Psychology Part2

Which of the following is an accurate statement about those who are nearer to the natural age of death and dying?

Attitudes toward death in old age show the same diversity as in other parts of adult development

You are participating in a study on the effects of negative images on certain areas of the brain. After being exposed to the negative stimuli, your brain scan is likely to be compared with that of:

Control group

Professor Nelson wishes to investigate the relationship between stress and visits to the college mental health clinic. Which of the following research methods would be most appropriate?

Correlational study

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between culture and perception?

Culture likely shapes perception

If a researcher is interested in an imaging procedure that measures both the structure and function of the brain, they should use _____.

FMRI

Mrs. Davis has an appointment to see Dr. Myers, who is a specialist at using brain imaging. Mrs. Davis's non-invasive brain-scan will involve lying in a scanner while electromagnetic signals tracks changes in her brain's metabolic activity. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Mrs. Davis will undergo a __________.

FMRI

_ reveals blood flow and brain functioning as well as brain structure through a special application of another neuroimaging technique.

FMRI

The final and longest period of prenatal development is called the:

Fetal Period

According to one important perceptual principle, when we look at a scene we automatically tend to separate the elements of that scene into an object and its background. This principle is called:

Figure-ground relationship

The hippocampus plays a key role in:

Forming new memories

The technique used in psychoanalysis to help bring long-repressed memories to the person's consciousness, through the use of spontaneous reporting of all thoughts and feelings, is called:

Free asociation

Humanistic psychology emphasized:

Free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.

According to the Critical Thinking box titled "Freud Versus Rogers on Human Nature," which of the following is TRUE?

Freud's view of human nature was both optimistic and pessimistic.

Two brain areas implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder are the _____, which are (is) involved in planning and thinking ahead, and the _____, which are (is) involved in the regulation of movements.

Frontal lobes; caudate nucleus

The cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity is (are) called:

Gender

People who feel irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation are suffering from:

PHOBIAS

Albert continues to have nightmares and flashbacks about the time his hotel collapsed because of a severe earthquake. He feels guilty that he survived the collapse when others in the hotel did not. He lies awake at night thinking about it and fearing what he will see when he closes his eyes. You might diagnose Albert with:

PTSD.

Your friend's father suffered trauma during the Vietnam War and, as a result, developed an anxiety disorder commonly referred to as:

PTSD.

REM sleep is also called:

Paradoxical sleep

This image depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Which area processes information about body sensations and contains the somatosensory cortex?

Parietal Lobe

Too little dopamine in the brain is associated with symptoms of

Parkinson's disease.

Which statement BEST characterizes the social cognitive perspective on personality?

People actively process information from their social experiences, which influences their goals, expectations, beliefs, and behavior.

Our ability to recognize an object without being deceived by changing sensory impressions of that object BEST illustrates the importance of:

Perceptual constancy

The psychologist who conducted famous experiments on the concept of cognitive dissonance was _____.

Philip Zimbardo

Which of the following fields had the greatest impact on the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?

Physiology

the term _____ was used by Carl Rogers to refer to the sense of being loved and valued by other people, especially one's parents.

Positive regard

Gerald is under hypnosis and recalls being left in a restaurant when he was a little boy. His therapist suggests to him that he will forget this memory on waking out of the hypnosis. The therapist is trying to induce _____ amnesia.

Posthypnotic

_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

_____ refers to the negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group.

Prejudice

_____ is primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor.

Problem-focused coping

What is similar about the Rorschach Inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test is that they are _____ tests.

Projective

A _____ is a type of personality test in which a person interprets an ambiguous image in an effort to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.

Projective tests

he way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of:

Proximity

In order to control for experimenter bias as well as extraneous variables such as severity of condition, attitudes, age, etc., researchers assign subjects to groups by:

Random Assignment

Long-term potentiation:

Refers to the functional and structural changes in neurons that increase the strength of the synaptic connections involved in a particular memory.

Ned's parents got divorced when he was seven years old. Ned's older sister vividly remembers the frequent, loud screaming matches between her mother and father in the weeks prior to the divorce, but Ned claims that he has no memories of his parents ever fighting. If Ned has unconsciously blocked awareness of those painful memories, it would be an example of:

Repression

The increased likelihood that a successful and happy person is MORE likely to help others is called the _____ effect.

"feel good, do good"

the _____ effect refers to the fact that when people feel good, successful, happy, or fortunate, they are more likely to help others.

"feel good, do good"

To remove any doubts about the legitimacy of the shock generator in Milgram's obedience study, the:

"teachers" were given a sample shock.

Of those who suffer from major depressive disorder, _____ percent attempt suicide.

10

The results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) suggest that about _____ of American adults experience symptoms of psychological disorders every year.

25 percent

The likelihood of fully recovering and never experiencing another episode of schizophrenia after the first is about:

25%

The estimated prevalence of mental disorders for any given year is 1 in _____ people.

4

_____ is an unfolding sequence of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions during sleep (usually REM) that is experienced as a series of real-life events.

A dream

Which is the best explanation for encoding failure?

The information enters one's short-term memory, but it is never encoded into long-term memory.

When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred.

Tolerence

If you bring your personal history to bear on the perception of a situation, psychologists refer to this as:

Top-down processing

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the role of traditional psychoanalysis

Traditional, lengthy psychoanalysis is uncommon today.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the role of traditional psychoanalysis?

Traditional, lengthy psychoanalysis is uncommon today.

Some of the benefits of practicing _____ meditation involve lower physiological arousal, decreased heart rate, and lower blood pressure.

Transcendental

You catch a whiff of freshly popped popcorn as you enter the movie theater. The process by which the odor of popcorn is converted into neural signals that your brain can interpret as the smell of popcorn is called:

Transduction

Which of the following is TRUE of Milgram's experiment?

Two-thirds of the subjects completely obeyed the experimenter's destructive demands and progressed to the full 450-volt level.

Fifty-five-year-old Maxwell is a very impatient and competitive defense lawyer who feels that he must be the best in his field. He also has a reputation for being hostile toward judges and prosecuting attorneys. Maxwell is likely to be classified as having a(n):

Type A behavioral pattern

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

UCS; UCR

Which of the following statements about schemas is TRUE?

Using schemas you already have stored in long-term memory allows you to quickly integrate new experiences into your knowledge base.

When a test measures what it is intended to measure, it is called a(n) _____ test.

Valid

Which of the following is a valid criticism of the ethics of Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

Watson and Rayner intentionally induced a lasting fear in an infant, and they did not attempt to extinguish it when the experiment was over

The "magic number" in memory famously known as 7+/-2 (now considered to be 4+/-1) refers to the capacity available in _____ memory to store information.

Working

If you have an intense fear of speaking in public, eating out, or going to parties, you may be suffering from:

a social anxiety disorder.

A replication of Milgram's original study on obedience, if ethically allowed, would likely reveal similar results, that:

about 65 percent of the subjects will obey the experimenter and deliver the highest level of shock (450 volts).

Ronald Kessler, the lead researcher of the NCS-R, estimates that ______ of the adult population will experience symptoms of a mental disorder sometime during their lifetime.

about half

The behavioral component of an attitude is most reflected through _____.

action

The behavioral component of an attitude is most reflected through:

action

The Focus on Neuroscience box discusses brain reward systems involved in making eye contact with attractive people. The results of studies with fMRI scans indicate that when making direct eye contact with a very attractive person, the brain area called the ventral striatum becomes _____. If the attractive person's gaze shifts away from the viewer, the same brain area will _____ its activity.

activated; decrease

Carl Rogers suggested that the _____ is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism.

actualizing tendency

Caffeine produces its mentally stimulating effects, in part, by blocking _____ receptors in the brain.

adenosine

Conformity is defined as:

adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation.

Your sister, who has recently suffered from anxiety, tells you that she fears having a panic attack when she is out in public. As a result, she is having trouble leaving her apartment. Your sister is likely suffering from _____.

agoraphobia

Panic disorder that evolves into a destabilizing fear of suffering a panic attack in public is called

agoraphobia.

Your sister, who has recently suffered from anxiety, tells you that she fears having a panic attack when she is out in public. As a result, she is having trouble leaving her apartment. Your sister is likely suffering from:

agoraphobia.

The fear of experiencing a panic attack in public is to ______, as the extreme fear of being embarrassed or judged by others in public is to ______.

agoraphobia; social anxiety disorder

The peripheral nervous system is made up of:

all of the nerves lying outside the central nervous system.

Milgram described the details of his experimental design to three groups: psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults. He asked each group to predict how subjects would behave. The results of this survey showed:

all three groups correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment.

What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of mental disorders?

almost 1 in 2 people

The likelihood of helping another person, with no expectation of personal reward or benefit, describes _____.

altruism

Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her New York City apartment. This tragic event led to intense psychological research on:

altruism and prosocial behavior.

The likelihood of helping another person, with no expectation of personal reward or benefit, describes:

altruism.

Alice thinks she's having a stroke. Which of the following would be the best method to use in diagnosing a stroke?

an MRI

Three different patients show symptoms of three different disorders. The first has a phobia, the second has constant panic attacks, and the third has obsessive-compulsive disorder. What type of clinician should they all see for treatment?

an anxiety disorder specialist

To examine the effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of:

an experiment

The key difference between social anxiety disorder and everyday shyness is that social anxiety disorder involves:

an intense fear of being judged.

A specific phobia is:

an intense, excessive, irrational fear of a particular object or situation that is avoided or endured with anxiety.

Jodie is convinced that her husband will get sick and die unless she cleans the kitchen every day. She constantly thinks about the germs that are in her kitchen, and feels like she always has more to clean in the already spotless kitchen. Jodie most likely has:

an obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Also known as _____, this is an eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted perception about body size.

anorexia nervosa

Significant dieting and a weight loss of more than 15 percent of normal body weight is common in individuals with _____.

anorexia nervosa

Significant dieting and a weight loss of more than 15 percent of normal body weight is common in individuals with:

anorexia nervosa.

According to the NCS-R, the category of disorders with the highest lifetime prevalence are _____ disorders.

anxiety

Also known as _____, this unpleasant emotional state involves physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry.

anxiety

When a person's extreme anxiety is causing significant disruptions to his cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal functioning, he is categorized as having a(n) _____ disorder.

anxiety

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?

apply the findings to solve human problems

People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder:

are tense and apprehensive all of the time.

According to Bandura, what four cognitive processes are necessary for imitation of behavior that has been only observed?

attention, memory, ability to perform the behavior, motivation

Your new professor is short with everyone on the first day of class. You think that your professor is rude. This _____ will likely influence you to act negatively toward your professor.

attitude

the learned tendency to evaluate an object, person, or issue in a particular way, which could be either positive, negative, or ambivalent, is called a(n) _____.

attitude

the learned tendency to evaluate an object, person, or issue in a particular way, which could be positive, negative, or ambivalent, is called a(n):

attitude.

