning

Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus

Learning

Relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process; acquired knowledge.

Stimuli

Something that provokes a response.

Stimulus Generalization

Stimuli similar to the original unconditioned stimulus and elicits the conditioned response.

Secondary Reinforcers

Stimuli that increase probability of a response because of their learned value. (money, possessions)

Primary Reinforcers

Stimuli that increase probability of a response because they satisfy biological needs (food, water, rest)

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus provokes programmed response; response becomes automatic and subconscious.

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about a response.

Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that elicits unconditional response without previous conditioning.

Reinforcement

Strengthens a response and makes it more likely to occur.

Disengagement theory of aging

Successful aging is characterized by natural withdrawal from society.

Activity Theory of Aging

Successful aging is fostered by a full commitment to life.

Spontaneous Recovery

Sudden, temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished response.

Negative Punishment

Taking away a stimulus therefore weakening a response.

Kubler Ross - Death and Dying

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Resilience

Ability to adapt effectively to a threat; developing good coping skills.

Positive Punishment

Adding a stimulus therefore weakening a response.

Operant Conditioning

Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences.

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Only some responses are reinforced.

Stimulus Discrimination

Only the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.

Socioemotional Selectivity

Process of elderly adults being selective with their time.

Conditioning

Process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses.