Psychology Russel Brandon exam 2
Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines?
Baddeley and Hitch
________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school.
Alfred Binet
The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by
Alfred Binet.
________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.
Algorithms
Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?
Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words.
Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by
David Wechsler.
________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.
David Wechsler.
Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions.
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?
In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.
Which linguist(s) proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses?
Sapir and Whorf
"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of
a mnemonic device.
Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________.
chunking
Fluid found in the part of the ear pictured here stimulate hair cells in the
cochlea
Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share ________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.
common ground
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ________ in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue.
cones
If you think baseball is boring and reluctantly agree to join your friend at the ballpark, chances are good you will be ready to go by the seventh inning stretch, even though it has been a high-scoring game. This is an example of
confirmation bias.
Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of
confirmation bias.
Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.
creative
Congenital deafness is
deafness from birth
Light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as ________.
dim
What is wavelength?
distance between crests
Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of
divergent thinking.
Thinking outside of the box is considered
divergent thinking.
Rihanna has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
dyslexia
Psychologists use illusions to
explore what people experience, what parts of the brain are involved in perception, and how to alter the illusion.
________ is the recall of false autobiographical memories.
false memory syndrome
The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as
false memory syndrome.
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as the Boston Marathon Bombing, is a ________.
flashbulb memory
As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.
fluid
Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence.
fluid
Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to
following the instruction manual.
4-year old Jada is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibian is most likely a
frog.
The opponent-process theory is supported by
afterimages. when we keep seeing the image after it has gone away
Internet search engines use ________ to show the appropriate results.
algorithms
Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?
anterograde
Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing the specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called
audience design
Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean. Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jackie's belief is an example of the
availability heuristic.
Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an
availability heuristic.
Auditory receptor cells are embedded within the ________, which is found in the ________.
basilar membrane; cochlea
The organ of Corti on the ________ within the ________ changes vibrations into impulses that travel to the auditory nerve.
basilar membrane; cochlea
When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should
be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.
If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated?
mechanoreceptors
Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of
mechanoreceptors.
Confusing the source of information is called
misattribution.
Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a
natural concept.
Pain that results from damage to neurons of the peripheral or central nervous system is called
neuropathic pain.
Smelling the lingering scent of the fish you reheated in the microwave is an example of
olfaction
When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ________ technique.
peg word
What is the basic sound unit of a language?
phoneme
The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are
phoneme, morpheme, syntax.
The most visible part of the ear is the
pinna
Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?
practical
Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of
procedural memory.
Which sense pertains to body movement and awareness?
proprioception
The best example of a concept is a
prototype
Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?
recognition
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, cones in the retina are responsive to ________.
red, green, and blue
Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
Amy studied German in high school but began studying French once in college. When she meets another German student, she can't seem to find any German words to say, and instead only remembers French. This is an example of ________ interference.
retroactive forget old
Explicit memories include ________ and episodic memory.
semantic
Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.
sensory
Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because
she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office.
If a sound wave has a high amplitude, it will
sound loud.
While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of ________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him.
syntax
If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of
the misinformation effect.
Which sense pertains to balance?
the vestibular sense
Perception is
the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced.
According to Gestalt psychology,
the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?
they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test.
When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body,
they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system.
What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of the hole?
they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles.
A sound's purity is called its
timbre.
When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was
unable to form new semantic memories.
Multi-modal perception is the idea that
various sensory modalities are integrated.
Braden has a pounding headache and is disoriented after riding a twisting roller coaster. What sense was impacted by the ride?
vestibular sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance.
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
your 16th birthday party
Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of
functional fixedness.
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as
hindsight bias.
H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his ________.
hippocampus
Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.
ingroups and outgroups
Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?
interpersonal
________ is an example of a monocular cue.
interposition occurs in instances where one object overlaps the other, which causes us to perceive depth
Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of
a mnemonic device.
The loudness of a sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves.
amplitude
When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.
amygdala
Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using ________ intelligence.
analytical
In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia.
anterograde
Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt Lake City. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he askes Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of
audience design.
If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called
bias
Using the different images that each eye receives in order to perceive depth is called using ________ cues.
binocular
Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence is he good at?
bodily kinesthetic
Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered
chemical senses.