When raising children, you work to instill in them a sense of good and bad. You are MOST clearly instilling _____.

attitudes

Social psychologists have found that we are most likely to behave in accordance with our attitudes when:

attitudes are formed through experience, and we have a vested interest in the subject.

According to your text, political thoughts are MOST clearly:

attitudes.

When raising children, you work to instill in them a sense of good and bad. You are MOST clearly instilling:

attitudes.

According to the _____ theory, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

attribution

Social psychologists refer to the mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own as _____.

attribution

According to the _____, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

attribution theory

Mike is a person-centered therapist. What characteristic(s) may help Mike be a more effective therapist in this type of treatment?

being open and honest, while trying to empathize with clients and demonstrating to them unconditional positive regard

Biomedical therapies are based on the assumption that the symptoms of many psychological disorders involve:

biological factors

The two main types of treatment for mental disorders are psychotherapy and:

biomedical therapy.

The disorder characterized by periods of incapacitating depression, alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement, is known as _____ disorder.

bipolar

_____ disorder is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.

bipolar

The rapid-fire speech and escalating emotions associated with a manic episode are symptoms of a disorder known as:

bipolar disorder

the rapid-fire speech and escalating emotions associated with a manic episode are symptoms of a disorder known as _____.

bipolar disorder

A person with _____ personality disorder is more likely than normal individuals to be self-destructive, to threaten to self-mutilate or commit suicide, and to carry out those threats.

borderline

The pervasive feelings of emptiness and intense fear of abandonment characteristic of ______ personality disorder, are often the result of childhood disruptions in attachment.

borderline

The combined research findings of Lashley and Thompson on memory traces suggest that memories are:

both localized and distributed.

Information can enter working memory from:

both sensory and long-term memory.

The lifetime prevalence of developing bipolar disorder is about one percent for:

both women and men

Episodes of overeating (typically with high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with _____.

bulima nervosa

The eating disorder characterized by binges of overeating followed by self-induced purging is called _____.

bulimia nervosa

You notice that your roommate has been spending a lot of time in the bathroom. You also notice that she is hiding chocolate wrappers in her drawer. You are concerned that she is sick because you have heard her vomiting frequently. You ask the school nurse about her behavior, and he recommends that you ask your roommate to come in and speak with him because she may be suffering from _____.

bulimia nervosa

Episodes of overeating (typically with high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are characteristics of:

bulimia nervosa.

The eating disorder characterized by binges of overeating followed by self-induced purging is called:

bulimia nervosa.

You notice that your roommate has been spending a lot of time in the bathroom. You also notice that she is hiding chocolate wrappers in her drawer. You are concerned that she is sick because you have heard her vomiting frequently. You ask the school nurse about her behavior, and he recommends that you ask your roommate to come in and speak with him because she may be suffering from:

bulimia nervosa.

You notice that your roommate has been spending a lot of time in the bathroom. You also notice that she is hiding loads of wrappings from chocolate bars in the trash can, and you also hear her vomiting a lot. You ask the school nurse about her behavior, and he recommends that you ask your roommate to come in and speak with her because she may be suffering from:

bulimia nervosa.

A phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers is called the _____.

bystander effect

The _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress.

bystander effect

Explicit memory:

can be defined as memory with awareness.

Compared to neurons that do not have myelin, neurons with myelin:

can communicate up to 100 times faster.

After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, five-year-old Laura is able to reach the Scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter. What is the operant in this example?

carrying the step stool to the kitchen

Social psychologists call the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics social _____.

categorization

One of the brain areas implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder, an area which is involved in the regulation of movements, is the _____.

caudate nucleus

After having too many drinks at a party, your friend awkwardly stumbles into a table, almost knocking it over. Your friend's coordination for simple actions, such as walking between two tables, is reduced because the alcohol has affected his:

cerebellum

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:

children are less likely to imitate someone who has been punished for his or her actions than they are to imitate the actions of someone who has been rewarded.

Carl Rogers developed the therapy known as _____ as a nondirective approach focused on helping the client develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

client-centered

The type of therapy Carl Rogers developed to focus on the subjective perception of the client is called _____.

client-centered

Your psychology text describes nondirective therapists whose goals are to show unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. Such therapists are _____ therapists.

client-centered

Instead of patients, humanist psychologists like to refer to the people who come to see them as _____.

clients

Instead of patients, humanist psychologists like to refer to the people who come to see them as:

clients.

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was _____ the experimenter and _____ the "learner."

close to; far from

The mental processes people use to make sense of their social environment are referred to as social _____.

cognition

The mental processes people use to make sense of their social environment are referred to as social:

cognition

In a seminar discussion on the death penalty, Bertha said she believed that the ultimate penalty should be applied to the ultimate crime of murder. Bertha's statement best reflects the _____ component of attitudes.

cognitive

We tend to feel discomfort when two of our thoughts are inconsistent and as a result we act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as _____.

cognitive dissonance

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student, despite his doubts about her competence. After writing the letter, he began to develop a more favorable attitude about the student's abilities. Which theory best explains why?

cognitive dissonance theory

We tend to feel discomfort when two of our thoughts are inconsistent and as a result we act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as:

cognitive dissonance theory

Candace is conflicted about which candidate to vote for in the current senate race. At the voting booth, she finally goes with her "gut" feelings about which one she likes the most. By the time she leaves the voting booth, she is convinced that she made the right decision and actually likes the candidate she voted for even better. Candace has just been involved with the phenomenon known as:

cognitive dissonance.

The unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal that occurs when there is an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions, is called:

cognitive dissonance.

Also called _____, these parts of implicit personality theory involve forming mental frameworks about the traits and behaviors associated with different types of people.

cognitive schemas

The group of psychotherapies based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking and involve treatment technique that focus on altering these patterns is called:

cognitive therapy.

According to social psychologists, the three components of attitude typically include which of the following?

cognitive, affective, behavioral

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to reduce anxiety are known as _____.

compulsions

Miranda spends 10 minutes mentally repeating the word "calm" to herself on her way to pick up the kids every evening. Miranda is practicing a technique of meditation known as _____.

concentration

According to Rogers, people's problems stem from _____ that cause them to develop a distorted self-concept and worldview.

conditional acceptance by significant others

Carol Rogers suggested that _____ develops when a person is valued and loved only if he or she behaves in a way that is acceptable to others.

conditional positive regard

For psychoanalytic treatment to be considered successful, the patient's _____ must be resolved.

conflicts

The famous Asch Conformity Study looking at "which line is longer" revealed that people will:

conform to the majority even if the majority response is wrong.

When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting:

conformity

The tendency to adjust one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure is called:

conformity.

Most researchers using factor analysis agree that _____ are the core traits of personality.

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion

The Big Five personality factors include:

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion

As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as:

consciousness.

In the housekeeping experiment conducted by Crum and Langer (2007) one group, dubbed "the informed group," was assigned a treatment known as the independent variable. A comparison group, called the _____, was also used to serve as a baseline against which changes in the experimental group could be compared.

control

The binocular cue in which you judge the distance of an object based on the degree to which the muscles of your eyes rotate inwards to focus on an object is called:

convergence

The binocular cue that relies on the degree to which muscles rotate the eyes to focus on an object is _____.

convergence

he incidence of anorexia nervosa has steadily increased over the past several decades. This is may be attributable to:

cultural ideals of beauty that increasingly encourage thinness.

Based upon cross-cultural research on the Müller-Lyer illusion, psychologists have concluded that:

culture can shape perception, and that people who grow up in very different cultures may very well perceive aspects of their physical environment differently.

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) focuses on _____ relationships rather than _____ relationships.

current; past

The characteristic feature of _____ disorder is that the mood swings are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder.

cyclothymic

James has handed out some surveys to students in an introductory psychology class in order to collect data about the effects of school stress on mental health. As part of the _____ process, he describes the nature of the research and corrects misconceptions that the students may have about the research.

debriefing

The ethical principle of _____ means that participants must be told the true purpose and nature of an experiment after it is over.

debriefing

Your friend Sal is explaining to you over coffee that he has recently experienced an episode of seasonal affective disorder. Because the two of you are in a cafe in New York City, it is most likely that you are having coffee in the month of:

december

In operant conditioning, reinforcement is:

defined by the effect that it produces—increasing or strengthening behavior.

Research results showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal to modest effect in reducing the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The hypothesis that 200 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25% as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale needs to be revised by increasing to 300 mg. The variable that will change in response to the increase is the _____ variable.

dependent

The _____ variable is the outcome factor that may change in response to manipulations of the experimental treatment.

dependent

In the housekeeping experiment conducted by Crum and Langer (2007), participants completed questionnaires to measure for changes in perception. The questionnaires served as the _____ in this study.

dependent variable

In his book Darkness Visible, author William Styron wrote about the intense psychological pain associated with _____.

depression

In his book Darkness Visible, author William Styron wrote about the intense psychological pain associated with:

depression

In terms of pervasiveness, _____ is to psychological disorders as the common cold is to mild physical illnesses.

depression

Among creative writers and artists, _____ disorders are more prevalent than in the general population.

depressive and bipolar

Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals?

describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior

The primary goal of naturalistic observation is to:

detect natural behavior patterns.

To be diagnosed with a mental disorder, a person must meet specific _____ as defined by the DSM-5.

diagnostic criteria

aborative, visual, and organizational encoding all depend on _____ of the brain.

different regions

As discussed in the Culture and Human Behavior box, the patterns of brain activation among people in collectivistic cultures and people in individualistic cultures:

differs. East Asians had greater brain activation while making absolute judgments.

In Queens, New York, a young woman was attacked and killed in the courtyard of her apartment complex. Although many of her neighbors were home, could hear her screams, and some could even see the attack, none of them called the police. This BEST illustrates:

diffusion of responsibility.

Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur's office because he felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark's behavior toward the other student?

discplacent

Behaviorally displayed prejudice is called _____.

discrimination

Carolina's boss reprimanded her for not wearing appropriate attire to work. She was angry with her boss because he scolded her in front of the entire office. Instead of releasing her anger on her boss, Carolina went home and kicked her dog as soon as it approached her. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Carolina's behavior toward her dog?

displacement

The four categories of personal problems that interpersonal therapy (IPT) focuses on include all of the following EXCEPT:

dream analysis

A person's physical strength typically peaks during:

early adulthood.

Regarding infant temperaments, a child who readily adapts to new experiences, displays positive moods and emotions, and has regular sleeping and eating patterns, can be MOSTLY characterized as a(n):

easy baby.

You may be able to repeat back the last few words that someone spoke even if you weren't really paying attention. This is because the information is still available as a(n) _____

echoic memory

At day care, 3-year-old Sara has learned that she has to wait her turn to ride on the tricycle rather than push another child off the tricycle. Using Freud's terminology, Sara's ability to postpone gratification in a socially acceptable way is a reflection of her:

ego

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, late adulthood is to ______ as adolescence is to ______.

ego integrity; identity

According to Piaget, the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view is called:

egocentrism.

Participants in a memory study are presented with words that belong to one of four categories (e.g., insects, beverages, etc.) or are presented with words that have no apparent relationship to one another. The group that received the categories of words remember more words than those who received the other list. This is most likely due to their use of:

elaborative encoding.

Henrietta is in the fifth week of her pregnancy which means that she is in the ______ period of prenatal development

embryonic

The Gestalt psychologists:

emphasized that we perceive whole figures rather than isolated bits of information.

The humanistic perspective of personality:

emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.

Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of:

enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.

We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as:

encoding

Remembering what, where, and when information about the personal events that occurred in your life is a type of

episodic memory

The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate the human capacity for _____.

evil

In the media, portrayals of violent behavior among current or former mental patients are:

exaggerated.

The stage of the general adaptation syndrome when the body's energy reserves become severely depleted is called:

exhaustion.

To examine the effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of a(n) _____.

experiminet

Amnesia patients with hippocampal damage can still form procedural memories, suggesting that:

explicit and implicit memories are distinct systems.

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. But the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:

explicit memory and implicit memory.

Patients with amnesia show deficits in _____, but not in _____.

explicit memory; implicit memory

Jerry's wife could best be described as someone who is very social, outgoing, and feels comfortable having new experiences and meeting new people. If Jerry's wife were to be described according to Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions, she would likely be:

extraverted.

An individual with one eye would have problems with:

eye convergence and binocular disparity

was the German-born, British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality that identifies the three basic dimensions of personality as neuroticism-emotional stability, introversion-extraversion, and psychoticism.

eysenck

Of the following, which is the LEAST likely to lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

failing an exam

The results of the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia revealed the strong influence of the ______ on the development of serious mental disorders.

family environment

The key similarity between people with anorexia and people with bulimia nervosa is that both:

fear gaining weight.

The four categories that characterize specific phobias include all the following EXCEPT:

fear of people.

Animal studies have shown that electrical stimulation of the amygdala produces

feelings of fear

The most widely accepted trait theory today is called the:

five-factor model of personality.

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of depression are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

form of psychotherapy used to treat depression

Also known as the ______ stage, Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations.

formal operational

The technique used in psychoanalysis to help bring long-repressed memories to the person's consciousness through the use of spontaneous reporting of all thoughts and feelings is called _____.

free association

One of the brain areas implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder, known to be involved in planning and thinking ahead, is the _____.

frontal lobes

The _____ involves the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency to attribute the behaviors of others to internal, personal causes, without regard for external, situational factors, is called the _____.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency to attribute the behaviors of others to internal, personal causes, without taking into account external factors, is called:

fundamental attribution error

You stop for a cup of coffee and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. You are convinced that she should find another line of work, one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to the _____.

fundamental attribution error

Sarah comes home from school to find her father baking chocolate chip cookies for a parents' open house. Sarah looks at him and exclaims, "Daddies don't bake, that's for mommies!" Sarah's remark reflects traditional assumptions regarding ______ within her culture.

gender roles

Catherine and Joseph are playing together, when she starts playing with one of his trucks. Joseph says to Catherine, "Give me my truck back. Trucks are for boys!" Joseph's statement reflects the "gender lenses" through which he sees the world which are known as:

gender schema theory

A researcher is interested in studying hypnosis, but she only wants to study people with high hypnotic ability. She should choose study participants who:

have rich fantasy lives.

Lisa went to a wedding where folk music was played rather than the traditional wedding march when the bride walked down the aisle. Later, Lisa distinctly remembers humming along to "Here Comes the Bride." Lisa's memory distortion is most probably due to

her script for a typical wedding

The purpose of the "opening-up" technique in meditation involves the focus of engaging the meditator in the _____, rather than using a sound, object, or activity.

here and now

The Focus on Neuroscience box titled "Personality Traits and Patterns of Brain Activity" features research conducted by taking fMRI scans of participants' brains while they watched positive and negative images. Those who showed greater reactivity to positive images, especially in areas that control emotion, were more likely to score _____ on a standard personality test, whereas those who showed more brain activation in response to negative images, but in fewer areas that control emotions, were likely to score _____ on the same test.

high in extraversion; high in neuroticism

The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

When conducting an experiment, it is important to manipulate the factors of interest, but researchers must also make sure to:

hold constant or control other factors

Dr. Raiger, a _____ therapist, believes that the most important factor in personality is the individual's conscious, subjective perception of herself and her environment.

humanistic

In contrast to Freud's pessimistic view of people as motivated by sexual and destructive instincts, the _____ theory of personality generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.

humanistic

The "third force" of psychology is called:

humanistic psychology.

Dissociation has been used as an explanation for:

hypnotic pain relief.

A researcher sets out to test the following statement: "Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smokes." This statement is an example of:

hypothesis

Stacey believes that because children are generally more impulsive than adults, they will be more likely than adults to scream when frustrated by a researcher in a laboratory setting. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of a(n) _____.

hypothesis

A(n) _____ is defined as a network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.

implicit personality theory

Michael, who is an accountant, often wonders why people are surprised when they find out that he is also a skydiving instructor on the weekends. The most obvious explanation is that people form cognitive schemas for different types of people and occupations. The use of these types of assumptions is called _____.

implicit personality theory

Manic episodes often involve:

improved mood, increased energy, and reckless behavior.

Kleptomania and pyromania fall under the diagnostic category of the DSM-5 called _____ disorders.

impulse-control

Kyle is in sixth grade and, like most children in his school, believes that his school is better than all the other schools in town. Kyle's belief illustrates _____ bias.

in-group

Members of a(n) _____ typically see themselves as being quite varied, or heterogeneous.

in-group

Kyle is in sixth grade and, like most children in his school, believes that his school is better than all the other schools in town. Kyle's belief illustrates:

in-group bias.

Joy says, "I think our reading group reads more sophisticated literature than Gemma's reading group. Frankly, between you and me, it's because most of us have a graduate degree." In using the word "we," Joy is referring to her:

in-group.

Mrs. Torre sends her children to private elementary school and has gotten to know several fellow parents at the school. Mrs. Torre's neighbor, Mrs. Klucik, home-schools her children. Mrs. Torre does not take part in the activities and group events which Mrs. Klucik does as a home-schooling mother. Social psychologists would consider Mrs. Torre to be part of the _____of the elementary school parents and Mrs. Klucik to be part of the _____ of the home-school parents.

in-group; out-group

Richard was so absorbed in reading a mystery novel that he failed to notice that his roommates had asked him a question. This example illustrates:

inattentional deafness

The control of one person's behavior by another person is called social _____.

influence

The effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior are also known as social:

influence

Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of:

learning an association between two stimuli.

Prescription privileges for psychologists are:

limited to some states and the military.

Also known as _____ potentiation, this is the long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.

long-term

The prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as _____.

long-term potentiation

Which of the following changes can be produced through hypnosis?

loss of sensation in a specific body area, such as an arm or a leg

All of the following are limitations involved in self-report inventories EXCEPT:

lower reliability than that of projective tests.

This technique produces computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Andre is going to visit a friend at a gated community. To get in, he needs to enter a five-digit access code. Rather than write it down, he keeps it in mind on the way there by repeating it sub-vocally. After that day, he can't remember the number. What was Andre engaging in?

maintenance rehearsal

Marcia has been an elementary school teacher for many years. She has lots of new students each school year. On the first day of class, she uses a strategy called _____ that will help keep students' names in her short-term memory.

maintenance rehearsal

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is very likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder

The two types of depression are: B persistent depressive disorder and minor depression. [[There is no such thing as "minor depression."]]

major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

The purpose of the number (e.g.,"301.7"), or code, associated with disorders within the DSM-5 is to help researchers:

make cross-cultural, statistical comparisons of mental disorders.

The distinctive difference between bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder is the presence of _____ in bipolar disorder.

mania

Bipolar disorder involves extreme mood swings between two kinds of episodes called:

manic and depressive.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, whose findings are depicted in Figure 9.6 in your textbook titled, "The Changing Structure of American Families and Households," one of the sharpest declines is that of:

married couples with children.

You are considering a career in psychology. Your primary interest is in mental health counseling. When visiting your college career center, you are told that you need to earn at least a(n) _____ degree to become a licensed professional counselor.

master's

You are considering a career in psychology. Your primary interest is in mental health counseling. When visiting your college career center, you are told that you need to earn at least a(n) _____ to become a licensed professional counselor.

master's degree

The Gestalt psychologist _____ was the first to study the illusion of motion known as stroboscopic motion.

max wertheimer

When President John F. Kennedy was hit by a sniper's bullet in the back of his head, he died almost instantly because the bullet destroyed the part of his brain called the _____, which controls breathing, heartbeat, and other vital body functions.

medulla

The severe disturbance in eating behavior, known as an eating disorder, is a category of:

mental disorder.

Dr. Lynch is a psychotherapist who treats people with stress-related disorders, emotional problems, or anxiety. His approach involves a structured program of mindfulness meditation, yoga and mindful body practices, and group discussion. Dr. Lynch is using a cognitive-behavioral therapy called:

mindfulness-based stress reduction.

The peg-word method and method of loci are:

mnemonic devices to help you remember information

Theory is to hypothesis as _____ is to _____.

model; prediction

The goal of behavior therapy is to:

modify problem behaviors.

Also called affective disorders, this category of mental disorders involves persistent disruptions in emotions, which impair cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.

mood disorders

Matthew, an 8-year-old boy is having a functional MRI to examine whether activity in his hippocampus may be influencing his learning disabilities. His parents are concerned about how this procedure may affect their son. If you were Matthew's psychologist, you would explain to his parents that the functional MRI is:

more advantageous than other technologies because it is non-invasive, produces sharper images, and is repeatable.

Compared with young rats that have been raised in an "impoverished" environment, young rats that have been raised in an "enriched" environment have:

more dendritic branches and more synaptic connections in the cerebral cortex.

Research on the connection between smoking and psychological disorders has shown that people with mental disorders are _____ to smoke as people with no mental illness.

more likely

The results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication study (NCS-R) have revealed that psychological disorders are:

more prevalent than many people believe.

