Psychology study guide

The social psychologist who is BEST known for the Robbers Cave experiments and their study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes is:

Muzafer Sherif

Ben dropped a heavy box on his big toe. ______ allowed Ben to experience the immediate, sharp sensation of pain, whereas ______ caused Ben to experience throbbing pain for the next few days.

Myelinated fibers; the unmyelinated fibers

Nathan's personality test results indicated that he has a distinct personality type, ESTJ (extraverted, sensing, thinking, judging). It is most likely that Nathan has taken the:

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Hera has overdosed on heroin. The EMT transporting Hera to the hospital will likely administer _____ to help reverse the effects of her overdose.

Narcan

Nyah, age 10, is a competitive gymnast. She trains about 30 hours a week. Which of these statements about Nyah's development is TRUE?

Nyah may experience a delay in menarche of up to two years beyond the average age.

According to the textbook discussion, which of these statements about the role of genetics in schizophrenia is TRUE?

On average, a person whose identical twin has schizophrenia has the highest risk of developing schizophrenia.

Which of these statements is FALSE?

Once a long-term memory has been consolidated, it is impossible to distort it.

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems develop when:

a person consistently experiences conditional acceptance from other significant people in their life.

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by:

erratic, unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image, and desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.

A correlational study:

examines the strength and direction of relationship between two variables.

As the date of the state championships drew closer, Evan worked harder and longer in practice. Evan was demonstrating which characteristic of motivation?

intensity

Psychologist Colin DeYoung and his colleagues had over 100 male and female participants undergo MRI scans and also take the NEO Personality Inventory, a personality test that is used to measure the Big Five traits. The researchers then compared the brain scans and the personality test results. One result found extraversion was associated with:

larger brain tissue volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region that is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

Following the death of his father, Scott was extremely despondent for several weeks. During this time, Scott seemed to dwell on other unpleasant memories and other sad experiences in his life. Scott's recall of other sad memories is an example of:

mood congruence

Psychological research has shown that resisting the direct orders of an authority figure is:

more likely if two or more people join in resisting or disagreeing with the authority's orders.

Which statement describes drug abuse?

recurrent substance use involving impaired control, disruption of interpersonal functioning, and the development of cravings

Shekhar Saxena's work focuses on:

reducing stigma and expanding access to treatment.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, you go to a restaurant to eat and are met at the door by a person doing contact tracing. Which of these is a good example of an appropriate question to be asked?

"Can you retrace your steps from this morning and yesterday and think about what you saw, heard, and how you were feeling?"

Dr. Sokolov practices cognitive therapy as described by Aaron Beck. Their client, Davis, tells them that they are a total failure and have failed at everything that they have ever attempted. In response, Dr. Sokolov would MOST likely say:

"Have you really failed at everything you've ever attempted? You graduated from college, right? You managed to drive yourself to this appointment, right? So you must have at least succeeded in passing your driver's test. How can you say that you've failed at everything you ever attempted? What's your evidence for that statement?"

Which statement BEST characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?

"There are multiple independent intelligences, and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture."

Kenzi is a sleep researcher. A student asks her, "Why do people sleep?" What is MOST likely to be her response?

"While sleep has a host of vital functions, sleep researchers are not entirely sure why people sleep."

The _____ effect refers to the fact that when people feel good, successful, happy, or fortunate, they are more likely to help others.

"feel good, do good"

What keeps an action potential continuing down an axon?

At each successive node of the axon, the action potential is regenerated by depolarization and the movement of ions across the axon's membrane.

Of these statements about attitudes toward death and dying, which is TRUE?

Attitudes toward death in old age are diverse

According to the psychologist _____, there is a single factor, which he called the "g" factor, that underlies many different kinds of mental abilities.

Charles Spearman

Which of these statements is TRUE?

During a meal, blood glucose levels return to normal before the food is actually digested and absorbed.

_____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.

Edward Titchener; William James

Helena has a large network of social relationships that is comforting to them in times of need. However, because relationships tend to be reciprocal, Helena has to respond to many demands placed on them by friends and family. According to your textbook, which of these statements is TRUE?

Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long term.

Javier is multitasking by talking on the phone and studying at the same time. Which of these is MOST likely to be true regarding his performance on both tasks?

His performance on both tasks is impaired

The famous "Little Albert" study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated which of the following?

It is possible to classically condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.

Which statement accurately describes stage 3 NREM?

It is referred to as "slow-wave sleep."

What is a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

It protects the central nervous system from being jarred.

Bipolar disorder is MOST commonly treated with a medication called:

Lithium

Which of these statements about lithium is FALSE?

Lithium is a benzodiazepine

Which of these statements about dreaming is FALSE?

Most of our nighttime dreams are frightening and may signal early warning signs of depression or anxiety.

Mr. and Ms. Belmont are the parents of five-month-old Veronica. Although Veronica slept in the same bed as their parents for the first few months of life, they now sleep in their own room. According to research on U.S. families, which of these reasons explain why the Belmonts probably moved Veronica to their own bed?

