Final Exam Definitions and Ideas
evolutionary biology
Assumption based on behavior due to physical and physiological dispositions that helped human ancestors survive and reproduce
Implicit priming
more subtle, presumably no demand (scrambled sentences)
polyandry
one female with several males, males with one female
Polygyny
one male mates with several females, females with one male
What was the general approach through which primatologists determined that chimpanzees exhibited culture?
1953 observing one wash a sweet potato and all others being following - move from washing in river to washing in ocean
Identify two psychological biases that influence the transmission of social information, according to dual inheritance theory
Boyd, richardson, and Henrich, said natural and sexual selection acting upon genes and o A broader variety of selection processes acting upon culturally transmitted variants are basis that influence what
According to Hagen and Syme (2021), how do the prevalence and incidence of major depression compare to the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia, and Parkinson's?
Depression is 1000x more common than other pathological disorders Vastly higher than dementia, parkinsons, etc.
Socibiology
Examines behavior on the assumption people maximize inclusive fitness
Zahavi's "handicap" hypothesis
Extravagant male traits are costly to develop and maintain Choosing a mate with "good genes" requires an honest signal of genetic quality Only males in good condition (those with good genes) will be able to fully develop and maintain an ornament
Explicit priming
Overt presentation, but possible demands effects (writing an essay)
The bargaining model in terms of suicide
Hagan, Suicide attempts are a costly signal of need; successful suicides are a by-product
Identify and distinguish three ways that information may be socially transmitted, according to the taxonomy used by Alex Mesoudi
Horizontal transmission, oblique transmission, verticale transmission, verticale transmission, no system for information passes younger to older
operational sex ratio
OSR = fertile females / sexually active males high ratio = females compete w/ females low ratio = males compete w/ males
How is human culture understood to differ from culture as observed in chimpanzees, orangutans, and other species?
Only in humans does socially transmitted knowledge accumulate substantially over generations yielding increasingly complex tool use, a growing foundation of knowledge, and detailed skill-based behavioral repertoires
Inclusive fitness in terms of Suicide
Successful suicide increases the inclusive fitness of low reproductive value individuals who are a burden on kin
What Book did Tooby and Cosmides write
The Adapted mind: referred to as the manifesto of contemporary ev. psych
Lekking
The gathering of males in an area for the purpose of displaying to attract females.
Robert Trivers' theory
Theory of parental investment: the sex that invests more in offspring will be picker about males less investing sex will compete more for sexual access to higher investing sex because lower investing sex will experience greater variance in reproductive success
What are a few famous examples of chimpanzee behaviors that are understood to be cultural?
Tool usage behavior, grooming, courtship and examples of behavior observed in what animals
What are the three ingredients for evolution by natural selection?
Variation, differential fitness, inheritance
The bargaining model of depression argues what about major depression disorder and what is an example
What model argues major depression is a costly signal of need; suicide is an example of a costly signal
Which behaviors of culture did Jane Goodall observe in 1960
Who observed Termite and ant fishing, knock for attention, rain dance in chimpanzees
What metaphor did Ed Hagen propose for understanding post-partum depression
Who said that post partum depression was like going on strike because one party is burdened with investing most of the time and energy to rearing the offspring
Evolutionary models of depression generally begin with what observation—an observation that is not included in the DMS-V criteria related to depression?
depression starts with adversity and affects inclusive fitness
reproductive skew
difference in how many offspring most successful individual has vs. least successful
Four major parameters for religious priming
explicit, implicit, subliminal, contextual
Limitations of male reproduction
females
female cryptic choice
females are able to decide if males are successful at impregnating them
Limitation of female reproduction
food, condition
Fisher's runaway hypothesis
if females have a preference for a trait, males with trait will do better, preference will be favored, females with preference will generate "sexy son" - successful males
culture
information (knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and values) that is distinct from that stored in the human genome and which is socially transmitted
why females may sexually select traits in men that are survival disadvantaged
male ornaments: Fisher's "runaway hypothesis" Zahavi's "handicap" hypothesis
intersexual selection
mating success determined on between sex interactions: males evolve to make themselves more attractive and females evolve their preferences
intersexual selection
mating success determined on within-sex interactions (sperm competition, male to male competition) females go with winner
manogamy
mating with one partner (only 3% of mammals) perennial: forever serial: for a while
How is lactose intolerance used to illustrate gene-culture co-evolution?
most mammals stop producing lactate after weaning, western cultures have continued to produce and consume milk, some adult are resistant to lactose
promiscuity
no stable pair bonds
two types of polygamy
polygyny and polyandry
Identify 5 factors that according to Hagan's bargaining model of PPD should cause PPD
poor infant viability, few recourses, low social support, high opportunity costs, social constraints on decision making
consequences of when polyandry is favored
sexual selection stronger on females than males
How does inclusive fitness model relate to environmental conditions?
suicide increases with latitude and harsher conditions
Vertical transmission
transmission - biological parents to children
Oblique Transmission
transmission - unrelated members of parental generation
Horizontal transmission
transmission - via unrelated members of the same generation
According to to Alex Mesoudi what does it mean if something is non-Darwinian
what is Alex mesoudis name for something that is characterized by microevolutionary processes discovered by genetics after Darwin
According to to Alex Mesoudi what does it mean if something is Darwinian
what is Alex mesoudis name for something that is characterized by variation, inheritance, and competition
According to the bargaining model of depression, how should social partners of a depressed individual interpret and respond to suicidality and withdrawal from daily activities, as opposed to the depressed individual crying and being upset?
what model suggests partners should react more strongly to suicide and social withdrawal than crying because those are more costly to people with good fitness
when is polyandry favored
when males become limiting recourses low offspring survival - male prenatal care (limited recourses environment) - males have greater reproductive effort and lower reproductive rate
According to Hagen, how is major depression similar to anger?
who argues suicidality and depression are like anger in that they function in part to inflict costs on social partners, in order to resolve conflicts in the actors favor
Is there evidence of sex differences in depression
women have a higher risk of depression than males