Psychology; Quiz 6

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus

higher order

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park is an example of what type of learning?

observational

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions to the bell were ________.

conditioned responses

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? Emotions can be a ________________.

conditioned response

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. It is harmful to induce __________.

fear

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed ratio

Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats is an example of stimulus ___________.

generalization

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Is this classical conditioning or operant conditioning? rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

operant

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light is the example of what?

reflex

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets is an example of a what reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

______________ is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute is an example of _________________.

latent learning

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior after seeing a television character ______________ for taking violent action against another character.

receive a reward

What is an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

reflex

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

variable interval

In Social Learning Theory, who identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic?

Albert Bandura

Who is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated?

B.F. Skinner

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? a. motivation, retention, reproduction, attention b. retention, reproduction, attention, motivation c. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

C.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response

classical

Pavlov established the principles of ___________.

classical conditioning

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Extinction occurs when the ________________ stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an ________________ stimulus.

conditioned; unconditioned

Learning can occur when a _______________ stimulus is paired with an __________________ stimulus

conditioned; unconditioned

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots is an example of _____________.

vicarious punishment