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Psychology of personality weeks 1-6

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Identify and briefly describe three reasons why higher goals lead to higher performance.

(1) People exert stronger effort toward higher goals; (2) People are more persistent in their efforts; (3) People concentrate more on higher goals and are, therefore, less susceptible to distractions.

Freud's idea of Thanatos, or a death instinct, is echoed by the concept of apoptosis in biology.

GxE

Gene-by-environment interaction, in which the environment produces different outcomes depending on genetic composition

Given their characteristics, people who are high in self-consciousness should be more thorough self-regulators.

High testosterone levels can lead men into lower-SES occupations.

In boys, delay of gratification is related to ability to control emotional impulses; in girls, it is related to resourcefulness.

It is generally regarded as a strength of Freud's theory of defense mechanisms that it is flexible enough to accommodate most findings.

Metaphor is unimportant in the psychodynamic perspective

Mirror neurons are active both when performing and observing an action.

Orality is associated with a greater degree of self-disclosure

PET makes use of electrical activity rather than glucose to provide images of the brain.

Powers proposed that the behavioral output for a low-level loop consists of setting a goal for a higher-level loop.

Researchers have suggested that most genetic influences involve small contributions from many genes.

Studies have shown that introverts are more alert than extraverts during vigilance tasks.

Studies indicate that people's schemas for understanding are independent of their schemas for behavior (i.e., the two types of schemas are not linked).

Studies on testosterone focus more often on: a.antisocial behavior. b.adult sexual behavior. c.sexual development. d.prison inmates.

Subjective norms arise from what others want you to do and how much that matters to you.

Approach temperament:

Temperamental tendency to approach rewards.

Avoidance temperament:

Temperamental tendency to avoid threats.

The BAS is assumed to be involved when a person is: a.pursuing an incentive. b.avoiding a punishment. c.experiencing negative emotion. d.experiencing neutral emotion.

The anal retentive personality consists of a rigid, obsessive-compulsive style of interacting with the world.

The concept of catharsis suggests that once a person aggresses he or she should be more likely to aggress again in the near future

The deliberative mindset is often overly optimistic in the service of making the best choice.

The environment tends to affect twins: a.by making them more similar. b.by making them more different. c.by making dizygotic twins more similar. d.not at all in terms of similarity/difference.

The id is present at birth.

The neurotransmitter _________ is thought to be critically involved in the system that engages in the approach system. a.epinephrine b.norepinephrine c.GABA d.dopamine

The trait approach has been criticized for saying little about how personality works.

There's not much evidence for the heritability of personality factors in general.

Tolman believed that, in addition to providing an organism with information, reward "stamps" learning in.

Treatment of schizophrenia is based on the hypothesis that schizophrenic symptoms arise because of: a.too much epinephrine. b.too much dopamine. c.too little dopamine. d.too little epinephrine.

Twin research is referred to as molecular genetics.

Vallacher and Wegner suggest that when a person fixes a problem at a higher level, they begin to deal with issues at lower levels.

When both a low-order action identification and a high-order action identification are available, people tend to adopt the lower (more concrete) one.

Wiggins's perspective emphasized _________ aspects of personality. a.interpersonal b.internal c. behavioral d.cognitive

A behavioral signature is: a.an individual's characteristic way of acting across situations. b.an individual's pattern of situation-behavior links. c.the effect of an individual's behavior on the people around them. d.none of the above

Briefly describe the young male syndrome and its evolutionary pressures/roots.

"When there is competition for scarce resources (females), the result is confrontational behavior and potentially serious violence." This pattern is known as the young male syndrome. It may partly be the consequence of long-ago evolutionary pressures and partly a response to situational demands. Although the pattern of behavior may be coded in every man's makeup, it is likely to appear among men whose present situations predict reproductive failure, e.g., unmarried and unemployed males.

Identify the BAS and the behavioral inhibition system. Then briefly describe each system's function.

(1) BAS: Arouses person to move toward desired incentives; involved in any approach tendency and responsible for positive emotions. (2) Behavioral inhibition system: Causes person to inhibit movement toward goals; responsive to cues of punishment and responsible for feelings of anxiety; involved in any avoidance or inhibition tendency.

The hierarchical model suggests at least three ways for problems in self-regulation to arise. Identify these three ways.

(1) Conflict between goals; (2) Lacking knowledge about the actions that should be taken to achieve abstract goals; (3) Being unable to disengage.

Briefly describe the steps involved in means-end analysis.

(1) END: Determine difference between present state and desired state; (2) MEANS: Devise an action to reduce the difference; (3) Break large, abstract actions down into more restricted goals and concrete acts and continue doing so until it is relatively easy to get from here to there.

Identify three of the "big five" personality traits and briefly define/describe each.

(1) EXTRAVERSION: Assertiveness, open expression of impulses; dominance and confident assurance; sociability. (2) AGREEABLENESS: Warm and likeable (vs. cold); docile compliance; nurturance; emotional supportiveness. (3) CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: Will (to achieve). (4) NEUROTICISM: Experience of anxiety; emotional disorganization. (5) INTELLECT: Culture; openness to experience.

Briefly explain the steps involved in conducting twin studies.

(1) Pairs of identical twins are compared with each other on a particular characteristic, as are pairs of (same-sex) fraternal twins; (2) these two correlations are compared with each other. If identical twins are more similar to each other than fraternal twins, it must be due to the differences in genetic similarity. (This conclusion could not be drawn if parents treated fraternal twins differently from identical twins.)

Identify and describe the three types of anxiety identified by Freud.

(1) REALITY ANXIETY: Fear arising from a threat or danger in the real world; the most basic form of anxiety because it is rooted in objective reality. To deal with reality anxiety, avoid or escape from the situation provoking the feeling. (2) NEUROTIC ANXIETY: Fear that id impulses will get out of control and lead you to do something that will result in punishment. Not a fear of id impulses per se; rather, a fear of the punishment that may result from expressing them. Because you cannot escape from your id, neurotic anxiety is harder to deal with than reality anxiety. (3) MORAL ANXIETY: Fear experienced when you have violated (or are about to violate) an introjected moral code. Moral anxiety is fear of conscience that is part of the superego; it is experienced as shame or guilt. The source of moral anxiety is internal, the workings of your conscience. Because you cannot escape from your conscience, it is also difficult to deal with moral anxiety.

Identify and define the three levels of Powers' hierarchy that are most relevant to personality.

(1) SYSTEM CONCEPTS: System concepts are abstract qualities. An example of a system concept with respect to self-regulation would be an individual's ideal self. (2) PRINCIPLES: Principles are broad guidelines that specify overriding qualities of behavior. Principles seem to be qualities that are describable by trait labels. (3) PROGRAMS: A program is similar to a script. Programs specify a general course of action.

Explain how the five-factor model of personality relates to Eysenck's theory.

(1) The five-factor model's extraversion and neuroticism relate to Eysenck's extraversion and emotional stability, respectively. Further, the five-factor model's agreeableness relates to Eysenck's psychoticism. (2) The five factors have been characterized as superordinate traits that incorporate narrower traits within them, sharing Eysenck's assumption that the important traits are supertraits that are, in turn, composed of more specific traits.

Describe some of the findings that support the link between prenatal exposure to male hormones and aggression.

1) Both boys and girls who have been exposed to synthetic hormones (that act like male hormones) report that they would use physical aggression in an interpersonal conflict more than boys and girls not exposed to such hormones. (2) Girls who were prenatally exposed to androgens (masculinizing hormones) spent more time playing with boys' toys and less time with girls' toys than did girls not exposed to the hormones. (3) Higher testosterone levels at birth in boys were related to more boldness for 18 months after birth.

Describe one of the assessment techniques theorists who research biological processes commonly use.

1) Electroencephalogram, or EEG. An EEG uses electrodes to assess changes in electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. The use of this tool is based on the idea that different psychological states produce different patterns of brain activity. (2) Positron emission topography, or PET. PET derives a picture of brain functioning based on metabolic activity. PET is often used to measure neurotransmitter functioning. (3) Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI. MRI translates the magnetic resonances of a person's brain into a visual image. MRI is primarily used to examine structural damage in the brain. (4) Dexamethasone suppression test, or DST. DST measures the body's sensitivity to cortisol suppression. People who show a shortened suppression effect may have a biological predisposition to depression.

1. The trait approach to personality makes the point that: a.people's dispositions are relatively inconsistent across situations. b.people's dispositions are relatively inconsistent across time. c.one person's pattern of dispositional qualities is much like the next person's. d.none of the above

10. According to the nomothetic view, a given trait may exist for only one person in the world.

11. Factor analysis is merely a complex way of looking at correlations of variables.

12. Factor naming is a highly objective process.

13. Distilling to a smaller set of factors is known as factor extraction.

14. Factor analysis takes a small number of traits and increases them to a larger number of specific traits.

15. Cattell believes that the traits underlying human behavior must be determined empirically rather than theoretically.

16. In his own research, Cattell determined that there were three underlying personality factors.

19. Eysenck used factor analysis to develop and refine the EPQ measure.

2. A central theme of psychoanalysis is that personality is multiple processes that are always in motion.

2. A key theme of the dispositional perspective is that people are remarkably similar to one another.

21. Wiggins's two basic dimensions of personality were dominance and neuroticism.

22. There is an emerging consensus in personality psychology that there are five basic personality factors.

23. There is a fair amount of agreement as to what the five basic dimensions of personality are.

24. There is considerable variation in what researchers include in the factor of extraversion.

25. The core defining feature of neuroticism is shyness.

26. Among the "big five" factors, the largest disagreement relates to the neuroticism factor.

27. Conscientiousness in part reflects qualities such as planning, persistence, and purposeful striving toward goals.

28. Extraversion is related to the desire for fewer children.

3. The primary difference between trait and type theorists is that trait theorists believe people vary along a continuum whereas type theorists believe people are categorically different.

30. Openness to experience is linked to lower sexual satisfaction in marriage.

31. Tellegen has defended the five-factor model against critics who believe there are fewer factors.

31. _________ is a process in which one version of a characteristic (or one end of a dimension) is represented in the next generation to either a greater or lesser degree. a.Extremity selection b.Allele selection c.Directional selection d.Stabilizing selection

32. Some researchers have suggested that there is a sixth supertrait called honesty-humility.

33. Some researchers have concluded that lower-level personality traits are better predictors of behaviors than are superordinate traits.

34. According to Mischel, there is a relatively modest relationship between self-reports and the ability to predict behavior.

