Psychology Study guide 2

Children typically begin to speak their first words at around ____.

12 months

In the U.S., which age group has the highest risk of being diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection?

15 to 24 year-olds

Recent research on parental use of physical punishment reveals that ____.

50% of parents use spanking on toddlers

According to research, which group reports the highest stress levels with regard to economic hassles, feeling lonely and invasion of personal space?

African Americans

Which statement is TRUE with regard to a child's first words?

Children's first words are usually names of familiar objects, people, or actions.

Which of the following would be good advice for someone desiring a healthy life?

Develop a social support network.

Short-term memory uses a _____ coding system

Dual

In the United States, which individual is most likely to smoke cigarettes?

Frank, a low socioeconomic status Native American

Tad's ex-girlfriend used to wear Chanel perfume. Since their bitter break-up, Tad has found that he feels angry whenever he smells Chanel No. 5. What is the best way for Tad to get to the point where smelling Chanel No. 5 will no longer make him feel angry?

He should frequently go to the local perfume counter and smell Chanel No. 5

Billy was in a car accident that damaged his hippocampus. Which of the following will likely NOT be true for Billy?

His ability to use implicit memory will suffer.

When you attempt to remember the definition of implicit memory by repeating the definition over and over again, you are using ____ rehearsal.

Maintenance

In inductive reasoning, ____.

Specific instances are used to discover a general rule

Which statement is TRUE of flashbulb memories?

Stress hormones may facilitate the storage of flashbulb memories.

Which of the following is a typical reaction of the body in response to a perceived stressor?

The adrenal gland releases corticosteroids.

Which tip is discussed in the textbook for improving your memory?

Use elaborative rehearsal

Your psychology instructor has just announced a pop quiz. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, which event will occur first?

Your sympathetic nervous system will be activated.

Frank buys his daughter a computerized toy that is teaching her to read. As she reads the text of a book, the computer asks her questions, which she answers by pointing to the answers with a specialized stylus. If she gets the answers correct, the computer applauds. If she gets the answer wrong, the computer beeps. This toy is analogous to ____.

a Skinner box

Taking your anger out on something or someone other than the person that caused your anger would be an example of ____.

a defense mechanism

According to cognitive researchers, when you see your friend's new car and then later recall what the car looked like, the stored image you are recalling is ____.

a mixture of pictorial and verbal pieces that are based on your actual sensory experience and your general knowledge of cars

Primary appraisal refers to ____.

a person's initial interpretation of an event

Learning is ____.

a relatively permanent change in behavior, or the potential for behavior, that results from experience

Which is the correct sequence of stages in Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Algorithms can thought of as "____" as heuristics can be thought of as "____".

always correct; may not be correct

Binh appraises a roller coaster ride as a harmful event. If she has to ride one, it is most likely that Binh will experience ____.

anxiety

Which conflict is least likely to result in inaction by the person facing the conflict?

approach-approach

Primary reinforcers ____.

are directly reinforcing

When we think about the world, there are three conceptual levels that we use to categorize our knowledge. Typically, our thinking of the world falls within the ____.

basic level category

Extinction in operant conditioning occurs when the ____.

behavior is no longer reinforced

If you witness a very traumatic accident and experience a surge of stress hormones in your brain, these hormones will probably ____.

block the formation of accurate memories for events occurring immediately before the accident

The phrase "7 ± 2 bits" describes the ____.

capacity of short-term memory

Christopher experiences a burning sensation every time he urinates. Other than that, Christopher feels fine. If Christopher has contracted a sexually transmitted infection, it is most likely ____.

chlamydia

Which disease is considered a sexually transmitted infection?

chlamydia

Aversion therapy that uses Antabuse to treat alcoholism is based on the principle of ____.

classical conditioning

Which of the following is one of the three Cs associated with the hardy personality?

commitment

Dr. Trujillo is conducting studies on classical conditioning and experimenting on the effect of placing the neutral stimulus either before or after the unconditioned stimulus. She is investigating the element of ____.

contiguity

Your two-month old niece has begun to make a lot of vowel sounds like "ooh" and "ah." She is ____.

cooing

Immunosuppression refers to ____.

dampening of the immune system function in response to stress

Which of the following would be an example of what psychologists call a daily hassle?

dealing with a traffic jam

which of the following would be an example of what psychologists call a daily hassle?

dealing with a traffic jam

Perceived outcomes, the probability of achieving those outcomes, and the way in which options are framed are most important in ____.

decision making

Research shows that meditating ____.

decreases heart rate

Determining that your psychology teacher is very intelligent because she has a doctoral degree from a university would be an example of ____.

deductive reasoning

When advertisers use a catchy jingle to help us remember something in their ads, they are facilitating our use of ____

elaborative rehearsal

Typing inofmation into a computer is most analogous to the _______ of memory traces in humans.

encoding specificity principle

Which memory concept might argue that if you learned the material on your midterm in the library, then you should probably not review that by studying in bed?

encoding specificity principle

The three major processes of memory are ____.