Illusions are valuable to psychologists because they are used to
explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception.
Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?
heuristics
Jaimie doesn't have much time before her class, and she still needs to find a ride to the airport, print off her assignment, and text her manager about changing her shift. Her best strategy for solving these problems will be to use
heuristics.
Miranda has to make a decision, but has a ton of information and not a lot of time. Which problem-solving strategy should she use?
heuristics.
Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.
higher correlation
Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called
inattentional blindness
Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same
lexicon
Kyle from Mississippi asks Brandon from Boston if he wants a "coke," and Brandon says, "No thanks, I'll have a Sprite instead," even though Sprite cans were the only drinks Kyle had to offer. Brandon didn't understand that Kyle refers to all sodas and soft drinks and cokes. This is due to differences in
lexicon.
The words we use are called
lexicon.
Jonas loves working as a TA for his Physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
logical-mathematical
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.
The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as
memory.
When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called
misattribution.
________ is confusing the source of information.
misattribution.
Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of them. While talking about it with her mom, she says that it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed it on Janet. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called
mnemonic devices.
Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the
motivation-decision model.
The idea that we perceive the world while utilizing a combination of senses is known as
multi model perception
Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which get turned into electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the ________.
olfactory bulb
The idea the color coded in pairs of black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red is the basic premise of the
opponent-process theory suggests that color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: a blue-yellow mechanism and a red-green mechanism.
The ________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
optic nerve
What are the three criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative?
originality, usefulness, surprise
The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the ________ theory of hearing.
place
Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference.
proactive
Ezra got a new phone number, but keeps giving out his old phone number on accident when people ask him. This is an example of ________ interference.
proactive the tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent learning.
________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
proactive; retroactive
Anna is competing on Jeopardy!. She. can accurately judge the distance between her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of
proprioception knowing the position of your body
Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.
retrograde; anterograde
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
Thinking about the meaning of a word and categorizing it into the context of other words you already know is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
What are the three types of encoding?
semantic, acoustic, and visual
Kyle sees a flashing light in the distance. This is an example of
sensation
Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
spatial
Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.
syntax
When a memory fades over time, it is called
transience.
The meaty, savory taste you find in a steak activates your taste receptors for modosodium glutamate. This taste is described as
umami
Pitch is determined by the ________ of sound waves.
. frequency
Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around
12 months old.
The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?
Gestalt is a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. When trying to make sense of the world around us, Gestalt psychology suggests that we do not simply focus on every small component. Instead, our minds tend to perceive objects as part of a greater whole and as elements of more complex systems. This school of psychology played a major role in the modern development of the study of human sensation and perception
Jake and Jack are identical twins, but Jake was born almost 15 minutes before Jack. They also have two sisters, Deondra and Daphne, who are 3 years and 6 years younger than them. Who is most likely to have the same IQ score?
Jake and Jack
________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.
Natural
________ fire in response to any potential tissue-damaging stimuli.
Nociceptors
The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?
Sensory Adaptation
When Martha first visits her Aunt and Uncle's house, the smell of fish is overwhelming, but after an hour, she doesn't even notice it's there. What explains this?
Sensory Adaptation
What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?
Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.
How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready?
The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.
Tyler and Eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but Tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while Eric finds them nice and interesting. What explains the differences between what Tyler thinks and what Eric thinks?
Tyler and Eric have different concepts of spiders.
Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where they are. This is an example of
absentmindedness
Jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing ________ encoding.
acoustic
Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly remembered the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the
encoding specificity principle.
Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory.
explicit
Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are
explicit memories
Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information?
levels of processing theory
Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.
students were more likely to report that there was broken glass involved in the accident
A stimulus presented below the absolute threshold is called
subliminal
Mental sets occur
when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.
The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain
why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests.
Tammy and Sara both agree that dogs typically have four legs, a tail, and fur. Tammy thinks that dogs also tend to bite small children while Sara thinks they tend to be friendly. What explains the differences between what Tammy thinks and what Sara thinks?
Tammy and Sara have different concepts of dogs.
Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
dysgraphia inability to write coherently, as a symptom of brain disease or damage.
Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?
dyslexia
Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high ________ intelligence.
emotional
The brain's descending pain modulatory system
enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm.