Psychology Lesson 4
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
operant conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
associative learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
cognitive map
mental picture of the layout of the environment
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
unconditioned response (UCR)
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
vicarious reinforcement
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
continuous reinforcement
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else
In ______ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus
higher order
punishment
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
conditioned response (CR)
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and sucking
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
variable interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
extinction
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
extinction
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
primary reinforcer
has innate reinforcing qualities
classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
latent learning
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
observational
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
acquisition
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
model
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example
partial reinforcement
rewarding behavior only some of the time
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
which of the following is an example of observational learning
teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
observational learning
type of learning that occurs by watching others
in classical conditioning, the _____ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (stimulus).
unconditioned response
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
habituation
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
instinct
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
reflex
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
higher-order conditioning
using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
law of effect
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
learning
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
In ___ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical