Psychology Module 11 Chapter 12

stupor

A condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled

bipolar disorder or manic depression

A disorder in which the mood alternates between two extreme poles (elation and depression)

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance

Acute stress disorder

A disorder, like PTSD, that is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness and caused by a traumatic event; acute stress disorder occurs within a month of the event and lasts from two days to four weeks

Mood disorders

A disturbance in expressed emotions, generally involving excessive or inappropriate sadness or elation

waxy flexibility

A feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people can be molded into postures that they maintain for quite some time

insanity

A legal term descriptive of a person judged to be incapable of recognizing right from wrong or of conforming his or her behavior to the law

hallucinations

A perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality

borderline personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and lack of impulse control

Schizotypal personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors

paranoid personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia

Schizoid personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal

avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person is unwilling to enter into relationships without assurance of acceptance because of fears of rejection and criticism

neuroticism

A personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety

learned helplessness

A possible explanation for some depressive behavior, based on findings that organisms in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their behavior is not reinforced

major depressive disorder

A serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing

disorganized schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized delusions and vivid hallucinations

catatonic schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia characterized by striking motor impairment

paranoid schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia characterized primarily by delusions—commonly of persecution—and by vivid hallucinations

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control (obsessions) and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety (compulsions)

Social phobias

An irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny

Anxiety disorders

Disorders characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax

manic

Elated, showing excessive excitement

Personality disorders

Enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others

ideas of persecution

Erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted

delusions

False, persistent beliefs that are unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence

acrophobia

Fear of high places

Agoraphobia

Fear of open, crowded places

claustrophobia

Fear of tight, small places

generalized anxiety disorder

Feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration

Psychological disorders

Patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning

rapid flight of ideas

Rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of manic behavior

Panic disorder

Recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety

mutism

Refusal to talk

psychomotor retardation

Slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought

antisocial personality disorder

The diagnosis given a person who is in frequent conflict with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experiences little or no guilt and anxiety

biopsychosocial model

explains psychological disorders in terms of a combination of biological vulnerabilities,psychological factors, sociocultural factors

Positive symptoms

Those symptoms of schizophrenia that indicate the presence of inappropriate behavior, such as hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and inappropriate giggling

Negative symptoms

Those symptoms of schizophrenia that reflect the absence of appropriate behavior, such as blank faces, monotonic voices, and motionless bodies

Jill Rathus and her colleagues

found that suicidal adolescents experience four kinds of psychological problems: confusion about the self, impulsiveness, emotional instability, interpersonal problems

medical model

assumes that illnesses have physical or biological causes that can be identified and that people afflicted by them are to be cured through treatment or therapy

diathesis-stress model

assumes that there may be biological differences between individuals—diatheses—that explain why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress, whereas others do not

Seligman (1996)

attributional styles, tendency to attribute one's behavior to internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and global or specific factors

Greeks

believed that the gods punished humans by causing madness

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

diagnoses for clinical syndromes, personality disorders, or both, includes information about people's medical conditions, psychosocial and environmental problems, and a "global assessment" of functioning

delusions of grandeur

person may believe that he is a famous historical figure or a person on a special mission

delusions of persecution

person may believe that they are sought by the CIA, FBI, or some other group

delusions of reference

person may erroneously believe that other people are talking about them or referring to them

Hippocrates

suggested that psychological disorders are caused by brain abnormalities

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)

viewed psychological disorders as diseases of the mind, encouraged humane treatment