Your cousin Peter has been what he describes as "stuck" in a job that doesn't use his skills. Despite his education and expertise, he is having trouble working up enough motivation to make a change. You recommend he undergo a type of therapy known as _____ to help him work toward change.

motivational interviewing

Men are _____ likely to suffer from an eating disorder than women.

much less

Dr. Wiley studies the interaction between heredity and environment, which he also calls the ______ issue when he lectures to his students.

nature-nurture

After she realizes that a mosquito has bitten her and her hand is beginning to itch, Akai rubs some cortisone cream on the swollen spot, and the itching stops. The next time a mosquito bites her, she applies cortisone cream immediately to relieve the itching. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

negative reinforcement of escape behavior.

Stacy has unrealistic ideas and troublesome urges. She is emotionally unstable and gets upset easily. She is most likely going to score highly on the Big Five personality trait called _____.

neuroticism

In synaptic transmission, the action potential stimulates the release of:

neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response

A person is MOST likely to help in situations with:

no other people around.

Customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture are called social _____.

norms

The characteristic feature of cyclothymic disorder is that the mood swings are:

not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder.

Psychologists studying infant memory want to determine at what age babies can remember specific events. An experimenter uses several puppets to demonstrate a series of actions while the infant watches. After a delay, the experimenter records how many of the actions the child imitates when playing with the puppets. What is the dependent variable?

number of imitated actions

During cross-examination, a witness repeatedly offers his opinion in answer to the lawyer's questions, so the judge orders him to confine his answers to a simple "yes" or "no." Following the judge's rebuke, the witness stops offering his opinions. The response of the witness illustrates _____.

obedience

The definition of _____ involves the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status.

obedience

The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do, simply because they tell us to do it, is called _____.

obedience

During cross-examination, a witness repeatedly offers his opinion in answer to the lawyer's questions, so the judge orders him to confine his answers to a simple "yes" or "no." Following the judge's rebuke, the witness stops offering his opinions. The response of the witness illustrates:

obedience.

The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do, simply because they tell us to do it, is called:

obedience.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n):

objective test.

Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of:

observation, measurement, and experimentation.

The benefit of using functional neuroimaging techniques is that they allow researchers to:

observe dynamic activity of the brain as it happens during specific tasks.

The repeated and uncontrollable irrational thoughts that cause anxiety in obsessive-compulsive disorder are known as _____.

obsessions

The repeated and uncontrollable irrational thoughts that cause anxiety, known as _____, differ from the repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to reduce anxiety, known as _____.

obsessions; compulsions

Jodie is convinced that her husband will get sick and die unless she cleans the kitchen every day. She constantly thinks about the germs that are in her kitchen, and feels like she always has more to clean in the already spotless kitchen. Jodie most likely has _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

People who suffer from _____ are so preoccupied with unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions that they are unable to function in their daily lives.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he himself can unwrap. His symptoms are most characteristic of:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Your friend Tom knows that you are taking a psychology class. Over lunch he tells you about his "bad habit" that has persisted for a couple of years. When he gets dressed in the morning he puts on his pants at least 100 times, because each time he puts one leg on, the other leg needs to be "evened out." This pattern of behavior has caused him to be late for classes and work. You suspect Tom is suffering from a disorder called:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

In the famous Müller-Lyer illusion, it appears as though:

one line is longer than the other even though the lines are actually identical in length.

Karen is going to measure happiness based on how frequently a person smiles or laughs. Her measure of happiness is called her _____ definition.

operational

Also known as the ______ explanatory style, this involves accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations.

optimistic

Those perceived as different or apart from one's in-group, are called _____.

out-group

Compulsions may be _____, such as repeatedly washing your hands or checking doors or windows, or they may be _____, such as counting or reciting certain phrases to yourself.

overt physical behaviors; covert physical behaviors

Sonia's heartbeat suddenly increases, her breath shortens, and she has hot flashes. She feels terrified and has a sense she is about to die. She has these attacks periodically and they generally come without warning. Sonia most likely has _____ disorder.

panic

When people suffer from a(n) _____, they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and may experience heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

panic attack

Ataques de nervios, also known as "attack of nerves" in Latin American cultures, is comparable to what in American culture are called:

panic attacks.

Symptoms that can be incorrectly perceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of _____.

panic disorder

The _____ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

social-cognitive

A person who has an irrational fear of dogs can be considered to have a phobia, whereas a person who suffers from a panic attack in the presence of a dog can be said to have a _____ phobia.

specific

The presence of sleep spindles and K complexes is the defining characteristic of:

stage 2 NREM sleep.

Tony has repeated episodes in which he starts sweating, experiences a racing pulse and shortness of breath, and feels like he's going to die. The medical specialists he consults cannot find anything physically wrong with him. His personal physician suggests Tony may want to see a mental health professional. Tony's symptoms indicate that he may have which disorder?

panic disorder

Depressive disorders include all of the following EXCEPT:

panic disorder.

Fetishistic disorder falls under which diagnostic category of the DSM-5?

paraphilic disorders

Dr. Nicolaidis has a job that involves examining people's claims regarding phenomena that occur outside the normal range of experiences. According to the Critical Thinking box titled, "ESP: Can Perception Occur Without Sensation?", Dr. Nicolaidis works as a:

parapsychologist.

As you wait in line at the airport, the guy behind you is standing so close that his briefcase is pushing against your leg. You process the sensation of the briefcase touching and pushing against you in your:

parietal lobe

Behavior that is conditioned with _____ reinforcement is _____ resistant to extinction.

partial; more

Research on physical attractiveness has found that:

people who are physically attractive tend to be more popular and less anxious in social situations.

Both the study by Crum and Langer (2007) and the ginkgo biloba experiment found that:

people's beliefs and expectations can have a powerful influence.

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of _____ set.

perceptual

We recognize objects, especially familiar ones, as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input. This fact illustrates ______ constancy.

perceptual

Lauren is lethargic and feels worthless, but she is still able to function at her job and to participate in domestic activities. She has been feeling this way for almost two years. From which of the following disorders is Lauren MOST likely suffering?

persistent depressive disorder

Lauren is lethargic, feels worthless, and is overeating, but she is still able to function at her job and to participate in domestic activities. She has been feeling this way for almost two years. Lauren is most likely suffering from the disorder known as _____.

persistent depressive disorder

The process by which we form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics of others is also known as _____.

person perception

The process by which we form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics of others is also known as:

person perception

When Ruby stepped into the subway car, she quickly looked around and decided it would be safer to sit next to the middle-aged, well-dressed woman than to sit next to the man with bright orange hair and earrings. Ruby has engaged in the process of:

person perception.

While researching a term paper, Marcie read some interesting research on the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of others. Marcie was reading about:

person perception.

The In Focus box titled "Explaining Those Amazing Identical Twin Similarities" concluded that:

personality is only partly determined by genes.

Although Mark realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them and takes an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from a(n) _____.

phobia

If you avoid situations in which help may not be available when a panic attack strikes, you may be suffering from a(n):

phobia

Ralph is extremely fearful of public speaking and cannot cope with the idea of speaking to an audience. This problem has cost him promotions at work. He most likely suffers from a(n) _____.

phobia

Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have her blood taken. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it and take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from a(n):

phobia

Individuals with intense fears of specific objects or situations that disrupt their ability to cope are known to have _____.

phobias

Individuals with intense fears of specific objects or situations that disrupt their ability to cope are known to have:

phobias.

If someone attempted to memorize a list of words by repeating each one vocally in their mind, they would be using their _____, whereas, if they attempted to memorize them by seeing the list in their mind, they would be using their _____.

phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad

A supervisor reprimands an employee for wearing jeans to work. From then on, the employee wears a suit and tie to work. This is an example of:

positive punishment.

To obtain a scan using this technique, a patient is injected with (or ingests) a low and harmless dose of a short-lived radioactive glucose. This technique is known as:

positron emission tomography (PET).

You imagine the self you want to be: a great athlete, well-loved, and well-educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming: a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of _____.

possible selves

This disorder was originally associated with direct experiences of military combat.

post-traumatic stress disorder

Gerald is under hypnosis and recalls being left in a restaurant when he was a little boy. His therapist suggests to him that he will forget this memory on waking out of the hypnosis. The therapist is trying to induce:

posthypnotic amnesia.

Known as _____ disorder, this long-lasting anxiety disorder develops in response to an extreme physical or psychological stressor.

posttraumatic stress

After experiencing a traumatic event such as living or working in a war zone or being physically attacked, it is not uncommon to develop:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

_____ is defined as a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific group.

prejudice

Because of their specialty training, psychiatrists have _____, which clinical psychologists usually can have only if they receive postdoctoral training.

prescription privileges

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species is called a _____, and a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer is called a _____ .

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

Puberty involves the development of ______ sex characteristics such as sex organs, and ______ sex characteristics such as changes in height, weight, and body shape

primary; secondary

When old memories interfere with a new memory, _____ is said to have occurred.

proactive interference

The three major categories of information, or types of memory, in long-term memory are:

procedural, episodic, and semantic memory

In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used _____ test.

projective

Lyle is studying alone late Friday night in the almost deserted library. His concentration is interrupted when he notices another student nearby slumped over his desk, making sounds that suggest he might be in pain. In this situation, it is very likely that Lyle will engage in _____, because he is NOT constrained by _____.

prosocial behavior; the bystander effect

Dr. Gray, who has a medical degree, routinely sees each of her patients at least two times per week for intensive psychotherapy. Dr. Gray has also received training in psychoanalysis. She is a:

psychiatrist

The type of therapist who would say, "Tell me about the dream you had last night?" is a _____.

psychoanalyst

Short-term dynamic therapies are based on _____ theory.

psychoanalytic

Freud's landmark theory of psychoanalysis became the basis for which perspective in contemporary psychology?

psychodynamic

A person with a _____ exhibits a pattern of behavior that causes significant distress and/or impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life.

psychological disorder

Larry has recently called to set up an appointment at the college counseling center. He is unable to sleep, has lost his appetite, and is not interested in any of his usual activities. His distress is significantly impairing his grades and social life. Given the likelihood that Larry is suffering from a _____, he will be given an appointment to see a counselor.

psychological disorder

Also known as _____, this method of scientific study focuses on the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.

psychopathology

The psychological technique that encourages the understanding of one's problems and the identification of troubling emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems is called _____.

psychotherapy

Crystal has asked her psychology professor whether psychotherapy is more effective than no therapy at all. If her professor is familiar with the research studies on the topic, he is most likely to answer that:

psychotherapy is significantly more effective than no treatment.

Drugs that are used to treat psychological or mental disorders are called _____ medications.

psychotropic

After getting cactus needles stuck in her hand, two-year-old Rachel no longer touches cactus plants. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

punishment by application

Researchers control factors (e.g., age, attitudes) that might influence a dependent variable by means of _____.

random assignment

The National Health and Social Life Survey, conducted to gather information about the sexual practices of U.S. adults between the ages of 18 and 59, is an example of _____, in that every member of the larger group has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample.

random selection

A type of cognitive therapy that focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs is also known as:

rational-emotive therapy.

Because the beginnings of his sexual attraction to some of the girls in his seventh-grade class caused Jeff so much anxiety, he often found himself teasing the girls to whom he was most attracted. Which of the following ego defense mechanisms best explains Jeff's behavior?

reaction formation

Researchers who were interested in the effects of alcohol consumption on perceived attractiveness of members of the opposite sex randomly assigned participants to two groups. Each participant in the first group received a fruit flavored drink containing a set amount of alcohol and those in the second group received an identical tasting drink with no alcohol. Next, the participants viewed pictures of members of the opposite sex and rated their attractiveness on a scale of 1 to 10. What was the operational definition of the treatment or independent variable?

receiving an alcoholic drink or an identical tasting drink with no alcohol

The term that describes human functioning as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors is _____.

reciprocal determinism

Wynn has been studying for his chemistry exam by breaking up each chapter into manageable sections and then learning key information one section at a time. According to the chapter's Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section, Wynn is using which technique to enhance his memory?

reducing interference within a topic

Scores on tests of logical reasoning, math skills, and word recall are shown to ______ with aging.

reflect slight decline

A trait is formally defined as a(n):

relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.

As a result of modeling, children acquire their understanding of gender differences in many ways, including all the following EXCEPT:

relying on internal frames of reference.

It can be said that scientific confidence is reduced if the _____ of a study fails to produce the same basic findings.

replication

The "pushing out" of conscious awareness of those memories that are emotionally charged or unwanted is called _____.

repression

Which of the following is a definition of the experimental method?

research method used to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another variable

After overcoming the initial shock of having his house broken into and many of his personal possessions stolen, Vincent calls the police for help and starts thinking of ways to help catch the burglar and retrieve his possessions. At this point, Vincent is MOST likely in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance

When patients in psychoanalysis blocks anxiety-laden material from their consciousness they are experiencing _____.

resistance

When patients in psychoanalysis block anxiety-laden material from their consciousness, they are experiencing:

resistance.

During the short-answer essay part of the examination, Ethan was absolutely certain that he knew the definition of long-term potentiation, but he could not think of it. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Ethan's inability to retrieve the information from his long-term memory?

retrieval cue failure

Whenever Jan tries to talk on the telephone, her five-year-old daughter, Isabel, repeatedly interrupts her. If Jan wants to use the strategy of reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior, she should:

reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call.

_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development.

rogers

In the famous Zimbardo Prison study, Stanford students were assigned to either be a prisoner or a guard so the experimenters could examine prison life behaviors and interactions. What was the independent variable in this study?

role of prisoner or guard

Hedda is seeing an interpersonal therapist to help with her major depressive disorder. Hedda's problems seem to derive from her loneliness, since she has just recently moved to town to take a new job. Hedda is dealing with _____, according to her therapist.

role transitions

Also known as _____ disorder, this disorder typically occurs during the darker and colder times of the year.

seasonal affective

The key goals in client-centered therapy are:

self-awareness, psychological growth, and self-directed change.

When Geri is asked how she would describe herself, she replies, "gentle, generous, and sometimes impatient." According to Carl Rogers, the set of perceptions and beliefs that Geri has about herself are part of her:

self-concept.

The Culture and Human Behavior box features a type of explanatory style more often found in collectivist cultures, known as the _____ bias, which involves blaming our failures on internal, personal factors and attributing our successes to external, situational factors.

self-effacing

Also referred to as _____, this is the term used by Bandura to describe the degree to which a person is subjectively convinced of one's own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation.

self-efficacy

Juan is an experienced car mechanic who believes he can fix just about any problem in any make of car or truck. According to Bandura, Juan's confidence in his ability to handle mechanical problems shows his:

self-efficacy.

You are confident in your academic ability. You have earned good grades in the past, and are sure that you will earn good grades in the future. In terms of academic ability, you most likely have high:

self-efficacy.

Dr. Nye studies personality by asking individuals to respond to how well a statement describes them. Dr. Nye is most clearly using the _____ method of measuring personality.

self-report

James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude illustrates a(n) _____ bias.

self-serving

One's tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal, personal causes, while attributing failures to external, situational causes, is called the _____ bias.

self-serving

What is our tendency to take credit for our successes and downplay our role in our losses?

self-serving bias

When a person attributes the successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and the unsuccessful outcomes of one's own behavior to external, situational causes, the person likely has an explanatory style known as _____.

self-serving bias

When a person attributes the successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and outcomes that are unsuccessful to external, situational causes, the person likely has an explanatory style known as:

self-serving bias.cognt

Although the _____ is common in individualistic cultures, such as Australia and the United States, in collectivistic cultures, such as Japan and China, the _____ is more common.

self-serving bias; self-effacing bias

Social cognitive theory embraces the idea that it is a person's _____ that represent(s) the person's cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes.

self-system

f you are asked to remember your high school graduation day, you may "see" several memories in your mind, perhaps going to receive your diploma, what you ate, or the look on your parents' faces. These memories are the result of recalling _____ information.

sensory

According to the stage model of memory, information in the environment enters into _____, then that which is attended to enters _____, and finally, some of that information is encoded into _____.

sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory

In both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, there is a decrease in the brain activity of the neurotransmitter _____.

serotonin

In both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, there is a decrease in the brain activity of the neurotransmitter:

serotonin

In a study examining brain differences between practitioners of meditation and those who never meditated, MRI scans showed that:

several cortical areas were thicker in the meditators' brains than in the nonmeditators' brains.

One's ability to perceive a familiar object as having a fixed shape regardless of the image it casts on our retina is called _____ constancy.

shape

Which of the following does your textbook NOT describe as a side effect of MDMA (ecstasy)?

shivering and hypothermia (abnormally low body temperature)

The "workshop" of consciousness is also known as

short-term memory

Which sense is least developed at birth?

sight

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to group together figures that are similar to each other. This is called the principle of:

similarity

Chloe, a graduate student in psychology, has conducted a research study that has confirmed her hypothesis that high maternal warmth predicts higher levels of social adjustment. Because her results are _____, Chloe is considering publishing her findings.

statistically significant

The students in Professor Smith's psychology class have confirmed their research hypothesis, which also means that their results are:

statistically significant

When we make inferences about other people based on the categories to which they belong, we are _____.

stereotyping

Your dog tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits. However, your dog does not drool when you shake a bag of cat food. This is an example of:

stimulus discrimination

If you own a dog that tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits, you may have noticed that your dog also drools when you shake a bag of cat food. If so, this would be an example of:

stimulus generalization.

One of the best predictors of the onset of an episode of major depressive disorder is exposure to a(n):

stressful event.

Generally speaking, the effects of early or late maturation are:

stressful for both girls and boys.

Depression may be caused by stressful events. The kinds of events that are most strongly associated with depression are:

stressful situations or chronic stress.

Psychology is formally defined as the scientific:

study of behavior and mental processes.

When Mrs. Perez touched her newborn's lips, he produced an automatic response called the:

sucking reflex.

The autonomic nervous system is comprised of two different branches called the _____ and _____ nervous systems.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The DSM-5 is used to describe the _____ for different psychological disorders.

symptoms and diagnostic guidelines

Communication between two neurons occurs at the

synapse

You have agreed to participate in a friend's psychology project, where you are asked to judge the length of two equal lines. You conclude that the one with outward-pointing arrows is longer than the one with inward-pointing arrows. You have just experienced:

the Müller-Lyer Illusion.

According to _____, the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress.

the bystander effect

The concept of diffusion of responsibility helps to explain _____, which occurs when the presence of other people makes it less likely that an individual will help someone in distress.

the bystander effect

A phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers is called:

the bystander effect.

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction BEST illustrates:

the bystander effect.

The moon illusion and the Müller-Lyer illusion are two classic examples of perceptual illusions. The principle behind each involves _____ constancy.

size

Narcolepsy falls under which diagnostic category of the DSM-5?

sleep disorders

A baby with a ______ temperament is likely to have a low activity level, withdraw from new situations and people, and adapt to new experiences very gradually.

slow-to-warm-up

The extreme fear of being embarrassed or judged by others in public is known as a _____ phobia.

social

The psychological study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations is called _____ psychology.

social

the disorder known as taijin kyofusho in Japanese culture shares several features, including extreme social anxiety and avoidance of social situations, with what is known as _____ phobia in American culture.

social

vera has become increasingly withdrawn during social gatherings. She is so afraid she will do or say something embarrassing that she has started to avoid social events altogether. Vera may be developing the disorder known as a _____ phobia.

social

If you have an intense fear of speaking in public, eating out, or going to parties, you may be suffering from a _____.

social anxiety disorder

Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a(n):

social anxiety disorder.

Vera has become increasingly withdrawn during social gatherings. She is so afraid she will do or say something embarrassing that she has started to avoid social events altogether. Vera may be developing:

social anxiety disorder.

Social psychology involves the study of:

social behavior, social influence, and social cognition

Social psychologists call the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics:

social categorization.

As a student majoring in psychology, Hannah is interested in how we form impressions of other people, how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our attitudes affect our behavior. Hannah's interest most closely resembles an area of social psychology called:

social cognition

To make sense of their social situation, people use the mental processes known as _____.

social cognition

Professor Henry's area of research involves the study of the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environment, including person perception, attribution, attitudes, and prejudice. Professor Henry works in the area of:

social cognition.

To make sense of their social situation, people use the mental processes known as:

social cognition.

The idea that a person's conscious thought processes in different situations strongly influence his or her actions is one important characteristic of the _____ perspective on personality.

social cognitive

The concept of conformity is related to the concept of _____, which is the psychological study of how behavior is influenced by social environment and other people.

social influence

Customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture are called:

social norms

According to Freud, the term manifest content refers to:

the elements of a dream that the dreamer consciously experienced and remembered.

Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline?

the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879

The affective component of an attitude is reflected in:

the feelings that people have about a given event, object, or topic.

_____ is the capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts and sensations.

Attention

_____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Attitudes

Dr. Martinez is studying the effects of diet on mental alertness. Each morning for two weeks, participants in Dr. Martinez's study eat a breakfast that is either high in carbohydrates or high in protein. Dr. Martinez then measures the participants' abilities to solve geometry problems. What is the dependent variable in this study?

Ability to solve geometry problems

Carl Rogers's emphasis on the tendency of human beings to strive to fulfill their potential and capabilities could best be compared to the work of _____.

Abraham Maslow

Feedback from the muscles of the eye can help us judge the distance of an object, because the lens of the eye thickens when we shift our focus from a distant object to a nearby object. This visual cue is called

Accomoddation

According to the humanist perspective, in order to feel good about themselves and motivated to move forward, people need to:

According to the humanist perspective, in order to feel good about themselves and motivated to move forward, people need to:

Habitual coffee drinkers often experience an almost immediate sense of alertness when they sip a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about 20 minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of alertness.

According to _____, human functioning is caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, a process that he called reciprocal determinism.

Albert Bandura

American psychologist _____ is best known for his research on observational learning and his social cognitive theory of personality.

Albert Bandura

_____ emphasized the interaction among behavior, conscious cognitive processes, and social experiences in his personality theory called _____.

Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory

Jackson joined the Alpine cross-country ski club because he couldn't afford the cost of downhill skiing. Many members of his club think that downhill skiing is destroying the natural environment, and they often make derogatory remarks about downhillers. Since joining the club, Jackson has changed his attitude about downhill skiing. He now promotes the benefits of cross-country skiing and joins his new buddies in categorizing all downhill skiers as self-centered, uncaring destroyers of the environment. This example illustrates:

All of the answers are correct

Jimmy's grandfather does not recognize him when he comes to visit. Jimmy was warned by his grandmother that his grandfather has a form of dementia known as _____, which causes him to be unable to recognize his loved ones.

Alzheimers disease

What organization established a set of ethical principles psychological research must follow in order for researchers to publish their results in research journals?

American Psychological Association

The rapid-fire speech and escalating emotions associated with a manic episode are symptoms of a disorder known as _____.

BIPOLAR

Watson and Skinner's contentions that psychology should focus on observable behaviors to discover the fundamental laws of learning form the basis of which major perspective in contemporary psychology?

Behavioral

_____ symptoms of major depressive disorder include tearfulness or spontaneous episodes of crying, and making less eye contact.

Behavioral

Mari has tried everything to relieve her chronic headaches and nothing has worked. She has finally decided to try the magnet-approach to pain relief, by wearing a magnet bracelet and buying a mattress equipped with magnets. It is possible that Mari is:

Benefiting, although it may be a placebo effect

American social psychologists John Darley and _____ conducted pioneering studies of bystander intervention in emergency situations.

Bibb Latané.

The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as:

Binocular disparity

Mr. Tseng has been experiencing severe back pain ever since a work accident years ago. He has begun to see Dr. Bender who, through the use of sensitive equipment that signals different changes in Mr. Tseng's body, can help him to learn how to have voluntary control over these involuntary body functions. Dr. Bender is using the method known as _____ with Mr. Tseng.

Biofeedback

Researchers often use computers in their experiments in order to keep from influencing the participants and thus remaining _____ to the conditions to which the participants have been assigned.

Blind

Sensory analysis starts at the entry level (i.e., with the sensory receptors) and works up to the integration of sensory information in the brain. This process is called _____ processing.

Bottom-up

Sensory analysis starts at the entry level (i.e., with the sensory receptors) and works up to the integration of sensory information in the brain. This process is called:

Bottom-up processing

Rhonda is trying to put together a mobile for her baby's crib. She sees all the parts, but cannot understand or determine what goes where. She tries the approach of _____ processing, but after 10 minutes she still cannot figure out what to do and goes to get the box so she can view a picture of the final product, an example of _____ processing.

Bottom=up; top-down

______ is an unhealthy condition caused by chronic, prolonged work stress characterized by exhaustion and a sense of failure or inadequacy.

Burnout

A self-report inventory known as the _____ is used to assess personality characteristics such as interpersonal effectiveness, self-control, independence, and empathy in normal populations.

California Personality Inventory

American psychologist _____ developed a theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that focused on the inherent worth of people, the innate tendency to strive toward one's potential, and the importance of the self-concept in personality development.

Carl Rogers

It was _____ who said, "I dare to believe that when the human being is inwardly free to choose whatever he deeply values, he tends to value those objects, experiences, and goals that will make for his own survival, growth, and development, and for the survival and development of others."

Carl Rogers

_____ was the American psychologist who developed a theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent worth of people, the innate tendency to strive toward one's potential, and the importance of the self-concept in personality development.

Carl Rogers

Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy?

Carl rogers

A _______ is an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth.

Case Study

An experiment allows us to uncover _____ relationships between variables.

Casual

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This type of organization is known as _____.

Chunking

In an effort to control for _____ variables in their housekeeping experiment, Crum and Langer (2007) randomly assigned hotels rather than single participants to either the experimental or control condition.

Cofounding

_____ symptoms of major depressive disorder include difficulty concentrating and remembering.

Cognitive

When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani's fondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described as a(n):

Conditional Response

Five-year-old Sam begins to cry when he discovers that his pet turtle has died. His father scolds Sam for crying and says, "Big boys don't cry." According to Carl Rogers, because Sam's father is using _____, Sam is likely to _____ his feelings of sadness in the future.

Conditional positive regard; deny

Mary is trying to determine how to conduct an ethical research study on stress levels in children. She has decided to consult the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of _____ developed by The American Psychological Association (APA).

Conduct

Unobtrusively, Dr. Jones and two of her students record the willingness of boys and girls to volunteer for an elephant ride or a donkey ride at the local zoo. Jones is using:

Descriptive research methods

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan depicts brain activity by:

Detecting where radioactive forms of glucose are located during a given task

Based on their research on infant temperament, Thomas and Chess (1977. would characterize babies who tend to be intensely emotional and irritable, cry a lot, and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns as:

Difficult

Which of the following can be said about long-term memory establishment?

Distinct changes in neurons are produced.

To reduce the experience of pain, Dexter looks away and focuses on a picture on the wall as a nurse sticks a hypodermic needle into his arm. According to the Application box, Dexter is using the pain control technique of:

Distraction

What discovery sparked Pavlov's interest in the phenomenon that eventually became known as classical conditioning?

Dogs displayed a reflexive response before the stimulus was presented rather than after it was presented

In a research study designed to test the effects of alcohol on sociability, it is important that neither the subject nor the investigator be aware of who receives alcohol and who does not. This is called the _____ technique.

Double-blind

In a study on the effects of caffeine on memory, participants drank a bottle of tasteless water containing 100, 50, or 0 milligrams of caffeine. Neither the researcher who handed out each bottle of water nor the study participants knew whether a bottle of water contained caffeine or not. This is an example of a _____ study.

Double-blind

Which of the following statements best captures Sigmund Freud's view of dreaming?

Dream imagery is a symbolic expression of repressed urges, wishes, and desires.

Each day Wayne feels he has to lock and unlock his door 11 times before he leaving his house. Wayne cannot leave without performing this ritual because of his fear that he will leave his door unlocked. Which disorder does Wayne most likely have?

Each day Wayne feels he has to lock and unlock his door 11 times before he leaving his house. Wayne cannot leave without performing this ritual because of his fear that he will leave his door unlocked. Which disorder does Wayne most likely have?

Iconic memory and echoic memory are two different types of sensory memory. What is true about the temporal capacity of the two?

Echoic memories last longer.

_____ is our brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about three to four seconds before fading away.

Echoic memory

The result of objective observation, measurement, and experimentation on which psychology is based is called:

Empirical Evidence

The processing of information into the memory system is called:

Encoding

A correlational study:

Examines how strongly two variables are related to one another

In a study designed to measure whether number of hours of sleep significantly predicts higher test grades, researchers vary the number of hours of sleep that subjects get per night. This method of manipulating one variable to measure change in a second variable is called _____.

Experimental

The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called the:

Experimental method

Melanie has become increasingly preoccupied with worry about all kinds of things, ranging from whether she left her oven on, to terrorism, to how it might look if she trips in the grocery store, the last of which eventually causes her to avoid all stores in general. She also has trouble sleeping and concentrating, and is very irritable. _____ disorder best identifies Melanie's symptoms.

Generalized anxiety

The unique genetic makeup of an individual organism is called its

Genotype

_____ psychology maintained that our sensations are actively processed according to consistent perceptual rules that result in meaningful whole perceptions.

Gestalt

Which parts of the body have the greatest representation on the primary motor cortex?

Hand and facial muscles

Stacy likes to organize her room at home. She has a spot for everything and is very particular about where things belong. When it is time for her to go to work, she has no problem leaving her room, even though she has the urge to clean her room again when she gets home. A psychologist claims that Stacy does not have obsessive-compulsive disorder. Why?

Her obsession with cleanliness does not stop her from going to work.

In contrast to Freud's pessimistic view of people as motivated by sexual and destructive instincts, the _____ theory of personality generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.

Humanistic

A large pharmaceutical company begins to write a research protocol based on their belief that the new medication called Drug R may be useful in treating anxiety. They predict that Drug R should lower symptoms of anxiety. This prediction is a(n) _____.

Hypothesis

According to Erikson, the key psychosocial conflict for adolescents is:

Identity versus role confusion.

Between the ages of 2 to 7, Piaget proposed that children enter into the preoperational stage of development, which is characterized by the:

Increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes.

The _____ variable is the experimental factor that is manipulated and these manipulations may affect the outcome factor.

Independent

Which of the following conditions would increase scientific confidence in a particular research finding?

Independent researchers repeated the study using different participants and the same basic finding occurred again

Josie is conducting a study on whether sleep deprivation increases stress levels. She will be manipulating levels of sleep by randomly assigning subjects to different conditions in which some will sleep fewer hours than others. In this experiment, sleep is called the:

Independent variable

_____ involves behavior that is motivated by the desire to be correct.

Informational social influence

_____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Informational social influence

One routine measure to protect subjects is:

Informed Consent

The ethical principle of _____ means that research participants are given enough information about a study to make a reasonable decision about whether they will participate.

Informed consent

When parents are neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive to their infant's moods or behavior, the ambivalent or detached emotional relationship the baby develops to them is called:

Insecure attachment

_____ is the most common sleep complaint among adults.

Insomnia

In evaluating the trait perspective on personality, which of the following has been made as a criticism?

It doesn't attempt to explain how or why individual differences develop.

Which of the following is true of the practice of acupuncture?

It has been shown to be an effective method of pain relief.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

It is more common among women than men.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about major depressive disorder?

It is much more likely for women than men to experience it.

Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing a problem behavior?

Jose is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for talking in class.

_____ was the first Gestalt psychologist to study the illusion of motion known as induced motion.

Karl Duncker

The compelling perceptual illusion known as the moon illusion involves a misperception that the moon is _____ when it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead.

Larger

The compelling perceptual illusion known as the moon illusion involves a misperception that the moon is:

Larger when it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead

The combined research findings of Lashley and Thompson on memory traces suggest that memories are both _____ and distributed.

Localized

is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.

Long-term memory

The _____ assesses people's tendencies toward clinical problems, as well as assessing general personality traits.

MMPI

The _____ is the most well-known self-report measure of personality.

MMPI

While meditating, Stewart tries to achieve a quiet awareness of the "here and now," without any distracting thoughts. Stewart is using a(n) _____ meditation technique.

Open Monitoring

Which letter points to the brain structure that controls vital life functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion?