35. Situationism is the idea that personality traits and situations interact with each other to influence behavior. (F/69) 36. Funder and Ozer have shown that when it comes to predicting behavior, situations tend to have more than twice the predictive power as personality. (T/70) 37. If researchers study situations and traits simultaneously, they may find three sources of influence on behavior. (F/71) 38. "Strong" situations are ones in which there is an easy expression of personality differences. (T/72) 39. The fact that self-reports are not highly correlated with behavior may merely reflect the fact that multiple factors influence behavior in a given situation. (T/72) 40. Current research suggests Mischel's concern about the low correlation between personality traits and behavior may not be as big a problem as he believed. (F/72) 41. According to Mischel and Shoda, traits are freestanding tendencies to act. (F/52) 42. Gordon Allport argued that people who have traits tend to have those traits aroused in all situations. (T/73) 43. Behavioral signatures are patterns of links people have formed between situations and behaviors across time and experience. (F/76) 44. Trait theorists believe that traits act alone and do not interact with one another. (T/77) 45. The trait approach, when applied to psychopathology, is largely an attempt to categorize it. (F/69) 36. Funder and Ozer have shown that when it comes to predicting behavior, situations tend to have more than twice the predictive power as personality. (T/70) 37. If researchers study situations and traits simultaneously, they may find three sources of influence on behavior. (F/71) 38. "Strong" situations are ones in which there is an easy expression of personality differences. (T/72) 39. The fact that self-reports are not highly correlated with behavior may merely reflect the fact that multiple factors influence behavior in a given situation. (T/72) 40. Current research suggests Mischel's concern about the low correlation between personality traits and behavior may not be as big a problem as he believed. (F/72) 41. According to Mischel and Shoda, traits are freestanding tendencies to act. (F/52) 42. Gordon Allport argued that people who have traits tend to have those traits aroused in all situations. (T/73) 43. Behavioral signatures are patterns of links people have formed between situations and behaviors across time and experience. (F/76) 44. Trait theorists believe that traits act alone and do not interact with one another. (T/77) 45. The trait approach, when applied to psychopathology, is largely an attempt to categorize it. (T/77) 46. All personality disorders are represented within the five-factor model. (F/78) 47. The diathesis-stress model looks exclusively at behavior problems as arising from conflicts expressed early in childhood. (F/79) 48. The trait approach is optimistic about people's ability to change themselves. (T/79) 49. The trait approach has been criticized for saying little about how personality works. (T/80) 50. The trait concept has retained a place in the vocabulary of personality psychologists.

36. Funder and Ozer have shown that when it comes to predicting behavior, situations tend to have more than twice the predictive power as personality.(F/69) 36. Funder and Ozer have shown that when it comes to predicting behavior, situations tend to have more than twice the predictive power as personality. (T/70) 37. If researchers study situations and traits simultaneously, they may find three sources of influence on behavior. (F/71) 38. "Strong" situations are ones in which there is an easy expression of personality differences. (T/72) 39. The fact that self-reports are not highly correlated with behavior may merely reflect the fact that multiple factors influence behavior in a given situation. (T/72) 40. Current research suggests Mischel's concern about the low correlation between personality traits and behavior may not be as big a problem as he believed. (F/72) 41. According to Mischel and Shoda, traits are freestanding tendencies to act. (F/52) 42. Gordon Allport argued that people who have traits tend to have those traits aroused in all situations. (T/73) 43. Behavioral signatures are patterns of links people have formed between situations and behaviors across time and experience. (F/76) 44. Trait theorists believe that traits act alone and do not interact with one another. (T/77) 45. The trait approach, when applied to psychopathology, is largely an attempt to categorize it.

37. If researchers study situations and traits simultaneously, they may find three sources of influence on behavior.

38. "Strong" situations are ones in which there is an easy expression of personality differences

4. Hippocrates believed that phlegmatic people tended to be calm.

41. According to Mischel and Shoda, traits are freestanding tendencies to act

41. fMRI provides less information than EEG, but it is cheaper to administer

44. _________ is the idea that traits and situations jointly provide a complete account of behavior. a.Interactionism b.Trait-situationism c.Person-environment duality d.none of the above

5. Hippocrates embellished upon Galen's ideas.

5. _________ categorized people as either introverts or extraverts. a.Hippocrates b.Galen c.Carl Jung d.none of the above

6. Jung divides people into the categories of introverts and extraverts.

7. According to Jung, extraverts seek out other people when they encounter stress.

8. Types are categories of membership that are qualitative in nature.

9. The idiographic view holds that everyone stands somewhere on each trait that exists, but that the traits exist in the same way in every person

NOMOTHETIC

: Assumes that traits exist and have the same psychological meaning in everyone; people differ only in their relative standing on the traits.

TYPES

: Categories of membership that are distinct or discontinuous.

TRAITS

: People differ on continuous variables. They differ in amounts of various qualities, i.e., the basic differences between people are quantitative, rather than qualitative.

Allele

: Some version of a particular gene.

Neurotransmitter:

A chemical involved in sending messages along nerve pathways.

A drive has two interrelated elements: a biological need and its psychological representation.

A feedback loop requires all of the following EXCEPT a: a.reference value. b.comparator. c.goal regulator. d.perception of current behavior.

Oxytocin:

A hormone that appears to be important in social bonding.

A major criticism of the self-regulation approach to personality is that it fails to provide a model of homeostasis.

Dopamine:

A neurotransmitter believed to be especially important to approach regulation.

Norepinephrine:

A neurotransmitter that some believe is important in anxiety responses.

Serotonin:

A neurotransmitter that some believe is involved in anxiety and others believe is involved in constraint over impulses.

Antisocial personality:

A person who displays impulsive action with little thought to consequences.

A person who is high on the dimension of love and high on the dimension of dominance would most likely be considered: a.unassuming. b.introverted. c.extraverted. d.arrogant.

Positron emission tomography (PET):

A picture of activity in the brain based on the brain's metabolism.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):

A picture of activity inside the brain based on the brain's electromagnetic energy.

Adoption study:

A study of resemblances between children and their adoptive and biological parents.

A study of the influence of Prozac on people WITHOUT disorders revealed that: a.the side effects were much more severe than for people with disorders. b.the side effects were non-existent for this group. c.positive feelings did not increase for this group. d.these people displayed fewer positive social behaviors.

GABA:

A substance, low levels of which appear to be linked to anxiety disorders.

Effortful control:

A tendency to be focused, restrained, and planful.

Ectomorphy:

A tendency toward frail thinness.

Endomorphy:

A tendency toward obesity.

Pharmacotherapy:

A therapy based on use of medication.

A third dimension identified by Eysenck, that reflects a predisposition toward disorders involving detachment from others, hostility, manipulativeness, and impulsiveness is: a.sociopathy. b.psychoticism. c.schizophrenia. d.Eysenck only identified two dimensions.

A university campus is a _________ situation, whereas an army boot camp is a _________ situation. a.weak; strong b.strong; weak c.poorly defined; clearly defined d.constrained; unconstrained

A vulnerability to a particular psychological problem is known as a: a.nomothetic. b.diathesis. c.behavioral signature. d.idiograph.

A(n) _________ intention is the intent to attain some particular outcome as an end; a(n) _________ intention deals with how that end will be attained. a.ends, action b.thought, action c.goal, implementation d.thought, implementation

Define and briefly describe Buss and Plomin's concepts of activity level, sociability, and emotionality.

ACTIVITY LEVEL: Refers to overall output of energy or behavior. It has two intercorrelated aspects: (1) vigor, i.e., intensity/amplitude of behavior; (2) tempo, i.e., speed of activities. SOCIABILITY: The tendency to prefer being with others rather than being alone. Involves the desire for other people's attention, to share activities and for the responsiveness and stimulation that are part of social interaction. To be sociable is to intrinsically value the interaction process. EMOTIONALITY: The tendency to become autonomically (physically) aroused in upsetting situations. Only pertains to three emotions (distress, anger, and fear).

Give an example of a situation in which an emotion signals a reprioritization of one's goals.

ALTERNATIVE 1: Intense anxiety may be a signal you are not attending to personal well-being and ought to do so quickly; ALTERNATIVE 2: Anger may be a signal that personal autonomy is threatened and needs higher priority.

Explain the difference between the anal expulsive and the anal retentive personality. Explain how these personalities emerge during the anal stage.

ANAL EXPULSIVE: Tends to be messy, cruel, destructive, and overtly hostile. ANAL RETENTIVE: Person who is stingy, obstinate, and orderly or cleanly. Either pattern may emerge when the child is punished and ridiculed for failures at toilet training. If the child rebels, he or she will be anal expulsive. If the child attempts to get even by withholding feces and urine, he or she will be anal retentive.

According to Ajzen and Fishbein, forming a strong intention to do a particular behavior occurs when: a.both attitude and subjective norm are very positive. b.both attitude and subjective norm are very negative. c.attitude is positive and subjective norm is negative. d.attitude is negative and subjective norm is positive.

According to Barash, behavior problems reflect the fact that: a.biological evolution has progressed faster than cultural evolution. b.there is more biological variability in the present than ever before. c.cultural evolution has progressed faster than biological evolution. d.none of the above

According to Bettelheim, Freud purposely did not correct English translations of his work because: a.he thought Americans were too unsophisticated to fully appreciate his ideas. b.he opposed the U.S. medical establishment's intent to medicalize psychoanalysis. c.he was confident his ideas would be understood correctly after his death. d.all of the above

According to Bruno Bettelheim, Freud reacted to American misunderstandings of his work by: a.trying unsuccessfully to correct them. b.trying successfully to correct them. c.ignoring them. d.repressing the urge to correct them.

According to Buss and Plomin, temperaments include: a.activity level. b.sociability. c.emotionality. d.all of the above

According to Dickens and Flynn, researchers have a clear understanding of the correlations between genetic and environmental influences on the same outcome.

According to Eysenck's categorization a melancholic (depressed) person would be considered: a.extraverted and low in neuroticism. b.extraverted and high in neuroticism. c.introverted and high in neuroticism. d.introverted and low in neuroticism.

According to Eysenck's theory of cortical arousal: a.introverts should prefer lower levels of stimulation. b.extraverts seek stimulation to increase arousal. c.introverts have higher baseline levels of alertness. d.all of the above

According to Eysenck, introverts and extraverts differ in the level of functioning of the cerebral cortex.

According to Eysenck, the big-five trait of extraversion may be a blend of which of the following temperaments? a.emotionality and sociability b.activity and emotionality c.activity and sociability d.none of the above

According to Eysenck, the resting levels of cerebral cortex activity among introverts are typically lower than those of extraverts.

According to Freud the mind consists of _________ regions. a.three b.four c.six d.two

According to Freud's "hydraulic model," trying to prevent a drive from being expressed weakens that drive.

According to Freud's "iceberg" metaphor, the unconscious is the tip of the iceberg.

Define fixation and identify two reasons that it occurs.

According to Freud, a child confronts a conflict at each of the first three psychosexual stages. If conflict is not well resolved, an excessive amount of libido becomes permanently fixed in that stage, a process called fixation. Less energy is then available for conflicts at later stages. Occurs for two reasons: (1) A person who is overly indulged in a stage may be reluctant to leave and move on; (2) a person whose needs are deeply frustrated cannot move on completely until needs are met.

According to Freud, adult personality is primarily determined by: a.experiences in adulthood. b.experiences in childhood. c.innate differences. d.difficulties of self-worth.

According to Freud, boys' desire to possess their mothers is known as the Electra complex.

According to Freud, castration anxiety causes young boys to identify with their mothers.

According to Freud, children have conflict at three psychosexual stages.

According to Freud, dreams have two types of content: manifest and latent.

According to Freud, each sexual drive is associated with a(n): a.particular forbidden behavior. b.erogenous zone. c.life instinct. d.oral fixation.

According to Freud, the _________ is where the core operations of personality take place. a.conscious b.preconscious c.unconscious d.libido

According to Freud, the best personality is one that is dominated by the: a.ego. b.id. c.super-ego. d.none of the above

According to Freud, the healthiest personality is one in which the ego is stronger than either id or superego.

According to Freud, the id operates by _________, while the ego operates by _________. a.secondary process, primary process b.primary process, secondary process c.reality, secondary process d.pleasure, primary process

According to Freud, unacceptable urges, feelings, and ideas reside in the: a.conscious. b.preconscious. c.unconscious. d.libido.

According to Freud, which defense mechanism reflects maturity? a.sublimation b.displacement c.altruism d.anticathexis

According to Gray, the behavioral inhibition system: a.is responsible for positive emotions. b.reacts to punishment and threat. c.organizes behavior in response to reward cues. d.is not linked to a particular part of the brain.

