Psychology Module 11 Chapter 12
stupor
A condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled
bipolar disorder or manic depression
A disorder in which the mood alternates between two extreme poles (elation and depression)
Posttraumatic stress disorder
A disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance
Acute stress disorder
A disorder, like PTSD, that is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness and caused by a traumatic event; acute stress disorder occurs within a month of the event and lasts from two days to four weeks
Mood disorders
A disturbance in expressed emotions, generally involving excessive or inappropriate sadness or elation
waxy flexibility
A feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people can be molded into postures that they maintain for quite some time
insanity
A legal term descriptive of a person judged to be incapable of recognizing right from wrong or of conforming his or her behavior to the law
hallucinations
A perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality
borderline personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and lack of impulse control
Schizotypal personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors
paranoid personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia
Schizoid personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal
avoidant personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person is unwilling to enter into relationships without assurance of acceptance because of fears of rejection and criticism
neuroticism
A personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety
learned helplessness
A possible explanation for some depressive behavior, based on findings that organisms in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their behavior is not reinforced
major depressive disorder
A serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing
disorganized schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized delusions and vivid hallucinations
catatonic schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia characterized by striking motor impairment
paranoid schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia characterized primarily by delusions—commonly of persecution—and by vivid hallucinations
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control (obsessions) and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety (compulsions)
Social phobias
An irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny
Anxiety disorders
Disorders characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax
manic
Elated, showing excessive excitement
Personality disorders
Enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others
ideas of persecution
Erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted
delusions
False, persistent beliefs that are unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence
acrophobia
Fear of high places
Agoraphobia
Fear of open, crowded places
claustrophobia
Fear of tight, small places
generalized anxiety disorder
Feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration
Psychological disorders
Patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning
rapid flight of ideas
Rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of manic behavior
Panic disorder
Recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety
mutism
Refusal to talk
psychomotor retardation
Slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought
antisocial personality disorder
The diagnosis given a person who is in frequent conflict with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experiences little or no guilt and anxiety
biopsychosocial model
explains psychological disorders in terms of a combination of biological vulnerabilities,psychological factors, sociocultural factors
Positive symptoms
Those symptoms of schizophrenia that indicate the presence of inappropriate behavior, such as hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and inappropriate giggling
Negative symptoms
Those symptoms of schizophrenia that reflect the absence of appropriate behavior, such as blank faces, monotonic voices, and motionless bodies
Jill Rathus and her colleagues
found that suicidal adolescents experience four kinds of psychological problems: confusion about the self, impulsiveness, emotional instability, interpersonal problems
medical model
assumes that illnesses have physical or biological causes that can be identified and that people afflicted by them are to be cured through treatment or therapy
diathesis-stress model
assumes that there may be biological differences between individuals—diatheses—that explain why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress, whereas others do not
Seligman (1996)
attributional styles, tendency to attribute one's behavior to internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and global or specific factors
Greeks
believed that the gods punished humans by causing madness
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
diagnoses for clinical syndromes, personality disorders, or both, includes information about people's medical conditions, psychosocial and environmental problems, and a "global assessment" of functioning
delusions of grandeur
person may believe that he is a famous historical figure or a person on a special mission
delusions of persecution
person may believe that they are sought by the CIA, FBI, or some other group
delusions of reference
person may erroneously believe that other people are talking about them or referring to them
Hippocrates
suggested that psychological disorders are caused by brain abnormalities
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
viewed psychological disorders as diseases of the mind, encouraged humane treatment