Medulla

Monica has recently noticed that she has difficulty retaining and using information that she has learned. It is likely that Monica is having difficulties with her:

Memory

The _____ includes a scale that can assess the extent to which a person is answering honestly and consistently.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

____ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonic

Jean was extremely happy that she had finally passed the certified public accountant exam and had landed a great job with a big accounting firm. As she was celebrating with family and friends, Jean recalled several other happy memories in her life. Jean's recall of other happy memories is an example of:

Mood congruence

If Fred holds a letter he is reading very close to his nose, and Charlie holds the same letter at arm's length when he reads it, Fred will experience _____ Charlie.

More convergence than

Which of the following is NOT true of Milgram's research?

More than 84 percent of participants later stated that they were "sorry to have been in the experiment."

Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter employing?

Naturalistic Observation

While checking out the magazine racks at a local bookstore, you notice an article about a "new study showing that as church attendance increases, levels of depression significantly decrease." Based on what you have learned in introductory psychology, you can deduce that the researchers have probably found, at the very least, a _____ correlation between these variables.

Negative

The first state to allow licensed psychologists to prescribe psychotropic medications after additional intensive training was _____.

New Mexico

_____ social influence results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Normative

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n) _____ test.

Objective

Which of the following statements about action potentials is TRUE?

Once an action potential is started, it is self-sustaining and continues to the end of the axon.

Whose behavior is most likely to show the greatest resistance to extinction?

Rick, who sometimes gets what he asks for from his parents when they are out shopping

The psychologist who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy was _____.

Rogers

_____ was the lead researcher on the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a survey that looked at the prevalence of mental disorders in America.

Ronald C. Kessler

Katrina thinks of herself as being fairly laid back, easygoing, and relatively calm. She believes that she is above average academically and intellectually, and sees herself as very conscientious at work and caring and loving with her family. Carl Rogers would call Katrina's perceptions and beliefs about who she is her _____.

Self-concept

_____ is our tendency to take credit for our successes and downplay our role in our losses.

Self-serving bias

Cameron knows that the hybrid offspring of a lion and tiger is known as a liger, but he can't remember for the life of him where, or how he learned this. His knowledge of the name for the hybrid offspring is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

Semantic

_____ memory holds facts, names, and concepts.

Semantic

Detecting the colors of a painting on the wall involves the process of _____, while interpreting those stimuli as the representation of a vase of flowers involves the process of _____.

Sensation;perception

If you are asked to remember your high school graduation day, you may "see" several memories in your mind, perhaps going to receive your diploma, or what you ate, or the look on your parents' faces. These memories are the result of recalling _____ information.

Sensory

If you are asked to remember your high school graduation day, you may "see" several memories in your mind, perhaps going to receive your diploma, what you ate, or the look on your parents' faces. These memories are the result of recalling _____ information.

Sensory

if you are asked to remember your high school graduation day, you may "see" several memories in your mind, perhaps going to receive your diploma, or what you ate, or the look on your parents' faces. These memories are the result of recalling _____ information.

Sensory

According to the modal model of the mind, the first memory store that information must enter before one is conscious of it, or before it can be stored permanently, is:

Sensory Memory

Out with some friends, you run into a deli to pick up some snacks. Your friend requests a Sprite to go with her sandwich. At first you don't hear her, or don't think you've heard her. You shout, "What?", and in the instant that the words come out of your month you realize what she has said. What causes you to remember is the processing of your:

Sensory memory

You may be able to repeat back the last few words that someone spoke even if you weren't really paying attention. This is because the information is still available in your:

Sensory memory

The five-factor model of personality is supported by which of the following findings?

The five factors have been identified across the life span in many cultures.

Martina is an animal trainer at Sea World. To teach a new dolphin to jump through a hoop high above the water, Martina first reinforces the dolphin for approaching the hoop while it is under the water. Then, she reinforces the dolphin for swimming through the hoop under water. Gradually raising the hoop, Martina progressively reinforces each small step toward the goal behavior. Martina is using the process of _____ to train the dolphin.

Shaping

The founder of psychoanalysis was _____.

Sigmund Freud

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?

Sigmund Freud

Lukasz was given a forced-choice personality test in which he was required to respond to each item by choosing one of three alternatives. The results generated a personality profile with ratings on a number of trait dimensions that helped Lukasz decide which career path he should pursue. Lukasz was MOST likely given the:

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF).

As Demi moves away from the camera, her image on the screen grows smaller and smaller, yet viewers do not perceive Demi as the incredible shrinking woman. This illustrates:

Size constancy

Josh is conducting a research study on the effect of parent's affection and the amount a baby cries in the first year. His first results indicated a negative correlation between the amount of time a parent holds his or her child and the amount of crying. However, the effect size indicated a weak relationship between the two variables. He is not sure about his results and wants to conduct the research in a controlled setting. Josh is operating under what attribute of valid scientific research?

Skepticism

Although he was fast asleep, 12-year-old Scott got out of bed and walked to the kitchen with slow but automatic movements and began to fumble with the lock on the back door. Scott has had a number of such _____ episodes and rarely remembers anything about them in the morning.

Sleepwalking

Somnambulism is also called:

Sleepwalking

_____ psychologists explore how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Social

The theory of personality known as _____ theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.

Social Cognitive

Martha walks into the library at her college and sees a classmate. Martha whispers, "Hi." Her whispering is likely in concordance with the "rules" or expectations for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation, referred to in social psychology as:

Social Norms

Which of the following represents a key STRENGTH of the social cognitive perspective?

Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.

The _____ theory of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy, and self-determination.

Social-cognitive

_____ was the American social psychologist who is BEST known for his pioneering studies of conformity.

Solomon Asch

As you are taking a test, you inadvertently drop your pencil, reach down, pick it up, and put it back on the desk. This voluntary action involves motor signals that are communicated to your muscles via the _____ nervous system.

Somatic

Although he actually learned about Holland's high taxes from talking to someone at a recent party, Paul is absolutely convinced that he heard about the high taxes in Holland on a radio talk show. This is an example of a false memory due to:

Source Confusion

After researchers conditioned a dog to salivate to the sight of a triangle, they presented the triangle alone to the dog every three minutes. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva the dog secreted in response to the triangle decreased to zero. At that point, the researchers put the dog back in his cage for the night. What happened the next morning when the researchers presented the triangle to the dog again?

Spontaneous recovery likely occurred, and the dog salivated in response to the triangle

arlotta is a research assistant in the college sleep lab. As she monitors the EEG recording of a sleeping research participant in the lab, she notes the presence of theta brain waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes. Carlotta concludes that the subject is experiencing:

Stage 2 MREM

_____ involves the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors.

The fundamental attribution error

The process of retaining information in memory so it can be used at a later time is called:

Storage

Of the key provisions given in the APA ethical guidelines for human participants, which of the following is NOT included?

Students taking an introductory psychology course can be required to participate in a research project.

When subjects in the Milgram study were asked to literally hold down the hands of those being shocked on the "shock plate" (versus administering the shock from a different room), which of the following behaviors was exhibited?

Subjects' compliance in administering the shock dropped.

Several studies have shown that frequent ecstasy users:

Suffer a broad range of cognitive problems such as impaired memory and decision-making ability

Also known as _____ traits, these are the personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior.

Surface

Kelly is 5 years old and has a good imagination. Recently, for example, she used a discarded box as a make-believe castle and made up a very interesting dialogue between the "king" and "queen" of her castle. Kelly is using:

Sybolic thought

This image depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Which area contains the primary auditory cortex, which processes auditory information?

Temporal lobe

Which of the following changes cannot be produced through hypnosis?

Temporary moments of superhuman strength

Some of the ways that pseudosciences support their claims of success involve:

Testimonials

As you walk on the beach, every detail of the rocks, shells, and sand beneath your feet seems crisp and distinct. As you look farther down the beach, however, the details of the ground in the distance seem fuzzy and blurred. Because of the depth perception cue of _____, you perceive the ground beneath your feet to be much closer than the ground that extends into the distance.

Texture gradient

The "buffers" created between the punisher and the punished in the Milgram study, including being in separate rooms, likely had which of the following impacts on the one inflicting the shocks?

The buffers distanced the punishers from the pain the punishers thought was being inflicted on the person the punishers thought was being shocked.

What role does size constancy play in the Müller-Lyer illusion?

The center line that seems to be farther away appears larger because of size constancy effects.

What is the importance of having a control group in an experiment?

The control group serves as a baseline against which changes in the experimental group can be compared.`

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "The Addicted Brain," alcohol, heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines all affect which system in the brain?

The dopamine reward system

What role does size constancy play in the moon illusion?

The moon looks larger when the perception of its distance increases.

What does psychologist George Miller describe in his paper entitled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two"?

The number of items or bits of information that can be held in short-term memory at one time

Which of the following helps explain why no one assisted Kitty Genovese when she was observed being brutally attacked on a New York street?

The presence of other people who observed the crime led to diffusion of responsibility.

Of the following statements about ethical principles, which is the MOST accurate?

The use of deception is tolerated under special conditions.

What does the trait approach to personality say about an individual's traits?

They are relatively consistent across a variety of settings.

Why do researchers have people make up stories about different pictures they see?

They do this to infer the underlying motives, concerns, and views about the world of the responder.

When Milgram asked psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict how subjects would behave in his experiment, they said ALL but the following:

They predicted that college students would be more likely to obey than other adults.

In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the social-cognitive perspective can you cite?

This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.

Which of these descriptions is MOST likely to develop anorexia nervosa?

a 17-year-old female

German researchers conducted a study investigating what happens to the brain when we learn a new, challenging skill. Participants learned to juggle and then underwent MRI brain scans. What changes did the MRI scans reveal?

a 3 to 4 percent increase in white matter in a brain region involved in language production and comprehension.

There have been reports in the field that patients taking a smoking cessation medication have felt better emotionally, especially those with anxiety. While there seems to be a correlation between those taking the drug and a decrease in anxiety, the pharmaceutical company that makes the medication cannot publicly market the drug as an anti-anxiety medication because there is NOT:

a cause and effect relationship between the drug and anxiety

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:

a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.

When the gill-withdrawal reflex of the sea snail Aplysia has been successfully conditioned to a stimulus such as a squirt of water from a WaterPik, observed changes in the neural circuit include:

a decrease in the branching of neurons and in the amount of neurotransmitters released.

Miley is 5'9" and weighs 120 pounds, far below the normal weight range for her height. Few of her old clothes fit her because she has lost so much weight recently. When Miley looks in the mirror, she sees an overweight person. Of the four key features involved in anorexia nervosa, Miley is experiencing:

a distorted perception about the size of her body.