According to Kanfer and colleagues, therapy is: a.partly an effort to break down "automatic" human behavior. b.a dynamic feedback system. c.a series of stages. d.all of the above

According to Kanfer and his colleagues, therapy is partly an effort to break down controlled processing and replace it with automatic responses,.

According to Mischel and Shoda, traits are best characterized as: a.freestanding tendencies to act. b.having very little relation to behavior. c.patterns of links between situation and action. d.none of the above

According to Sheldon, each body characteristic reflects: a.an overemphasis on one of the layers of the embryo. b.the interaction between genetically-determined physiology and environmental pressure. c.brain-wave activity. d.hormone level fluctuations.

According to Taylor, the fight-or-flight response is not the only important response to stress. What are other important responses and why were they neglected for so long?

According to Taylor, other responses were neglected because research focused on men for whom the fight-or-flight response is quite strong. Taylor argues that the "tend-and-befriend" response is stronger in women. This response involves tending to offspring and forging social bonds with others.

According to Tolman: a.reward and punishment are not essential to learning. b.the information provided by reward and punishment is an important aspect of learning. c.reward and punishment draw attention to relevant aspects of a learning situation. d.all of the above

According to Zuckerman, people high in sensation seeking tend to have a difficult time: a.completing projects they start b.regulating their emotions. c.inhibiting behavior in the service of social adaptation. d.all of the above

According to Zuckerman, people who continually search for new, complex and exciting experiences are: a.extraverts. b.introverts. c.sensation seekers. d.sociopaths.

According to psychoanalytic therapy, _________ is a set of displacements. a.reaction formation b.behavior change c.resistance d.transference

According to research on delay of gratification in children, it is related to _________ in boys and _________ in girls. a.ability tocontrol emotional impulses, ability to concentrate b.ability toconcentrate, ability to control emotional impulses c.ability toconcentrate, intelligence d.resourcefulness, intelligence

According to sociobiologists, inclusive fitness explains why human beings are altruistic.

According to the evolutionary perspective on sex differences in mating tendencies, women are most jealous of _________ whereas men are most jealous of _________. a.emotional infidelity, sexual infidelity b.sexual infidelity, emotional infidelity c.emotional infidelity, emotional infidelity d.sexual infidelity, sexual infidelity

According to the self-regulation perspective, understanding how artificially intelligent agents accomplish tasks can teach us about how people do things.

According to the topographical model of the mind, the unconscious is not directly accessible to awareness.

gene expression

Activity in which the gene engages in the processes that create a protein.

Activity level consists of two aspects, vigor and tempo.

Actual retaliation produces a cathartic effect but symbolic retaliation does not

Adolescents high in agreeableness are: a.more likely to express an interest in joining fraternities/sororities. b.less likely to be victimized by peers. c.less likely to receive social support from family members. d.less likely to value tradition.

Adoption studies are a means of studying the effects of adoption on a child's psychological characteristics such as self-esteem.

After experiencing an interruption of action, Frank begins to consider how likely he is to reach his goal of finishing his term paper. If Frank has a positive expectancy, then we can expect him to: a.work on the paper with renewed effort. b.temporarily reduce his efforts towards the paper. c.temporarily stop working on the paper. d.permanently stop working on the paper.

After major heart surgery, pessimists are more depressed than optimists but are similar in terms of the likelihood that they will require rehospitalization.

After major heart surgery: a.optimists were more likely than pessimists to require hospitalization. b.pessimists were more likely than optimists to require hospitalization. c.optimists and pessimists were equally likely to require hospitalization. d.pessimists were more likely to require hospitalization if the procedure was mild; optimists were more likely to require hospitalization if the procedure was severe.

Concordance:

Agreement on some characteristic between a twin and a co-twin.

What two characteristics do all defense mechanisms share?

All defense mechanisms: (1) Can operate unconsciously; (2) distort, transform or falsify reality in one way or another.

All of the images used in the Rorschach inkblot test are asymmetrical.

All personality disorders are represented within the five-factor model.

All projective tests: a.involve stimuli for which there are no prescribed ways to respond. b.involve the construction of stories. c.require the choice of a preferred stimulus. d.rely on objective scoring methods.

Although there is good evidence for the heritability of the five personality dimensions in the West, there is no evidence that this holds cross-culturally.

Although they accomplish different goals, it is clear that the deliberative and implemental mindsets use the same regions of the brain to accomplish their functions.

Among a sample of men who had committed murder, those with higher testosterone levels were more: a.remorseful. b.likely to have killed strangers. c.likely to have committed the murder without planning ahead. d.none of the above

Among men, fixations that develop during the phallic stage may result in: a.seducing as many women as possible. b.career failure. c.fathering many children. d.all of the above

Identify three defense mechanisms and briefly describe how they operate.

Among the possibilities, (1) Repression: Process of keeping things out of consciousness; (2) Denial: Refusal to believe a threatening event exists or took place; reconstrual of the meaning of the event, so the threat is gone; (3) Projection: Ascribing your own unacceptable impulses, wishes and desires to someone else; (4) Rationalization: Finding a rational explanation (or excuse) for a behavior that was really done for unacceptable reasons; (5) Intellectualization: Tendency to think about threats in cold, analytical and detached terms; (6) Displacement: Shifting an impulse from one target to another; (7) Sublimation: Transforming the id impulse.

Briefly discuss two criticisms of the cognitive-self-regulation perspective.

Among the possibilities, (1) Some of those who speak from the cognitive self-regulation perspective take the computer metaphor very literally; but, knowing how a computer accomplishes something does not necessarily tell us anything about how people do the same thing; (2) Computers or robots cannot possibly serve as adequate models for human behavior, since both have limitations humans do not. For example, humans have free will and make their own decisions, while computers and robots rely on programs they have been given; (3) The cognitive approach, in particular, is little more than a transplanting of cognitive psychology into the subject matter of personality; (4) A model of human behavior based on feedback principles is merely a model of homeostasis ("steady state"). Such mechanisms make sense when talking about control over body temperature, etc.; but people rarely have behavioral goals that involve steady states; (5) The feedback approach fails to deal effectively with the homunculus problem (refers to a hypothetical tiny man who sits inside your head and tells you what to do). The question is, where do the highest-order goals come from; what tells the "little man" what to do? (6) The cognitive self-regulation perspective seems too mechanistic; too much a description from the outside looking in, with too little of the feel of what it means to be a person who has a personality.

An ability to delay gratification has been correlated with: a.certain aspects of intelligence. b.concern for achievement. c.concern for social responsibility. d.all of the above

Epigenetics

An effect that is not on DNA but affects DNA functioning and can be inherited.

Heritability:

An estimate of how much variance of some characteristic is accounted for by inheritance

Anabolic steroids are thought to produce aggressiveness and dominance.

Anal expulsive traits include hostility, cruelty, and stinginess.

Antidepressants like Prozac can help treat depression without influencing other aspects of people's personalities.

Antisocial personality has been hypothesized to result from possessing an overactive BAS.

Apoptosis refers to: a.the reversing of an anticathexis. b.displacement involving inanimate objects. c.gene-directed suicide. d.none of the above

Around 80% of people with bipolar disorder are responsive to lithium treatment.

As compared to introverts, extraverts need to receive more of a depressant drug to reach a given level of "unalertness."

As opposed to the fight-or-flight response identified in men, Taylor has argued that women respond to stress by: a.calming offspring and bonding with others. b.trying to avoid the situation causing the stress. c.becoming sexually aroused. d.all of the above

Assessment techniques, like EEG, can be used to determine whether people are dominated by incentive or avoidance motivation.

BAS sensitivity relates to learning both positive and negative outcomes.

Bandura argued that _________ is crucial to self-regulation: a.objective rewards b.social rewards c.self-rewards d.the presence of others

Barash has argued that the speed of cultural evolution relative to biological evolution has contributed to behavior problems.

Because the goal of psychoanalysis is insight, it is difficult to interpret findings that this type of therapy does not work

Behavioral genetics is the study of genetic influences on behavioral expression (F/113) 8. Identical twins are known as dizygotic twins. (T/113) 9. Opposite-sex twins are, by definition, dizygotic. (T/113) 10. Genetically, dizygotic twins are like any other pair of brothers, pair of sisters, or brother and sister. (F/113) 11. If two eggs are released from the mother's ovary and both are fertilized and develop simultaneously the result is monozygotic twins. (T/113, Box 6.1) 12. Kretschmer believed that people with different body types were susceptible to different kinds of disorders. (T/113, Box 6.1) 13. Sheldon believed that each somatotype reflected an overemphasis, during development, of one of the layers of the embryo. (F/113, Box 6.1) 14. Endomorphy reflects predominance of the skin and nervous system. (F/113, Box 6.1) 15. Viscerotonia is a temperament characterized by apprehensiveness, avoidance of social interaction, and physical and emotional restraint.

Behavioral signatures are patterns of links people have formed between situations and behaviors across time and experience.

Booth and Dabbs found that men with higher testosterone were: a.more likely to have married. b.less likely to have divorced. c.more likely to have engaged in extramarital sex and domestic abuse. d.all of the above

How is the BAS similar to extraversion? In what ways does BAS differ from extraversion?

Both BAS-impulsivity and extraversion incorporate incentive seeking and the tendency to experience positive emotions. Gray's BAS differs from the concept extraversion in two ways. First, unlike the concept extraversion, the BAS does not include a sociability component. Second, the BAS encompasses the notion of impulsivity, which the concept of extraversion does not.

Briefly describe how girls and boys resolve the conflict of the phallic stage (i.e.,the Oedipus and Electra complex, respectively). Then describe some of the implications of successfully resolving this conflict.

Boys resolve the Oedipus complex by identifying with their fathers. This serves several functions. First, it gives boys a protective collaboration with their fathers. Second, by identifying with desirable aspects of their fathers, boys reduce their ambivalence toward them. Thus, identification paves the way for the development of the superego. Finally, by identifying with their fathers, boys gain symbolic access to their mothers. Girls resolve the conflict of the phallic stage by identifying with their mothers. According to Freud, by identifying with their mothers, girls gain vicarious access to their fathers and increase the chance that they'll marry someone just like him.

Buss and Plomin proposed the three basic temperaments of neuroticism, sociability, and emotionality.

Describe the major difference between Cattell's and Eysenck's approaches to developing measures of personality.

Cattell used an empirical approach in which he collected ratings on a variety of trait words, factor analyzed them, and then named the factors that emerged. Eysenck started with well-developed ideas about which measures to include, factor analyzed them, and then named the factors that emerged.

Cattell used the _________ criterion for his factor analysis of personality dimensions. a.rational b.commonsense c.ubiquity d.lexical

Cattell's approach to understanding personality can best be described as: a.theoretical. b.rational. c.empirical. d.psychoanalytic.

Cattell's empirical work resulted in a personality scale which is called the: a.Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. b.16PF. c.Source Trait Inventory. d.MCMI.

Changes in the electrical activity that occurs in the brain can be obtained using: a. positron emission tomography (PET). b.an electroencephalogram (EEG). c.magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d.all of the above

Anabolic steroids:

Chemicals that mimic the body's tendency to rebuild muscle tissues.

Compared to Kretschmer's theory, Sheldon's theory concentrates more on: a.early childhood vulnerabilities. b.normal qualities of personality. c.gender differences in body type and personality. d.skeletal and muscular differences.

Compared to lower-level traits, superordinate traits seem to provide: a.more predictive power. b.less predictive power. c.about the same amount of predictive power. d. a more confusing depiction of the structure of personality.