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Tovah's office has a "cuss jar" and when someone swears, he or she is expected to put a dollar in the cuss jar. This is an example of the use of ____.

fines

When you learn the specific criteria or rules that psychologists use to diagnose attention deficit disorder in children, you are learning the ____ involved in this type of diagnosis.

formal concepts

Some people might say that the "glass is half full," while others might say that the "glass is half empty." These different ways of saying the same thing reflect a difference in ____.

framing

a company that markets air fresheners has a series of commercials about being "nose-blind," that is, people getting used to odors such as those from pets or cooking pungent foods to the extent that they no longer notice them. "Nose-blindness" is actually _____

habituation

In determining the perfect suit to wear to a job interview, you will likely use a(n) ____.

heuristic

The limited capacity of short-term memory may be due to how neurons in the ____ code and store information.

hippocampus

Dr. Raneri is studying which personality traits are not good for our health. Dr. Raneri is most likely to find that ____, ____, and ____ are most related to poor health.

hostility, lack of control, learned helplessness

Very brief memory for visual material is known as_____

iconic sensory memory

Proactive interference_____ retroactive interference _____ as we get older.

increases; increases

The dominant perspective in the nature-nurture debate today is called ____

interactionism

According to Lev Vygotsky and his sociocultural theory, ____.

language is a primary means of transmitting cultural elements from generation to generation

What is an example of habituation?

learning to ignore a barking dog

The leading preventable cause of intellectual disability in the U.S. is ____.

maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy

Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale ____.

measures the impact of major life events

Rene practices a stress management technique in which she sits in a comfortable position with her eyes closed and her lips making a resonant sound. Rene is engaging in ____.

meditation

Older adults appear to compensate for poorer recency memory by becoming more strategic in their ____.

memory processing

The smallest units of sound that are found in a language are called ____.

morphemes

Incubation involves ____.

not thinking about a problem

Aversion therapy to treat alcoholism is ____.

only modestly successful

Teresa has a bad experience at the dentist's office when she had a painful root canal. As a result, Teresa has not been to the dentist in five years. Which type of learning best explains Teresa's failure to go to the dentist in the last five years?

operant conditioning

According to the information presented in the textbook about optimists and pessimists, ____.

optimists are generally healthier than pessimists

If your 13-month-old child uses the title "grandpa" to refer to all older men, she is exhibiting a common language tendency called ____.

overextension

Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____.

past; future

In a token economy...

people are rewarded for appropriate behavior with chips or something similar that they can exchange later for a primary reinforcer

Which of the following is one of the index scores on the WAIS-IV?

perceptual reasoning

If you remember how to tie your shoes, you are specifically using a(n) ____ memory.

procedural

You attend a meeting where 50% of the people in attendance are psychology majors, 10% are engineering majors, 20% are business majors, and 20% are pre-law majors. At this meeting, you meet Charles. Charles is wearing a white button-down shirt and a pair of jeans. He wears glasses and he has a calculator in the front pocket of his shirt. If you base your judgment on the base rate, you should guess that Charles is a(n) ____ major.

psychology

As an adult, dealing with stress by throwing a child-like temper tantrum would be an example of ____.

regression

Susanna has been classically conditioned to feel anxiety every time she walks through the anti-theft security devices at a local store because in the past she has set off the alarm many times when clerks failed to demagnetize her purchases. Susanna has the best chance of eliminating her classically conditioned anxiety by ____.

repeatedly walking through the devices without setting off the alarm

Refusing to deal with, or even be aware of, the stress associated with something traumatic would be an example of ____.

repression

Sigmund Freud's theory of forgetting is called ____.

repression

When threatening memories are made inaccessible, ____ has occurred.

repression

Skinner referred to the type of behavior learned from classical conditioning as ____, and the type of behavior learned from the law of effect as ____.

respondent behavior; operant behavior

When 11-year-old MIchael breaks his sisters' favorite model rocket, his parents tell him he must give her one of his model rockets. Michael's parents are using ____

restitution

According to the____ model, new memory traces inhibit the retrieval of older memory traces.

retroactive interference

Benton is filling out an application for a mortgage. On the application, Benton is asked to give his former address. To Benton's surprise, he cannot recall his last address. The only address that comes to mind is his current one. Benton appears to be experiencing ____.

retroactive interference

When a person evaluates what must be done to cope with or manage the stressor, they are engaged in ____.

secondary appraisal

In the three stage model of memory, the second stage of memory is ____ memory.

short-term

The duration and capacity of short-term memory are best described as ____.

small in capacity and short in duration

When you study for an exam you are most likely engaging in the _____ function of memory

storage

When reinforcement for a behavior is withheld, an extinction burst is common. This extinction burst is a(n) ____.

temporary increase in the behavior

If asked, many people would state that car accidents are a more frequent cause of death in the U.S. than strokes. However, the truth is that car accidents are just more sensational than the more frequent strokes. This mistake would be an example of ____.

the availability heuristic

Joseph goes out with his friends for pizza. Unbeknownst to him, he is coming down with a stomach virus. When the nausea associated with the virus kicks in, he vomits. Now, Joseph cannot even look at a pizza without feeling nauseous. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is ____.

the pizza

Traditionally, memory has been described as having ____ distinct stage(s) of storage.

three

The fact that you can pronounce the words that you are reading in this sentence before you process them into long-term memory is mostly a problem for the ____.

three stages model of memory

Jillian is a single mother of two who constantly feels stress because she feels that she cannot accomplish all the tasks, errands, and work that she has to do. Which stress management technique might be most helpful to Jillian?

time management

Shaping would be used ____.

to create a response that does not naturally exist in the behavior pattern of an organism

Roberto has not thought of his third-grade teacher in over 40 years. According to decay theory, the memory trace for his teacher should be ____.

unavailable

If your 13-month-old child uses the noun "drink" to refer only to juice and not to other liquids that are also drinks, he is exhibiting a common language tendency called ____.

underextension

. Mental images of the world around us seem to consist primarily of both ____.

visual images and verbal knowledge

Research studies using image-scanning show that ____.

visual images in our minds have many of the spatial properties of the real stimulus

The finding that the constant use of male pronouns (he, him, his) when speaking about hypothetical people in general language can influence gender stereotyping provides support for the ____.

weaker version of Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis

If you had recently suffered damage to your hippocampus, it is most likely that you would have difficulty remembering ____.

what you ate for breakfast

Suppose we use the bookshelf analogy to explain the capacity of short-term memory. When you use chunking to increase that capacity, ____.

you are not actually changing the size of the bookshelf