Psychology Multiple Choice Chapter 4

If the just-noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s). 1. 8 2. 1 3. 4 4. 10

1.

Kinesthesis refers to the 1. system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. 2. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation. 3. diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. 4. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural signals.

1.

Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the 1. lens. 2. cornea. 3. rods and cones. 4. optic nerve.

1.

Some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. This best illustrates the importance of 1. difference thresholds. 2. the vestibular sense. 3. sensory adaptation. 4. subliminal stimulation.

1.

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its 1. frequency 2. amplitude 3. complexity 4. loudness

1.

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the 1. optic nerve. 2. sensory receptors. 3. cerebral cortex. 4. occipital lobe.

2.

Ohio State University pedestrians were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were talking on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of 1. place theory. 2. selective attention. 3. gate-control theory. 4. retinal disparity.

2.

While playing tennis you need to know where your limbs are located so you can move them into the right positions to run or swing your racket. Which of the following senses provides this information? 1. audition 2. kinesthesis 3. gustation 4. vestibular

2.

Accommodation refers to the 1. system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints. 2. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation. 3. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina. 4. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

3.

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates 1. accommodation. 2. Weber's law. 3. sensory adaptation. 4. transduction.

3.

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT 1. bitter 2. sour 3. spicy 4. sweet

3.

Standing atop a mountain on an utterly dark, clear night, most of us would see a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away. This best illustrates 1. priming. 2. transduction. 3. the absolute threshold. 4. a just noticeable difference.

3.

Turning your head would be most useful for detecting the ______ of a sound. 1. pitch 2. intensity 3. location 4. loudness

3.

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires 1. blindsight 2. perceptual constancy 3. selective attention 4. sensory adaptation

3.

Which of the following best explains why we have difficulty locating sounds that are directly overhead? 1. The sound has become compressed and harder to hear. 2. The bones of the middle ear are all vibrating at different rates. 3. When the sound is directly overhead, it reaches both ears simultaneously. 4. The hair cells along the basilar membrane do not fire when the sounds are directly overhead.

3.

Which of the following is true about the blind spot in the eye? 1. It is most apparent in low levels of illumination 2. It is stimulated only by high levels of illumination 3. It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye 4. It is caused by an excess of bipolar cells in the retina

3.

Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses? 1. Top-down processing 2. Perception 3. Transduction 4. Bottom-up processing

3.

Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause-and-effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct? 1. A case study in which the researcher asks a person to name the smells the person is experiencing and then finds that the person has a hard time naming smells that are offensive. 2. A case study in which the researcher records a person's facial expressions when the person encounters different smells and then determines that when a person smells a good smell, the person smiles. 3. A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.Yes! Only experiments can draw cause-and-effect conclusions. 4. A study in which 50 participants are asked to rate the degree to which different smells evoke happy memories. The researcher then determines which smells are associated with happy memories.

3.

Cones and rods are to vision as ________ are to audition. 1. eardrums 2. oval windows 3. cochleas 4. hair cells

4.

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound? 1. The sound has a long wavelength. 2. The sound has a low-amplitude sound wave. 3. The sound has a short wavelength. 4. The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave.

4.

Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty? 1. Light adaptation prevents sensation of color. 2. Her rods are functioning improperly and are not sensing color. 3. Her optic chiasm is not correctly transferring color neural impulses. 4. Her cones cannot detect color well in dim light.

4.

Many researchers believe that pleasing tastes attracted our ancestors to energy- or protein-rich foods that enabled their survival. Such researchers are most likely 1. behaviorists. 2. neuropsychologists. 3. behavior geneticists. 4. evolutionary psychologists.

4.

Receptors for olfaction are located 1. in the dermis 2. in taste buds on the tongue 3. on the basilar membrane of the cochlea 4. in the nasal cavity

4.

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires 1. perceptual constancy 2. sensory adaptation 3. blindsight 4. selective attention

4.

What behavior would be difficult without our vestibular sense? 1. integrating what we see and hear 2. repeating a list of digits 3. reporting to a researcher the exact position and orientation of our limbs 4. walking a straight line with our eyes closed

4.

Our sense of smell may be a powerful trigger for memories because 1. we are conditioned from birth to make strong connections between smells and events 2. strong smells encourage us to process events deeply so they will most likely be remembered 3. the receptors at the top of each nostril connect with the cortex 4. the nerve connecting the olfactory bulb sends impulses directly to the limbic system

4. Yes, a nerve connects the olfactory bulb directly to the amygdala and hippocampus (parts of the limbic system). This connection may explain why smell may be a powerful trigger for emotions and memories.

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the

blind spot