Compared to same-sex siblings not similarly exposed, children exposed to a synthetic male hormone before birth: a.chose physical aggression more often in interpersonal conflict situations. b.chose verbal aggression more often in interpersonal conflict situations. c.were more likely to be clinically depressed. d.were unable to develop plans in low-level problem-solving situations.

Compared to those low in testosterone, prison inmates with higher levels were: a.better able to control their behavior and thus obey prison rules. b.less likely to have committed violent crimes. c.more dominant in prison. d.more likely to come from broken homes.

Compared to women, men are: a.less selective in their critieria for one-night stands. b.more interested in casual sex. c.more easily excited by visual erotica. d.all of the above

Compared to women, men are: a.more concerned about thoughts of sexual infidelity. b.more concerned about thoughts of emotional infidelity. c.equally concerned about sexual and emotional infidelity. d.none of the above

Compared with people lower in sensation seeking, sensation seekers are more likely to: a.be sexually responsive. b.use a variety of drugs. c.be dissatisfied in relationships. d.all of the above

Current research suggests Mischel's concern about the low correlation between personality traits and behavior may not be as big a problem as he believed.

Deficits in the effortful control system are related to more severe cases of anxiety but are unrelated to the severity of depression.

Deindividuation makes people more likely to: a.be aggressive. b.respond to dispositional cues rather than immediate cues. c.engage in responsible acts. d.all of the above

Delay of gratification in children is enhanced if they engage in distraction techniques.

Denial deals with threats from within whereas repression deals with threats from without.

Cattell believed that traits must be determined empirically. Cattell collected many different types of data, including lexical data, self-report questionnaire data, observer ratings, and objective behavioral data. He factor analyzed these various kinds of data and found that 16 dimensions constituted the primary traits in personality. In contrast, Eysenck believed that theorists should begin with well-developed ideas about the underlying variables they believe to be the most important, and then set out to measure these variables well. Eysenck based his ideas on the four types proposed by Hippocrates and Galen. He argued that these four types could be created by combining high and low levels of two supertraits, called introversion-extraversion and emotionality-stability.

Describe the major differences between Cattell's and Eysenck's approach to the identification of important personality traits.

Directional selection occurs when an intermediate value of some characteristic is more adaptive than the value at either end of the distribution.

Disengagement from a goal may be full or partial.

Disengagement from the effort to reach a personal goal is always maladaptive.

Dizygotic twins: a.share the same amount of genetic material as a pair of brothers/sisters. b.are the result of an unusual occurrence shortly after conception. c.develop from one fertilized egg. d.all of the above

Dopamine has been associated with: a.higher positive emotionality. b.greater social dominance. c.ability to shift goals flexibly. d.all of the above

Drives: a.are a combination of biological need and psychological representation. b.operate intermittently. c.become weaker when we prevent their expression. d.all of the above

During conditions of heightened self-attention behavior ought to become less closely regulated to the goal that is managing a person's behavior.

During the latency period sexual and aggressive drives become less active.

How does the quality of sexual gratification differ in the genital stage from previous stages?

Earlier attachments were narcissistic (child was interested only in her/his own sexual pleasure); other people were of interest only if they furthered child's own pleasure. In the genital stage, a desire to share mutual sexual gratification with someone else develops, and the individual becomes capable of loving others, not only for selfish reasons, but also for altruistic reasons.

Elements in the preconscious can be brought to awareness easily.

Emotional arousal makes both extraverts and introverts more outgoing.

Emotionality is defined by Buss and Plomin as the: a.tendency to experience positive emotion. b.tendency to experience disgust. c.tendency to become aroused easily. d.all of the above

Emotionality is the tendency to become aroused easily.

IDIOGRAPHIC (similar to idiosyncrasy):

Emphasizes that each person is unique, suggesting that some traits are possessed by only one person. Sometimes it is impossible to compare people because everyone is, in effect, on a different scale.

Enacting a program frees a person from making choices within a larger set of possibilities.

Endomorphy reflects predominance of the skin and nervous system.

Self-regulation is described as continuous and never-ending. Briefly explain why this is so.

Every change in output function creates a change in perceived present conditions, resulting in new input, which must then be checked against the reference value. In addition, most behavioral reference values are dynamic and change over time. Thus, there is a continuous interplay between adjusting one's action and moving forward to the next phase of a continually evolving goal.

Evidence for the heritability of the five personality dimensions is consistent across all of the traits.

Evidence suggests that the two sides of the cerebral cortex are: a.equivalently connected in women and men. b.more richly connected in women than men at birth, but equivalently connected in women and men in adulthood. c.more richly connected in men than women. d.more richly connected in women than men.

Stabilizing selection:

Evolution in which intermediate values of a dimension are most adaptive.

Directional selection:

Evolution in which one extreme of a dimension is more adaptive than the other.

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for some of its political and social implications.

Exposure to a dominant man does nothing to affect women's commitment if they are already in a relationship.

Exposure to some kinds of hormones before birth can lead children to say they will respond with more aggression in hypothetical situations.

Extraversion appears related to the: a.behavioral inhibition system. b.avoidance system. c.withdrawal system. d.none of the above

Extraversion is related to valuing: a.achievement. b.tradition. c.benevolence. d.all of the above

Extraverts look for stimulation to increase arousal levels.

Extraverts seek out social interaction to avoid becoming overstimulated.

Eysenck argued that the intensified emotional arousal associated with neuroticism: a.makes extraverts less extraverted. b.makes introverts less introverted. c.makes extraverts more extraverted and introverts more introverted. d.does not interact with extraversion or introversion.

Eysenck believed that: a.extraversion and neuroticism have roots in nervous system functioning. b.there are four dimensions underlying behavior. c.there is one dimension underlying behavior. d.extraversion and introversion are the top two dimensions in the hierarchy forming personality.

Eysenck has found high concordance rates in identical twins for alcoholism.

Eysenck has suggested that extraversion may be a blend of sociability and activity.

Eysenck suggests that differences between introverts and extraverts are based on differences in: a.exposure to hormones prior to birth. b.cerebral cortex activation. c.how parents respond to young infants. d.endocrine functioning.

Eysenck ultimately included impulsiveness in _________, because it consistently related better to it than did _________. a.extraversion; psychoticism b.psychoticism; extraversion c.negative emotionality; sensation-seeking d.sensation-seeking; negative emotionality

Factor analysis: a.provides a way to analyze qualitative data. b.is useful only when dealing with self-reports. c.represents a technique for identifying underlying dimensions. d.directs you to collect data of a certain type.

Factors derived from factor analysis may themselves be interrelated. When such factors are themselves factor analyzed, the resulting factors are called: a.basic factors. b.primary factors. c.second-order factors. d.cardinal factors.

Failure to disengage from goals can lead to continuing distress.

Feedback loops play a role in _________ motivations. a.approach but not avoidance b.avoidance but not approach c.approach and avoidance d.neither approach nor avoidance

Fifty percent of identical twins of people diagnosed with schizophrenia also have schizophrenia.

Describe the three major goals of the superego.

First, the superego tries to inhibit completely any id impulse that would be frowned on by society. Second, it tries to motivate the ego to act morally rather than rationally. Third, it tries to guide the person toward absolute perfection in thought, word, and deed.

Identify three major criticism of the trait approach.

First, the trait approach has been criticized for having little to say about how personality works (intrapersonal functioning). Second, trait theories often resort to circular explanations to deal with causality. Forth, the trait approach has been criticized for being somewhat arbitrary about what personality dimensions are important to measure. Finally, the trait approach is criticized because, unlike what is assumed by trait theories, people's behavior does not always display consistency.

Following sexual intercourse, testosterone levels: a.rise for both men and women. b.fall for both men and women. c.rise for men but fall for women. d.rise for women but fall for men.

Forming an intention to act involves a(n): a.decisive mindset. b.automatic mindset. c.implemental mindset. d.deliberative mindset.

dizygotic (DZ) twins (fraternal twins)

Fraternal twins (overlapping genetically 50%, on average).

Freud believed that latent dream content derives from: a.nocturnal sensory stimulation. b.current concerns of waking life. c.repressed id impulses. d.all of the above

Freud believed that memory lapses and slips of speech reflect a person's true desires.

Freud deliberately chose terms that would have no pre-existing meaning for people so that he could define them without the influence of prior associations.

Freud felt that sublimation reflects a lack of maturity.

Freud felt that the unconscious mind was also responsible for ordinary memory.

Freud has been criticized for defining concepts ambiguously.

Freud is considered the father of personality psychology because his theory is more accurate than other perspectives.

Freud referred to the death instinct as Thanatos.

Freud thought that traits such as optimism and pessimism develop in the oral incorporative phase.

Freud used the term _________ to refer to the psychic energy of the life instincts. a.libido b.hedonistic power c.Thanatos d.none of the above

Freud viewed human behavior as highly symbolic.

Freud's structural model posits four aspects of personality.

From an evolutionary perspective, the adaptive nature of dominance and aggressiveness in males: a. is staying about the same. b.is increasing. c.is decreasing. d.cannot be known.

From an interactionist perspective, susceptibility to a particular personality problem means that: a.one has the problem. b. one has family members with the problem. c. there is nothing one can do to avoid developing the problem. d. the problem occurs more easily for one person than for another.

From the cognitive self-regulation perspective, assessment should emphasize: a.the use of a "first to mind" instructional set. b.measuring the content of personality via traits. c.measuring individual differences in self-regulatory functions. d.none of the above

Galen added to Hippocrates' four personality types the idea that: a.there were two additional types. b.the personality types could be combined. c.the personality types could not be combined. d.each type reflect an excess of some bodily fluid.

Galen added to Hippocrates' ideas by arguing that each personality "type" reflects an excess of some bodily fluid.

Gene expression is the term used to describe the process of genes creating protein.

Genetic competition does not play a role in violence within families.

Genetically, dizygotic twins are like any other pair of brothers, pair of sisters, or brother and sister.

Gordon Allport argued that people who have traits tend to have those traits aroused in all situations.

Hans Eysenck made one of the first modern attempts to link personality with biology.

What are the implications of mapping the human genome for dealing with disease?

Having a map of the human genome will make it easier to locate the genes that cause a specific disorder. People could be warned if they carry a gene for a disorder they might pass on to a child. Extensive "gene therapy" could actually alter genetic instructions to eliminate defects. In addition, by permitting identification of a person's genetic weaknesses, a map of the genome will usher in a new era of preventive medicine, which will dramatically change the way we deal with disease.

How is use of anabolic steroids related to behavior?

Heavy use of steroids can result in: (1) powerful, irrational bursts of anger, (2) manic symptoms, and (3) depressive symptoms during steroid withdrawal. Animal research indicates that use of steroids during adolescence can create permanent aggressive tendencies that persist after steroid use is ceased.

reciprocal altruism

Helping others with the expectation the help will be returned.

Heredity does not appear to influence how much social support people have.

Higher BAS sensitivity relates to higher resting levels in the left prefrontal cortex.

Higher dopamine levels are associated with: a.greater ability to focus on one goal. b.ability to hold larger amounts of information in working memory. c.lesser social dominance. d.all of the above

Hippocrates proposed _________ personality types. a.4 b.6 c.8 d.10

Hippocrates proposed that there were 12 different personality types.

How are traits and typologies different from one another? a.Traits refer to the whole person whereas typologies refer to specific aspects of the person. b.Traits are seen as varying on a continuum whereas typologies put people in distinct categories. c.Traits are changeable whereas typologies are fixed. d.They are not different; traits and typologies are two words for the same phenomenon.

IUSS is related to a focus on the long-term rather than short-term consequences of behavior.

Monozygotic (MZ) twins:

Identical twins (overlapping genetically 100%).