Standing in line at the grocery store, you run into an old friend. He proceeds to tell you about all that he is doing, has done, and would like to do, and describes two inventions he is working on. Given what you are learning in your introductory psychology class, you wonder if your friend's rapid shifting of topics is the result of _____, often characteristic of bipolar disorder.

a flight of ideas

All of the following contribute to the early onset of puberty EXCEPT:

a lean body.

The term source confusion refers to:

a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten or confused with another memory.

Ralph is extremely fearful of public speaking and cannot cope with the idea of speaking to an audience. This has cost him promotions at work. He most likely suffers from:

a phobia.

Psychologists formally define learning as:

a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is an example of what?

a projective test

What type of personality test involves the interpreting of an ambiguous image and is used to assess unconscious motives and conflicts?

a projective test

A person with _____ exhibits a pattern of behavior that causes significant distress and/or impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life.

a psychological disorder

During the famous Milgram studies on obedience:

a real "sample" shock was given to the "teacher" to demonstrate the "reality" of the shock generator.

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate:

a self-serving bias.

The primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood, which Erikson called ______, involves the time during which the person contributes to future generations through children, career, and other meaningful activities.

be both advantageous and risky.

In contrast to Freud's view of the therapeutic relationship, Carl Rogers believed that the therapist should:

be nondirective.

The effects of early maturation for boys can:

be only risky

Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____.

behavior elicited by a stimulus; behavior emitted by an organism

Which of the following is the correct definition of normative social influence?

behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval

Discrimination is a positive or negative _____ another person based on the other person's group membership.

behavior toward

Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.

behavior; attitude

According to Figure 13.3 titled, "The Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder," ______ symptoms of major depressive disorder include tearfulness and less eye contact.

behavioral

Women may be more vulnerable to depression than men because they:

have more chronic stress and less personal control than men.

You are taking a developmental psychology course and have decided to conduct some research with children. You show the girls pictures of boys playing with dolls and the boys pictures of girls playing with trucks. Several days later you ask the girls what the boys were playing with in the pictures and they say, "trucks." This "false" memory of gender stereotypes supports the theory known

gender schema theory

Maria's counselor explains to Maria that her excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety indicate that she is likely suffering from _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Also known as "free-floating anxiety," this anxiety disorder, called _____, involves a person attaching anxiety to virtually any object.

generalized anxiety disorder

Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from _____.

generalized anxiety disorder

Melanie has become increasingly preoccupied with worry about all kinds of things, ranging from whether she left her oven on, to terrorism, to how it might look if she trips in the grocery store, the last of which eventually causes her to avoid all stores in general. She also has trouble sleeping and concentrating, and is very irritable. What type of disorder best identifies Melanie's symptoms?

generalized anxiety disorder

Maria's counselor explains to Maria that her excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety indicate that she is likely suffering from:

generalized anxiety disorder.

The primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood, which Erikson called ______, involves the time during which the person contributes to future generations through children, career, and other meaningful activities.

generativity

According to Rogers, the three qualities that therapists need if they are to promote self-awareness, psychological growth, and self-directed change are:

genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.

Dr. Burns sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Rogers refers to this attitude as:

genuineness.

Nine months after conception, Tracy is born. The stages of her prenatal development, from first to last, were:

germinal, embryonic, fetal.

One major drawback of research conducted in laboratory situations is that the results may NOT be _____ to the population at large.

gerneralizable

The drug lithium seems to help regulate the neurotransmitter _____, which is associated with bipolar disease.

glutamate

The drug lithium seems to help regulate which neurotransmitter associated with bipolar disease?

glutamate

The neurotransmitter _____ likely plays a significant role in bipolar disorder.

glutamate

Each time Mrs. Fari puts her finger on her baby's palms, the baby grips them tightly, a response called the:

grasping

Teratogens are:

harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus.

Fiona, a college freshman, has agreed to participate in a psychology research study. Before she begins her participation, she reads a statement written by the researcher explaining the purpose of the research and the potential risks of participation. It also explains that Fiona is free to withdraw from the research at any time. In providing Fiona with this statement, the researcher has followed the ethical guidelines of _____ for participants.

informed consent

When 2-year-old Kerry was tested in the Strange Situation procedure, she did NOT explore the environment even when her mother was present. She appeared very anxious, and she became extremely distressed when her mother left the room. Kerry is a(n):

insecurely attached infant.

The "unearthing" of unconscious conflicts through psychoanalysis is designed to help patients attain _____ into the real source of their problems.

insight

Seventeen-year-old Thomas has gone through a period of conflict over issues relating to his identity, but now he feels comfortable with the choices and commitment he has made. Thomas has achieved what Erikson would call:

integrated identity.

Abdul is having personal problems and wants to get some professional help. He doesn't want long-term therapy, but wants to gain insight into his problems. If Abdul wants to gain insight into current issues, rather than delve into the past, he should try to find a therapist who specializes in _____ psychotherapy.

interpersonal

Originally developed as a brief treatment for major depressive disorder, _____ therapy is based on the assumption that psychological symptoms are caused and maintained by problems occurring between the person looking for help and those with which they interact.

interpersonal

The form of psychotherapy focused on helping clients improve their current relationships is called _____ psychotherapy.

interpersonal

You are interested in working with a therapist to resolve some of your current relationship problems. You do not want to commit to an intense and often expensive psychoanalysis, however. A good alternative may be to seek out a psychodynamic therapy like _____ therapy.

interpersonal

What form of psychotherapy focuses on helping clients improve their current relationships?

interpersonal psychotherapy

Originally developed as a brief treatment for major depressive disorder, this form of psychotherapy is based on the assumption that psychological symptoms are caused and maintained by problems occurring between the person looking for help and those with which they interact.

interpersonal therapy

Like a traditional psychoanalyst, an interpersonal therapist uses their trained _____ to help the patient recognize hidden feelings and transferences that may be occurring in important relationships in the patient's life

interpretations

Like a traditional psychoanalyst, an interpersonal therapist uses their trained _____ to help the patient recognize hidden feelings and transferences that may be occurring in important relationships in the patient's life.

interpretations

Eysenck's theory includes a personality dimension known as _____, in which the person directs his or her energies inward toward self-focused experiences.

introversion

The difference between normal anxiety and pathological anxiety is that pathological anxiety has three features NOT present in normal anxiety. Pathological anxiety is:

irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive.

Piaget proposed the idea of ______, which is the inability to reverse a sequence of events or logical operations mentally.

irreversibility

Maintenance rehearsal:

is a common strategy for holding information in short-term memory.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):

is scored objectively.

Deception in psychology experiments

is still allowed when it is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception, and when the potential findings justify its use because of the scientific, educational, or applied value.

Conformity:

is the tendency to do what others do, simply because others are doing it.

The following can be said with certainty about panic disorder:

it sometimes evolves into agoraphobia.

In her fifth grade class, Miss Tausig uses a technique for improving cooperation that involves students working together in small, ethnically diverse groups on a mutual project. Miss Tausig is using the _____ technique.

jigsaw classroom

The teaching technique known as the _____ stresses a cooperative, rather than competitive, learning situation.

jigsaw classroom

The _____ hypothesis involves the assumption that the world is fair, and therefore, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

just-world

In trying to evaluate information about psychology reported in the mass media, it is important to remember all the following EXCEPT:

the foundation of psychology and the mass media is the same.

While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," you mumble to yourself as you resume eating. You have just committed an attributional bias called:

the fundamental attribution error.

The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:

the human capacity for evil.

Which brain structure exerts considerable influence over the secretion of hormones throughout the body?

the hypothalamus

According to the principle of informed consent, the researcher does not have to inform potential participants about:

the hypothesis of the study

Crum and Langer (2007) found that:

the informed (experimental) group reported higher levels of perceived exercise, although actual exercise levels did not change.

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:

the interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds

The psychological process of "blaming the victim" is BEST explained by:

the just-world hypothesis.

According to Ebbinghaus's research:

the most rapid forgetting of new material occurs relatively soon after the material is originally learned

Implicit personality theory is:

the network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.

Someone who has recently experienced the death of a loved one may have insomnia, feel hopeless, and experience excessive weariness. What is she or he likely to be experiencing?

the normal sorrow and grief associated with tragic situations

Transference is the phenomenon by which:

the patient's unconscious feelings are experienced as feelings about the therapist.

The three components of the interpersonal context are:

the person being perceived, your own characteristics, and the specific situation in which the process occurs.

Once a person has agreed to participate in a research study as a subject

the person is still free to withdraw from the research at any time.

Several correlational studies all point to the conclusion that the more time students spend playing violent video games, the lower their grade point average tends to be. This means that:

the researchers have discovered a negative correlation between playing violent video games and grade point average

Wanda is trying to remember what the face of an old friend looks like. An area of her brain likely to show activity at this point is:

the same as any used for visual perception.

Dr. Welch is a clinical psychologist who uses the MMPI and the 16PF. If asked to identify the key strength of these tests, he is most likely to note that:

they are standardized and objectively scored.

The main strength of projective tests is that:

they provide qualitative information about an individual that can be helpful in psychotherapy.

A bike messenger is hit by a car while delivering a package on the streets of Boston. Several people come to his aid, which is likely because:

they see that others are also willing to help.

The cognitive component of an attitude involves:

thoughts, ideas, and conclusions that people have about a given topic or object.

Approximately what portion of subjects in Asch's experiment conformed to the group at least once?

three-quarters

_____ positive regard is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. This attitude nurtures growth in others.

unconditional

In response to a cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Based on Freud's theory of personality, in which he suggests that early experiences result in _____, psychoanalysis helps the patient to attain insight.

unresolved conflicts

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?

use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information

Sigmund Freud

use of interpretations.

The duration of information that enters long-term memory is:

variable, but may last a lifetime.

Major depressive disorder is a disorder characterized by signs of depression (e.g., lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities). To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must last for two or more _____.

weeks

In a variety of follow-up studies to Milgram's original studies on obedience, it was found that several conditions decreased the likelihood of destructive obedience. These included all of the following EXCEPT:

when "teacher" and "learner" were moved farther apart from one another.

Thelma has a very diverse social network that includes a warm and loving relationship with her husband, close friendships with family members, co-workers, and neighbors, and many social interactions with members of her religious community. According to the results of prospective studies reported in the text, it is very probable that Thelma:

will live longer than those who have less diverse social networks.

Depression is a serious, common psychological problem that affects many people. Although questions remain concerning the cause(s) of depression, we do know that:

women are nearly twice as likely to suffer from major depressive disorder than men.

Seasonal affective disorder is more common among _____ and among people who live in the _____.

women; northern latitudes

Short-term memory is also referred to as:

working memory.

Which of the following will you most likely store as an implicit memory?

your conditioned fear of guns

Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Upton has conceived a single cell as a result of the union of an egg cell and sperm cell. This single cell is called a(n):

zygote