Identical twins are known as dizygotic twins.

Identical twins are the result of two eggs being fertilized at the same time.

Identifying an action in _________ terms makes it easier to disregard immediate outcomes. a.low-level b.high-level c.impulsive d.restrained

Identifying an action in high-level terms makes it easier to disregard immediate outcomes.

If a person has a chronically high serotonin level, receptors will adjust to become less sensitive.

If dizygotic twins think they are monozygotic twins: a.they are more resentful of their siblings. b.they are less resentful of their siblings. c.they are more like their siblings. d.they are less like their siblings.

If heredity is REALLY important, then: a.fraternal twins should be more similar than identical twins if they have been raised apart. b.identical twins raised apart should be nearly as similar as identical twins raised together. c.fraternal twins raised apart should be more similar than identical twins raised together. d.there should be no differences between identical twins and fraternal twins raised together.

If insulted, men from the American North have stronger testosterone responses than men from the American South.

If the correlation for a given personality trait in a set of same-sex fraternal twins is .25 and the correlation for that same personality trait is .75 in a set of identical twins, we can assume the heritability estimate is approximately: a..50 b..25 c.1.00 d.none of the above

If two eggs are released from the mother's ovary and both are fertilized and develop simultaneously the result is monozygotic twins.

In Freud's "iceberg" analogy, the _________ represents the tip of the iceberg. a.libido b.conscious c.unconscious d.ego

In Freud's view, unconscious material emerges through free association in a: a.literal form. b.symbolic form. c.repressed form. d.sexual form.

In Powers' system, principles tend to correspond to: a.genes. b.neurons. c.traits. d.personality types.

In Simon's view emotions are an internal call to change priorities.

In a means-end analysis, one: a.tries to focus on the different outcomes that could occur. b.tries to think of actions that will reduce the difference between one's present state and one's desired state. c.attempts to combine more restricted subgoals into large-scale goals. d.decides whether the end justifies the means.

In addition to research using parent ratings, adoption research has also supported the notion that temperaments are genetically influenced.

In an adoption study, resemblances are measured between the adopted child and: a.the biological parent. b.the biological parent and siblings (if any). c.the adoptive parent and siblings (if any). d.both biological parent and adoptive parent.

In computer-aided assessment techniques like PET and MRI, different colors are used to represent: a. different levels of brain activity. b.different types of brain waves. c.the presence of different neurotransmitters. d.different brain regions.

In discussing physical makeup, psychologists early in the last century meant physique whereas now they mean genetics.

How have antidepressants (such as SSRIs) changed the way some people view personality?

In lifting the depressed mood, the drugs also seem to change people's personalities with just slight alterations in brain chemistry. It seems that personality may not be something that simply resides fixed and stable within people. Rather, personality may be a function of the biological processes that also contribute to psychological symptoms.

In one study, experimentally lowering serotonin levels led to: a.decreased hostility in everybody. b.increased hostility in everybody. c.decreased hostility for those already high in aggressiveness and no change for those low in aggressiveness. d.increased hostility for those already high in aggressiveness and no change for those low in aggressiveness.

In reading Freud it is clear when his work ought to be taken metaphorically and when it ought to be taken literally

In studies of drug effects on introverts, they: a.were less responsive to stimulants and depressants than were extraverts. b.needed more of a depressant drug to reach a level "unalertness" than did extraverts. c.needed more of a stimulant to reach a given level of arousal than did extraverts. d.none of the above

In terms of assessment, the biological orientation to personality is most similar to the: a.psychodynamic perspective. b.learning perspective. c.trait perspective. d.phenomenological perspective.

In the competition for mates, Buss found that women tend to: a.play hard to get. b.enhance their physical appearance. c.are drawn to cues regarding availability of resources. d.all of the above

In the competition for mates, Buss reports clear cultural differences in what attracts males and females.

In the first half of the twentieth century, physical makeup referred to _________, whereas now it refers to _________. a.genes, physique b.physique, genes c.genes, brain processes d.brain processes, genes

In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts between the id, ego, and superego are an intrinsic part of life

In the short term, disclosing trauma seems to relieve distress but, in the long term, tends to lead to health problems.

In therapy, resistance can be unconscious but not conscious.

In typologies proposed by Hippocrates and Galen, sanguine people were thought to be: a.optimistic. b.irritable. c.depressed. d.calm.

Inability to delay gratification has been correlated with: a.concern about achievement. b.greater satisfaction of urges. c.use of marijuana in high school students. d.all of the above

Incentives and positive feelings lead to: a.more right prefrontal cortex activity. b.less right prefrontal cortex activity. c.more left prefrontal cortex activity. d.less left prefrontal cortex activity.

Temperaments:

Inherited traits that appear early in life.

Intellectualization allows one to think about threatening things without the feelings that would normally be associated them.

Intelligence has the qualities that Buss and Plomin use to define temperaments.

Intentions to act are based on personal attitudes and NOT subjective norms.

Interruptions in the self-regulation of behavior: a.are always brief. b.are an indication of psychological disorder. c.lead people to assess how likely they are to reach their goals. d.are the result of negative emotions.

Introverts are characterized by a: a.preference for lower levels of stimulation. b.base level of lower cortical arousal. c.lower degree of alertness. d.all of the above

Introverts require more stimulants to reach a given level of arousal.

According to Eysenck, what happens when neuroticism combines with introversion?

Introverts, being cortically more aroused, are easily conditioned. If they are also very reactive emotionally, they have many opportunities for conditioning, and thus many instances of conditioning. During socialization, conditioning often involves punishment and frustration. Therefore, emotions conditioned in are mostly unpleasant, leading to conditioned anxiety and depression. Thus, emotional introverts should be susceptible to psychological disorders of anxiety and depression.

It has been argued that Eysenck's dimension of psychoticism is a blend of: a.extraversion and agreeableness. b.neuroticism and agreeableness. c.agreeableness and conscientiousness. d.neuroticism and conscientiousness.

Kicking one's dog because one is angry at a romantic partner would be an example of projection.

Kretschmer believed that people with different body types were susceptible to different kinds of disorders.

Kretschmer examined the relationship between physique and: a.body type. b.physical sensitivity. c.psychological disorders. d.bodily humors.

Lower levels in Powers' hierarchy system may sometimes be functionally superordinate over higher levels.

MAO is related to passivity.

Testosterone:

Male sex hormone that influences a wide range of behaviors.

Manifest content refers to the unconscious thoughts and feelings behind a dream.

Many found Freud's emphasis on sexuality shocking at the time of his writings.

Mary Rothbart and colleagues proposed three different temperaments: approach, avoidance, and effortful control.

assortative mating

Mating based on choice of specific characteristics rather than random.

Men and women have very similar needs in communication.

Explain the different circumstances for which men and women experience jealousy. Why do these differences exist (from an evolutionary psychology viewpoint)?

Men are more jealous about acts of sexual infidelity because it is evolutionarily important for men to be concerned about paternity so that they are not supporting someone else's children. Women are more jealous about acts of emotional infidelity because women are theoretically more concerned with whether the man will be there to support her and her children.

Men fixated in the phallic stage may seduce many women to demonstrate that they haven't been castrated.

Men tend to _________ cues from potential mates in terms of implying sexual interest; women tend to _________ cues from potential mates in terms of commitment levels. a.overinterpret, overinterpret b.underinterpret, underinterpret c.underinterpret, overinterpret d.overinterpret, underinterpret

Mental errors that reflect unconscious desires are called: a.concealers. b. parapraxes. c.displacers. d.anapraxes.

Methylation: a.affects gene expression. b.can be affected by stress. c.can be affected by diet. d.all of the above

Military veterans higher in testosterone were more likely to have: a.gone AWOL while in the military. b.assaulted other adults. c.abused alcohol and other drugs. d.all of the above

Mischel argued that traits are: a.strong predictors of behavior. b.modest predictors of behavior. c.unrelated to behavior. d. only strongly predictive of behavior when biology is accounted for.

Molecular genetics researchers suggest that, in terms of genes contributing to personality, effects are likely due to: a.single genes exerting large effects. b.multiple genes, each exerting large effects. c.singles genes exerting small effects. d.singles genes, each exerting small effects.

Monoamine oxidase has been linked to: a.sensation-seeking. b.dominance. c.drunk driving. d.all of the above

Monozygotic twins are 100% alike genetically.

Choose two traits from the five-factor model of personality and describe how they relate to the different temperament categories.

NEUROTICISM: same concept as the temperament of emotionality. EXTRAVERSION: linked to sociability and activity level. AGREEABLENESS: has overtones of sociability CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: partly defined by lack of impulsiveness. OPENNESS or INTELLECT: linked with intelligence.

Neurobiological evidence suggests that the social incentive and threat systems overlap entirely with the more general approach and avoidance systems.

Neurons that are active both when an action is being watched and when the action is being performed are called: a.mimicry neurons. b.mirror neurons. c.reflective neurons. d.dual-process neurons.

Neurotic anxiety arises from a real danger in the world.

Neuroticism is highly similar to the temperaments of: a.emotionality and avoidance. b.emotionality and need for intimacy. c.emotionality and dependence. d.none of the above

Nomothemic trait theorists believe all of the following EXCEPT that: a.all people have a unique combination of trait levels. b.given traits do not interact with one another. c.any particular trait dimension is the same from one person to another. d.knowing a person's profile gives a sense of what the person is like and how they will behave in a variety of situations.

Norepinepherine is produced when a person is calm.

Of men who have committed murder, those with higher testosterone levels were more likely to have killed a stranger.

One function of the ego is to delay discharge of the id's tension.

One reason that psychoanalysis has enjoyed enduring popularity is that the ideas have an intuitive appeal

Openness to experience is related to all of the following EXCEPT: a.greater sexual satisfaction in marriage. b.artistic expression. c.fewer prior arrests among prisoners. d.more favorable inter-racial attitudes.

Opposite-sex twins are, by definition, dizygotic.

Optimism, trust, and dependency are associated with which psychosexual stage? a.oral incorporative stage b.oral sadistic stage c.anal retentive stage d.anal expulsive stage

Optimists deal better with stress than pessimists, even for events as severe as experiencing missile attacks.

Orality is thought to be related to: a.less self-disclosure. b.need to nurture others. c.reluctance to volunteer for interpersonal tasks. d.all of the above

Over a two-week period, higher serotonin levels were associated with: a.higher levels of both positive and negative feelings. b.lower levels of both positive and negative feelings. c.higher levels of positive feelings and lower levels of negative feelings. d.lower levels of positive feelings and higher levels of negative feelings.

Overt aggressiveness in females does not confer an advantage and may even confer a disadvantage

Oxytocin appears to be involved in mother-infant bonding but not social bonding more generally.

Parent ratings of Buss's and Plomin's temperaments for their twins are: a. weakly correlated for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. b.strongly correlated for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. c.strongly correlated for monozygotic twins, but virtually uncorrelated for dizygotic twins. d.weakly correlated for monozygotic twins, but virtually uncorrelated for dizygotic twins.

Participants without psychological disorders demonstrated increased positive affect after being given Prozac for four weeks.

Penis envy is the counterpart of: a.repression. b.castration anxiety. c.anitcathexis. d.ego-ideal. e.anal fixation.

Penis envy is the female counterpart of castration anxiety in boys.

People characterized by a lot of oral imagery are somewhat reluctant to volunteer for interpersonal tasks.

People nonconsciously mimic the gestures but not the posture of interaction partners.

People who are high in self-consciousness appear more random in their behavior than people low in self-consciousness.

Describe three ways in which high and low sensation seekers have been found to differ.

People who are high in sensation seeking are continually in search of new, complex, varied, exciting, and often arousing experiences. Compared with people lower on this dimension, sensation seekers are: (1) faster drivers; (2) more likely to use various drugs; (3) more likely to engage in high-risk sports such as sky-diving. (NOTE: See page 147-148 of the text for additional differences.)

People who read words pertaining to stereotypes of the elderly walk away more slowly from the experimental context.

People with reactive inhibition systems are highly sensitive to _________ cues. a.affective b.intangible c.positive d.threat

People without disorders who took SSRIs for four weeks reported less hostility and negativity.

Permanently investing an excessive amount of libido in a particular stage of psychosexual development is called: a.regression. b.repression. c.fixation. d.retroaction.

Powers proposed that _________ resemble scripts, whereas _________ concepts are broad guidelines for behavior. a.principles, program b.programs, system c.programs, principle d.principles, system

Powers proposed that principles specify overriding qualities of behavior that can be displayed in a number of different ways.

Powers suggests that higher-order or superordinate systems: a.provide reference values to feedback systems immediately below them on the hierarchy. b.physically act as behavioral output. c.control the movement of muscle groups. d.regulate input of perceptual information.

Priming studies have shown that activating stereotypes of the elderly made it: a.more likely that people would say negative things about the elderly in a subsequent interview. b.less likely that people would report strong fondness for their own grandparents. c.more likely that people would walk more slowly upon leaving the experiment. d.all of the above

Private self-consciousness refers to: a.the tendency to become embarrassed in social situations. b.the tendency to keep to oneself. c.one's "possible selves." d.the tendency to be self-reflective.

Problems in behavior sometimes arise because of the inability to disengage from goals.

Problems in behavioral regulation often arise when an individual lacks the programs to achieve abstract goals like "being liked."

Problems in self-management often arise because: a.there is conflict between goals. b.there are some goals from which complete disengagement is not feasible. c.people sometimes lack the concrete knowledge needed to attain more abstract goals. d.all of the above

Programs, proposed by Powers, operate similarly to scripts.

Projective tests are a formal means of assessing unconscious processes

Projective tests rely on the defense mechanism of projection.

Prozac is just one example of a class of antidepressants called: a.neuropeptides. b.MAO inhibitors. c.beta-blockers. d.selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Psychoanalytic theory is most strongly associated with the work of: a.Helmholtz. b.Freud. c.Adler. d.Cattell.

Psychologists were surprised when it was reported that the correlation coefficients between trait self-reports and actual behavior were around: a.0.0 b.0.1 c.0.3 d.0.6

Puberty begins during which psychosexual stage? a.genital stage b.latency period c.phallic stage d.none of the above

Reality anxiety reflects a fear that unconscious id impulses will get out of control and result in punishment.

Recent evidence suggests that _________ has all the characteristics Buss and Plomin use to define temperaments. a.hostility b.intelligence c.conscientiousness d.greediness

Recent research has indicated that _________ personality disorders are represented within the five-factor model. a.all b.most c.very few d.no

Recent research indicates the BAS may be based in the right frontal cortex.

Recent research on sexually involved couples indicated that genetically similar couples: a.were less likely to get divorced. b.were more likely to get married. c.were more likely to have reproduced. d.all of the above

Relative to extraverts, introverts have _________ levels of cortical arousal. a.higher b.lower c.similar d.more fluctuating

Repression is the central defense mechanism in Freud's theory.

Research has found that parent ratings of the temperaments were strongly correlated for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Research has identified a particular gene that is associated with alcohol cravings after consuming a small amount.

Research has shown that there is a genetic component to schizophrenia.

Research indicates that setting more difficult goals for oneself: a.results in higher performance. b.is likely to result in earlier withdrawal of effort. c.leads to lower performance than the goal of "doing your best." d.all of the above

Research links sensitivity of GABA receptors to neuroticism.

Research on adults suggests that sex hormones influence sexual but not social behavior.

Research on automaticity has revealed that: a.activation can spread from memory to goals and behavior. b.goals can be activated without conscious awareness. c.people unintentionally mimic the postures and gestures of interaction partners. d.all of the above

Research on delay of gratification has found that delay can be enhanced if the: a.desired object is placed in front of the child. b.child engages in distraction techniques. c.child is punished for touching the desired object. d.child focuses on the desired reward.

Research on hormones and behavior suggests that early exposure to masculinizing hormones can affect the: a.development of verbal skills later in life. b.type of toys that children chose to play with years later. c.development of interpersonal skills during adolescence. d. none of the above

Research on monkeys has revealed connections between dopamine to social dominance.

Researchers have not yet found a genetic component to bipolar disorder.

Resistance: a.can occur both consciously and unconsciously. b.is the struggle against becoming aware of repressed impulses. c.is often a sign that a person is close to revealing something important. d.all of the above

Risk of divorce is related to heredity.

Rushton's genetic similarity theory suggests that: a.people will be more attracted to those who resemble them genetically. b.same-sex pairs do not contribute to gene reproduction. c.altruism toward one's kinship group is maladaptive. d.opposites attract.

What is the basic difference between the situationist view and the interactionist view?

SITUATIONIST: Situational variables matter more than personality variables in determining how people act. INTERACTIONIST: Personality traits and situations interact to influence behavior.

Second-order factoring is used to determine: a.if the results from one factor analysis can be repeated. b.whether the factors that emerge from an initial factor analysis form factors (i.e., correlate in clusters). c.if factors determined in an initial factor analysis can be broken down further. d.all of the above

Genomics

See molecular genetics.

Self-directed attention is thought to engage the comparator of the feedback loop that is managing a person's behavior.

Self-directed attention is thought to engage: a.the negative feedback loop. b.the reference value. c.social comparison. d.the comparator.

Sensation seekers are characterized by their search for new and exciting experiences.

Serious obstacles to goal-attainment cause people to interrupt their behavior and engage in an outcome assessment process.

Setting high goals does not appear to influence performance.

Sexual desires become more narcissistic during the genital stage.

Sheldon believed that each somatotype reflected an overemphasis, during development, of one of the layers of the embryo.

Simon argued that emotions play a relatively meaningless role in information processing.

Simon has suggested that _________ constitute a call for possible goal reprioritization. a.emotions b.automatic thoughts c.assessment processes d.reference values

Single-gene discoveries have found genetic influences for: a.novelty-seeking. b.neuroticism. c.agreeableness. d.all of the above

Situations in which individual differences can be expressed easily are termed: a. malleable situations. b. strong situations. c.weak situations. d.expressive situations.

Sociobiologists explain altruism by invoking the concept of: a.docility. b.inclusive fitness. c.imprinting. d.moral exclusivity.

Sociobiology has been criticized for not having enough theory to explain relevant data.

Some data have indicated that the Rorschach is better at identifying depression than the MMPI-2

Some researchers prefer to use the term _________ for qualities Cattell labeled as culture. a.sociability b.intellect c.eagerness d.enthusiasm

Successful negotiation of the genital stage is marked by: a.guilt-free autoeroticism. b.the ability to use one's own narcissism in a constructive way. c.the ability to share with others, and to be concerned with their welfare. d.none of the above

Taylor argues that men and women differ in their responses to stress because of a difference in: a.the way in which men and women are socialized. b.evolutionary pressures. c.social norms for men and women. d.testosterone levels.

Candidate gene strategy:

Testing specific genes because evidence links them to particular biological processes and theory links those processes to personality.

Testosterone levels drop following: a.successful competition. b.a failure or humiliation experience. c.sexual intercourse. d.all of the above

Testosterone levels stay relatively constant over time and situations.

The BAS is an avoidance-based system, responsive to cues of punishment.

The BAS is thought to be responsible for many kinds of positive emotions.

The ability to effectively handle the demands of the id, the superego, and external reality is known as: a.delaying gratification. b.ego ideal. c.ego strength. d.sublimation.

The analysis of variance model derived from lab research has the problem of neglecting the idea that: a.people actively choose the situations they want to enter. b.situations elicit different responses from different people. c. people behave similarly across different situations. d.all of the above

The aspect of the superego that punishes behavior is the conscience.

Methylation

The attachment of methyl chemical groups to a gene or surrounding material.

The attempt to relate differences in gene locations with other differences in persons is called: a.quantitative genetics. b.molecular genetics. c.bio-behavioral genetics. d.none of the above

The attempt to understand psychopathology from a trait perspective is largely an attempt to: a. understand the underlying dynamics of the individual. b.determine indicators that are associated with a given class of problems. c.look at biological vulnerabilities or susceptibilities. d.none of the above

The avoidance system creates anxiety in response to punishment cues.

The avoidance system links most easily to which of the following traits? a.extraversion b.openness to experience c.agreeableness d.neuroticism

The basic assumption of twin studies is that both identical and fraternal twins who are raised together are exposed to essentially the same life experiences.

Briefly discuss the implications of interactionism for understanding personality problems.

The basic idea in interactionism is that individual differences are important in some situations but not in others. Think of traits as a vulnerability or susceptibility to a particular problem, i.e., the problem occurs more easily for one person than another. In terms of interactionism, there are situations where susceptibility matters, and others where it does not.

The basic template for the development of the human body is male.

The basic template for the development of the human body is: a.female. b.male. c.both male and female. d.androgynous.

The behavioral approach system or BAS: a.is involved with approach tendencies. b.moves the person toward desired incentives. c.is responsible for creating positive emotions. d.all of the above

The behavioral inhibition system is implicated in anxiety, fear, and guilt.

The behavioral inhibition system is involved in learning positive but not negative outcomes.

The behavioral inhibition system is: a.responsible for feelings of anxiety. b.responsible for positive affect. c.associated with "approach" responses. d.intimately linked with the neurotransmitter dopamine.

The behavioral inhibition system reacts to punishments and threats.

Polymorphism:

The characteristic of having more than one allele for a given gene.

The cognitive self-regulation perspective argues that therapy should be directed toward making the individual a better problem solver.

The cognitive self-regulation perspective has been criticized because: a.robots have limitations people do not have. b.it fails to account for homeostasis. c.it only solves the homunculus problem. d.all of the above

The concept of emotionality is most similar to the big five trait of: a.extraversion. b.neuroticism. c.openness. d.agreeableness.

The concordance rate for schizophrenia among identical twins is _________; among fraternal twins, it is _________. a.20%, 12% b.35%, 35% c.50%, 9% d.75%, 20%

The current sociobiological view is that aggression: a.is part of human nature, expressed indiscriminately. b.is both a male and a female phenomenon. c.results from sexual selection pressures. d.all of the aboved

The desire on the part of boys to possess their mothers and replace their fathers is termed: a.Oedipal displacement. b.repressive sublimation. c.the Electra complex. d.the Oedipus complex.

The diathesis-stress model looks exclusively at behavior problems as arising from conflicts expressed early in childhood.

The dimensions that emerge from a factor analysis are called: a.factors. b.loadings. c.extractions. d.analyses.

The easiest psychological problem to link to problems with the approach/avoidance system is: a.anxiety. b.depression. c.phobias. d.antisocial personality.

The ego exists in a world of its own, with no rules beyond the pleasure principle.

The ego functions through secondary process.

The ego ideal is the aspect of the superego that punishes bad behavior

The ego is described as having a subordinate role in Freud's structural model.

The ego operates at all three levels of consciousness, while the superego operates at the preconscious and unconscious levels.

The ego's attempt to find a match between the image of a tension-reducing object and a real perception of that object is known as: a.primary process. b.secondary process. c.ego search. d.none of the aboveu

The emerging consensus among researchers is that there are _________ basic personality traits. a.3 b.5 c.10 d.25

The energy lost if a person is engaged in frequent repression is a source of psychological problems according to psychoanalytic theory.

The energy of the life instincts is known as libido.

The environment affects twins' personality primarily by making them different from one another.

The enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been found to be associated with sensation seeking.

The expectancy concept represents a link between the: a.psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives. b.personal construct and cognitive perspectives. c.biological and cognitive perspectives. d.social learning and cognitive perspectives.

The fact that people often use verbal "hedges" when describing someone's personality indicates that they: a. are less confident in their judgments than are psychologists. b. don't really know other people. c. believe that traits may be reflected in only particular kinds of situations. d. don't believe that personality is related to behavior.

The fact that self-reports are not highly correlated with behavior may merely reflect the fact that multiple factors influence behavior in a given situation.

The feedback loop idea has the implication that: a.self-regulation is a discontinuous process. b.self-regulation does not rely on inputs to the system. c.behavior is purposeful. d.all of the above

Describe the major elements of the feedback loop and how they operate to control behavior.

The feedback loop's input function is its perception of the way things are. The comparator checks this perception against a reference value, assessing whether the perception and reference value are the same or not. If they are NOT the same, the result is an output (or a change in output). The output is aimed at reducing the discrepancy between perception and reference value.

The functions of the superego include: a.inhibiting id impulses. b.compelling the ego to act morally. c.guiding one toward absolute perfection. d.all of the above

The general idea that people choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics is called assortative mating.

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is insight.

Briefly explain what a heritability estimate represents.

The heritability estimate represents the amount of variance in a trait that is accounted for by inheritance. It can be considered an index of the genetic influence on a personality trait. The higher the heritability estimate, the stronger the evidence that genes matter.

Briefly describe the difference between the pleasure principle and the reality principle.

The id conforms to the pleasure principle: The idea that all needs should be satisfied immediately. It does not restrict in any way how needs are to be gratified; just specifies that needs should be met immediately. The ego conforms to the reality principle: The idea that behavior must take into account the state of the external world, rather than just internal needs and urges. Reality principle introduces rationality into behavior, i.e., if the risks of a course of action seem too high, you will find another way to meet the need. If that is not possible, you will delay gratification to a later, safer, more sensible time.

The id operates according to the reality principle.

The id satisfies needs through the primary process.

The idea of feedback control implies that self-regulation is never ending.

The idea that people are different in important ways goes back to at least: a.400 BC. b.200 AD. c.1800 AD. d.1880 AD.

The idea that people choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics is called: a.directional selection. b.assortative mating. c.selective mating. d.intuitive mating.

The idea that people have both high and low level goals is captured by the: a.feedback hierarchy. b.feedback loop. c.cascading loop. d.none of the above

Genetic similarity theory:

The idea that people work toward reproducing genes similar to their own.

The idea that personality can best be explained by considering the combination of settings and people is called: a.environmentalism. b.interactionism. c.trait behaviorism. d.situationism.

The idea that situational variables are more important than personality variables in determining how people act is termed: a.environmentalism. b.interactionism. c.Mischelianism. d.situationism.

The idea that the purpose of life is the immediate satisfaction of one's needs is known as the: a.pleasure principle. b.reality principle. c.gratification principle. d.none of the above

The idea that traits exist and have the same meaning in everyone is consistent with the _________ approach to personality. a. nomothetic b.commonality c. idiographic d.implicit

The idiographic view emphasizes that: a.most people have many things in common. b.when two people both possess a trait, that tends to mean the same thing. c.a trait may be possessed by only one person. d.none of the above

The implementation intention is the intention to take specific actions when encountering specific circumstances.

The intention to reach a particular outcome is called a goal intention.

The interaction between genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia and an environmental context that touches it off resembles the _________ model. a.cross-over b.inclusive fitness c.heritability d.diathesis-stress

The largest disagreement about a label for one of the personality factors deals with: a.extraversion. b.openness to experience. c.conscientiousness. d.neuroticism.

The latency period is characterized by: a.a period of relative calm. b.narcissistic sexual attachments. c.battles over toilet training. d.none of the above

The long allele on DRD4, a gene related to measures of reward seeking, has been linked to: a.alcoholism but not heroin addition. b.heroin addition but not alcoholoism. c.both alocholism and heroin addition. d.none of the above, it is only related to schizophrenia

The majority of behavioral genetics research on problem behavior has focused on: a.alcoholism and schizophrenia. b.schizophrenia and biplar disorder. c.depression and alcoholism. d.bipolar disorder and alcoholism.

The mere presence of women tends to lead men to flex their muscles, brag about earning capacity, and display expensive items.

Behavioral avoidance system and behavioral inhibition system activity are thought to be tied to differences in biological functioning. What neurotransmitters are thought to be closely linked with behavioral avoidance system and behavioral inhibition system functioning?

The neurotransmitter dopamine appears critically involved in the functioning of the system that engages the pursuit of incentives (behavioral avoidance system). In contrast, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are thought to mediate behavioral inhibition system functioning.

Behavioral approach system (BAS):

The part of the brain that regulates pursuit of incentives.

Avoidance or withdrawal system:

The part of the brain that regulates responses to punishment.

Genotype:

The particular version of a gene that a given person or group has.

Inclusive fitness:

The passing on of genes through the survival of relatives.

The process of absorbing societal/parental values is called: a.sublimation. b.introjection. c.introspection. d.projection.

How would a sociobiologist account for the existence of altruism?

The process of evolution is not really a matter of individual survival. What matters is a gene "pool," distributed across a population. If one group survives and reproduces at a high rate, its genes move on to subsequent generations more than other groups' genes do. In addition to individual reproduction, genes are carried forward to the next generation by anything that helps your part of the gene pool reproduce (inclusive fitness). If you do an altruistic deed for a relative, it helps the relative survive. If an altruistic act (in which you die) saves a great many of your relatives, it helps aspects of your genetic makeup to be passed on, because your relatives are genetically similar to you, i.e., "kin selection." Thus, the tendency to be altruistic may be genetically based.

The process of preventing an idea or impulse from becoming conscious is known as: a.catharsis. b.repression. c.cathexis. d.displacement.

The purpose of the ego is to ensure that: a.tension is reduced immediately. b.parental and societal values are followed. c.instinctual drives are expressed appropriately. d.all of the above

The release of emotional tension is known as: a.displacement. b.catharsis. c.sublimation. d.introjection.

The second stage of psychosexual development is the anal stage.

The self-regulation perspective has been criticized for failing to solve the homunculus problem.

The self-regulation perspective has been criticized for: a.failing to solve the homunculus problem. b.its reliance on homeostatic mechanisms. c.not saying much about personality. d.all of the above

The self-regulation view on personality is: a.one of the oldest perspectives in psychology. b.more applied than theoretical. c.offers no suggestions on personality assessment. d.none of the above

Genome:

The sequence of the genes contained in the full complement of chromosomes.

The shift from a socially unacceptable to a socially acceptable form of action is known as sublimation.

The shifting of energy from a socially unacceptable action to a socially acceptable action is known as: a.displacement. b.sublimation. c.cathexis. d.suppression.

The side effects of lithium are only mildly unpleasant.

Molecular genetics:

The study of how alleles of specific genes relate to other observed differences.

Quantitative genetics:

The study of how much variance in a characteristic is attributable to genetics versus environment.

Behavioral genetics:

The study of inheritance of behavioral qualities.

Sociobiology

The study of the evolutionary basis for social behavior.

The superego is the embodiment of parental and societal values.

The superego is: a.essentially unconcerned with morality. b.the first structural component of the mind to develop. c. the embodiment of parental and societal values. d.a narcissistic personality disorder.

Sensation seeking:

The tendency to seek out varied, unusual, and exciting stimuli.

The term Thanatos refers to: a.sexual instincts. b.life instincts. c.death instincts. d.pain avoidance instincts.

The term _________ is used to describe therapies that involve the administration of drugs: a.toxicology b.pharmacology c.pharmacotherapy d.none of the above

The terms personal projects, personal strivings, and current concerns all refer to goals of one type or another.

Briefly describe Freud's comparison of the mind to an iceberg.

The tip of the iceberg is consciousness. The larger portion, below the water, is outside awareness. Part of the submerged portion that can be seen from the surface is the preconscious; however, the vast majority of it is the unconscious. Material can pass easily from the conscious to the preconscious and back again; material from both can slip into the unconscious. Truly unconscious material, however, cannot be brought voluntarily to awareness because of psychological forces that act to keep it hidden.

The trait approach has been criticized because it: a.has little to say about intrapersonal functioning. b.doesn't offer explanations for why people behave as they do. c.often relies on circular explanations to explain causality. d.all of the above

The trait approach is optimistic about people's ability to change themselves.

The trait approach, when applied to psychopathology, is largely an attempt to categorize it.

The trait concept has retained a place in the vocabulary of personality psychologists.

The two aspects of activity level are: a.vigor and tempo. b.vigor and arousal. c.tempo and arousal. d.arousal and responsiveness.

The young male syndrome is more likely to appear among unmarried, unemployed men.

The young male syndrome refers to the fact that: a.when given a choice most parents would rather adopt a young male. b.young men often father unwanted children. c.young males may have evolved to behave violently when confronted with scarce resources. d.none of the above

Theorists tend to disagree about which qualities are subsumed by the trait extraversion. However, most theorists agree it includes sociability and: a.positive emotions. b.impulsivity. c.lack of agency. d.none of the above

There are a number of similarities between the five-factor model of personality and biologically-based temperaments.

There is evidence that _________ explains the effect of genetic relatedness on altruism. a. similar upbringing. b. parental directives. c. emotional closeness. d. all of the above

There is evidence that higher levels of disease prevalence in a given environment is associated with: a.more neuroticism. b.less neuroticism. c.more openness to experience. d. less openness to experience.

There's little difference between men and women in the circumstances that elicit jealousy.

Incentives:

Things that people desire.

This part of the mind is thought to have an "executive" role in personality. a.id b.ego c.superego d.preconscious

Those high in oral imagery tend to avoid physical contact during social interaction.

Impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking (IUSS):

Trait involving the capacity to inhibit behavior in the service of social adaptation.

Trait theorists believe that traits act alone and do not interact with one another.

Traits are most often assessed through: a.projective assessment. b.interviewing. c.self-reports. d.behavioral observations.

Trapnell and Campbell distinguished three aspects of self-consciousness: reflection, rumination, and remembrance.

Trapnell and Campbell distinguished which two motives underlying self-consciousness? a.curiosity and desire to probe positive feeling states b.curiosity and desire to probe negative feeling states c.curiosity and competence d.competence and knowledge

Twin studies are based on the assumption that: a.fraternal twins raised together are exposed to much the same life experiences. b.fraternal twins raised together are treated differently because of their differing physical characteristics. c.identical twins raised together are treated differently because of their differing personalities. d.both identical and fraternal twins raised together are exposed to much the same life experiences.

Unlike Cattell's approach to studying personality, Eysenck's approach: a.was rooted in theory. b.disregarded the observation of reality. c.disregarded the use of factor analysis. d.none of the above

Unlike type approaches, trait approaches treat differences between people: a.as less stable. b.as quantitative. c.as qualitative. d.in terms of aggregations

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI):

Use of MRI to create a picture of activity inside the brain in different mental states.

Briefly describe the three temperaments that Sheldon proposed and their corresponding somatotype.

VISCEROTONIA: relaxation, tolerance, sociability, love of comfort, and easygoingness. Corresponds to endomorphy (plumpness). SOMATOTONIA: courage, energetic assertiveness, and desire for adventure, risk, and physical activity. Corresponds to mesomorphy (muscularity). CEREBRATONIA: mental overintensity, inhibition and avoidance of social interaction, physical and emotional restraint, and tendency toward privacy. Corresponds to ectomorphy (thinness).

Viscerotonia is a temperament characterized by apprehensiveness, avoidance of social interaction, and physical and emotional restraint.

What components are included in Freud's topographical model of the mind? a.conscious, preconscious, and unconscious b.primary process and secondary process c.id, ego, and superego d.Thanatos and libido

What medication appears to be a viable therapeutic technique for bipolar disorder? a.lithium b.dexamethasone c.dopamine d.no medication works

What other people think about what you want to do and how much their opinion matters merge to form: a.your self-impression. b.an attitude. c.a behavioral norm. d.a subjective norm.

When a situation and a trait are examined in the same study there are _________ systematic sources of influence on behavior. a.four b.three c.exactly two d.none of the above

When analyzing the Rorschach, examiners are concerned with all of the following aspects of response EXCEPT: a.location. b.length. c.determinants. d.content.

When different patterns of genetic differences can occur at a particular location, they are called: a.polymorphisms. bmutations. c.alleles. d.genomes.

When expectancies are _________ individuals tend to disengage from further efforts. a.uncertain b.unfavorable c.discrepant d.conflicted

When expectancies for outcomes are favorable, the result is a tendency to reassert effort to attain the original goal.

When people are asked to describe themselves, they tend to describe: a.the things they do. b.the roles they occupy. c. what they are. d. what they would like to be.

When people conduct means-end analysis, they tend to start with small goals and build up to larger ones.

When people have trouble performing a specific act, they tend to retreat to a lower-level identity to act.

When people perform everyday activities such as doing laundry or going to the store, they are operating at the level of: a.overall sense of self. b.principles. c.system concept. d.programs.

When people spontaneously describe themselves, they tend to describe things they do rather than who they are

When researchers examine whether the five basic factors of personality are genetically influenced, they have found: a.no evidence for a genetic influence. b.self-report evidence suggests that they are but observer reports are inconclusive. c.self-report and observer reports both suggest that they are, but research has not been done cross-culturally. d.self-report, observer report, and cross-cultural research all suggest that they are.

When researchers tried to videotape behavior and have people who didn't know participants code their behavior, they did not find evidence for genetic influences on traits.

How does Eysenck use activity occurring in the cerebral cortex to explain the difference between introverts and extraverts?

When the cerebral cortex is highly activated, the person is alert. When it's only slightly activated, the person may feel sluggish or drowsy. Eysenck argued that introverts have higher base levels of cerebral cortex activity, and that they may become overstimulated quite easily because of this. They may avoid social interaction to avoid such overstimulation. Extraverts (who have lower base levels of cerebral cortex activity), on the other hand, may seek out social contact to increase their level of arousal.

When twins have no more in common than other siblings, they are said to be _________ twins. a.monozygotic b.identical c.dizygotic d.congenital

Which defense mechanism works by ascribing one's own undesirable qualities to others? a.denial. b.projection. c.sublimation. d.rationalization.

Which of Eysenck's concepts has received less attention than the others? a.extraversion b.neuroticism c.introversion d.psychoticism

Which of the following describes the relation between self-directed attention and regulation around the reference value? a.Self-directed attention does not influence regulation around the reference. b.Self-directed attention engages the comparator. c.Depending on the circumstances, self-directed attention can either promote regulation or disregulation. d.Self-directed attention promotes disregulation.

Which of the following is NOT a valid concern about mapping the human genome? a.It will take many more years to complete. b.It could lead to discrimination against people with certain genetic profiles. c.It could lead to so-called "designer babies." d.All of the above are valid criticisms.

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of psychoanalytic theory? a.The theory of defense mechanisms is so flexible that it can be reconciled with any finding. b.It is difficult to know when to read Freud literally vs. metaphorically. c.It fails to mix inference with fact. d.Many of Freud's concepts are unmeasureable.

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the sociobiology and evolutionary psychology approaches? a.Early arguments were derived from evidence but provided no theoretical interpretation. b.Some of the ideas are not falsifiable. c. Some of the ideas are not testable. d.All of the above are valid criticisms.

Which of the following is NOT true about people who score high in oral imagery? a.They are reluctant to volunteer for interpersonal tasks. b.They rely on others' judgments in ambiguous tasks. c.They use more physical contact during social interactions. d.They have greater physiological reactivity to social isolation.

Which of the following is an example of displacement? a.A person who fails an exam yells at a roommate upon arriving at home. b.A person diagnosed with cancer refuses to believe the diagnosis. c.A person with aggressive sexual fantasies volunteers at a rape crisis center. d.A person who cheated on an exam justifies it by saying that everyone else cheats.

Which of the following is not one of the four personality categories proposed by Hippocrates and Galen? a.(choleric) irritable b.(sanguine) optimistic c.(malcontent) unhappy d.(phlegmatic) calm

Which of the following is not one of the three elements of Freud's structural model? a.libido b.unconscious c.alter-ego d.all of the above

Which of the following is one reason why there is a fair amount of disagreement as to what the five dimensions of personality are? a.Different factors emerge depending on the measures included in a study. b.Different factors emerge in different cultures. c.Personality measures have low test-retest reliability. d.all of the above

Which of the following is the basic personality trait characterized by assertiveness, open expression of impulses, and confident assurance? a.conscientiousness b.dominance c.extraversion d.confidence

Which of the following is true about the preconscious? a.It encompasses all inherited, instinctive aspects of personality. b.It is not directly accessible to awareness. c.It is the repository for unacceptable feelings and urges. d.It is the part of the mind representing ordinary memory.

Which of the following is true about what psychologists have thought about the interplay between genes and environment? a.It was originally assumed these influences are distinct, and that has been supported by the evidence. b.It was originally assumed these influences are distinct, and that has turned out to be overly simplified. c.It was originally assumed these influences are independent, and that has been supported by the evidence. d.It was originally assumed these influences are independent, and that has turned out to be overly simplified.

Which of the following statements about factor analysis is NOT true? a.Factor analysis can only be used with self-report data. b.Labeling the factors extracted from factor analysis is a subjective process. c.In factor analysis items can load on several factors. d.None of the above; all of the statements are true.

Which of the following statements about factor analysis is true? a.It increases the number of traits psychologists can use to describe personality. b.It provides a basis for arguing that most all traits are equally important in describing personality. c.Its use had dropped off since the advent of computers. d.It assists in the development of assessment devices.

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with Vallacher and Wegner's work on action-identification? a.People are more likely to say they are "eating dinner" than "putting food in their mouths and chewing." b.People regulate their activities in as high-level a way as they can. c.When people encounter difficulties they tend to retreat to a lower-level identity to act. d.none of the above

Which of the following statements is true about attorneys? a.Male but not female trial attorneys are higher in testosterone than nontrial attorneys. b.Female but not male trial attorneys are higher in testosterone than nontrial attorneys. c.Both male and female trial attorneys are higher in testosterone than nontrial attorneys. d.Both male and female nontrial attorneys are higher in testosterone than trial attorneys.

Which of the following statements may be made about psychoanalytic therapy? a.It is brief and applicable to all types of psychological dysfunction. b.Freud was exceptionally optimistic about its use. c.Eysenck proved it was more effective than no therapy at all. d.It is difficult to establish its efficacy because of the subjective nature of its goals.

Which of the following statements regarding Kanfer's view of therapy is true? a.Therapy should aim to replace dysfunctional automatic responses with desired ones. b. Therapy should involve free-association. c.Therapy is not a stage-like process like psychoanalysis. d.none of the above

Wiggins proposed a set of eight psychological patterns which he called the: a.type-trait model. b.value-meaning model. c.eight-factor model. d.interpersonal circle.

Wiggins proposed two trait dimensions basic to human values. These dimensions are: a.passion and power. b.power and achievement. c.dominance and love. d.intelligence and affect

Wish fulfillment is a product of: a.the primary process. b.the ego. c.reflex actions. d.the superego.

Within a hierarchy of feedback loops, reference values become more abstract as one moves from lower to higher levels

Zuckerman disagrees with the traditional five-factor view in that he: a.proposed an alternative five factors. b.argued that there were more than five factors. c.argued that there were fewer than five factors. d.none of the above; he endorses the traditional five factors

_________ is a process in which the intermediate value of some characteristic is more adaptive than is the value at either end of the distribution. a.Adaptive selection b.Allelel selection c.Directional selection d.Stabilizing selection

_________ plays a role in the development of criminal behavior. a.Failure to successfully reach the genital stage of development b.Failure to resolve the Oedipal complex c.Inability to delay gratification d.Conflict between the pleasure and reality principles

_________ seems to be involved in threat sensitivity or anxiety. a.Serotonin b.Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) c. Norepinephrine d.all of the above

Mesomorphy:

a tendency toward muscularity

Genome-wide association study (GWAS):

study in which all genes are tested at once

. If a person is assigned a totally unrealistic goal, he/she: a.is unlikely to adopt that goal. b.will try hard to achieve the goal, but probably fail. c.will substitute a more realistic goal. d.will become very anxious.

1. A key theme of the dispositional perspective is the idea that people behave consistently.

17. Eysenck agreed with Cattell that an empirical starting point is the best means of developing a personality theory.

18. In an extravert, high neuroticism is associated with excitability and aggressiveness.

29. People high in conscientiousness tend to live longer.

A "Freudian slip" is not an example of a parapraxis.

A central theme underlying psychoanalysis (and which gives rise to the name of the theory) is that personality: a.is a set of processes always in motion. b.processes always work together. c.reflects the fact that humans are not like other animals. d. all of the above

A feedback loop has three parts.

A goal intention concerns how, when, and where to accomplish a goal.

A recent developmental approach to understanding temperaments suggests which of these? a.approach b.avoidance c.effortful control d.all of the above

Electroencephalogram (EEG):

A record of overall electrical activity in higher regions of the brain.

Twin study:

A study comparing similarity between MZ twins against similarity between DZ twins.

According to Buss, married men try to retain their wives by spending money on them and by giving in to their wives' wishes.

According to Taylor, women tend to respond to stress with a tend-and-befriend response.

Behavioral genetics examines genetic influences on behavior but not personality.

Both alcohol intoxication and deindividuation can be interpreted as interferences with normal self-regulatory behavior.

Both men and women view the following qualities as necessities in a potential mate: a.attractiveness and status b.intelligence and status c.intelligence and kindness d.attractiveness and kindness

Both sociobiology and evolutionary psychology have been criticized because: a. they are not theoretically grounded. b.their statements have disturbing political overtones. c.there are no data to support either of them. d.all of the above

Siblings:

Brothers and sisters.

Conscientiousness reflects: a.purposeful striving toward goals. b.persistence. c.planning. d.all of the above

Depressed people are more likely to: a.self-focus after a failure. b.self-focus after a success. c.realign their hierarchical goal structures after failure. d.realign their hierarchical goal structures after success.

Depressed people tend to decrease self-focus following failure

Explain how sublimation is related to displacement.

Displacement is any change in how energy is used or a change in the object toward which it is used. Sublimation also allows impulses to be expressed, but it does so in a way that transforms unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable ones.

Nonshared environment effect:

Effect of the environment that makes twins differ.

Effortful control involves attentional management in addition to the ability to suppress behavior when situationally inappropriate.

Eysenck believes that his two type dimensions of personality relate to qualities of: a.the nervous system. b.interpersonal interaction. c.early childhood experiences. d.social learning experiences.

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