Mr. and Ms. Belmont want to encourage independence and self-reliance.

How do the parasomnias differ from other sleep disorders?

Parasomnias are characterized by undesirable physical arousal and total amnesia for events upon wakening.

In which stage does the brain become much more active, and heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations shift up and down, sometimes extremely?

REM sleep

Which of these must occur in order for chunking to work?

Retrieval of meaningful long-term memory information is often necessary.

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

Robert Rescorla

Which of these is NOT a strength of the self-report inventories discussed in your textbook?

The MMPI and CPI can be used to provide qualitative information about the individual's unconscious motives, conflicts, and feelings.

Lindsay hopes to gain admission to graduate school to become a chemical engineer, and needs to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) in Physics and Chemistry as part of their application. Although they have earned excellent grades in both chemistry and physics in college, when they enter the room for their Physics test they can't help but notice that almost all of the students taking the test are male. According to research by Claude Steele, what might be the effect of Lindsay's awareness that she is vastly outnumbered by male students?

Their score on the exam might be lower than it would be if they were less aware of their gender identity.

In the past year, Rebecca's 10-year-old son, Pema, has developed several unusual symptoms. Pema's head will suddenly jerk for no reason, and his eyes will repeatedly blink. Sometimes, he even repetitively shrugs his shoulders. In the past two months, Pema's symptoms have become more frequent and more intense. Rebecca also receives a call from Pema's teacher who notes that they sometimes make clicking and grunting sounds in class. Upon further conversation, the teacher expresses that he doesn't seem to be able to control the sounds. Which of these psychological disorders does Pema MOST likely have?

Tourette's disorder

What changes take place as the human brain matures over the adolescent years into early adulthood?

Unused neurons and neuronal connections are pruned.

According to _____, whether we can detect a change in the strength of a stimulus depends on the intensity of the original stimulus.

Weber's law

A male has an _____ combination in the _____.

XY; 23rd pair of chromosomes

Electroconvulsive therapy, abbreviated ECT, involves:

a brief burst of electricity to the brain that induces a seizure.

In the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, what is synthesized?

a hodgepodge of memories and sensations that are internally generated by the brain

Which of these statements BEST defines a chromosome?

a long, thread-like structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA and found in the cell nucleus

Evidence that abnormal brain structures may be involved in the development of schizophrenia comes from studies showing that people with schizophrenia have:

a loss of gray matter tissue and lower overall volume of the brain.

In Piaget's theory, a schema is:

a mental representation of the world

Freud's personality theory was based primarily on case studies of:

a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients and himself.

Kristoff became extremely upset and worried after missing his connecting flight because he feared he would miss an important meeting. In this scenario, what does the missed connection exemplify?

a stressor

Rats can MOST easily be classically conditioned to learn an association between which two stimuli?

a taste and physical discomfort, such as nausea or illness

Nicotine binds to acetylcholine receptor sites, stimulating skeletal muscles and causing the heart to beat more rapidly. Thus, nicotine is a(n):

agonist.

Danesh lost his job last month after the company he worked for was bought out by another company. After losing his job, Danesh developed an intense fear of crowds and crowded places. His psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Danesh overcome the fear. What will Danesh do during the actual process of systematic desensitization?

become deeply relaxed, then imagine one of the scenes in his anxiety hierarchy

Which of these has NOT been recognized as one of the ways in which discrimination grows?

business structures

Jane's partner, Billi, was diagnosed with schizophrenia. During an episode, Billi was hospitalized and treated with antipsychotic medications. Because Jane was worried about Billi's symptoms, Jane confronted the treating psychiatrist. "This is completely unacceptable," Jane said. "This medication makes Billi seem apathetic. She shuffles around without any facial expressions. The medication also makes Billi jerk and twitch for no apparent reason. She is more withdrawn and apathetic than I've ever seen her." Which of these medications was MOST likely being used to treat Billi?

chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

Dorian was given a list of items to remember during a test of his short-term memory. He found the task much easier if he grouped the items according to whether they were animals, plants, minerals, and so on. What memory aid is Dorian using?

chunking

Suki is ordering her textbooks online using the ISBNs listed on her class syllabus. To remember the 11-digit number, 14925552901, she thought of the number as the year Christopher Columbus sailed to America (1492) and her mother's phone number (555-2901). Suki was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

chunking

Biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour cycle are called _____ and are regulated by a cluster of neurons in the _____.

circadian rhythms; hypothalamus

The ganzfeld technique is used to test:

clairvoyance and telepathy

Joanna has suffered a series of personal setbacks, including the death of a family member, academic problems in college, and a divorce. She feels so sad, upset, and lonely that she is contemplating suicide. Joanna could probably best be helped by a(n) _____ psychologist.

clinical

Which structure contains the basilar membrane?

cochlea

Which model of stress emphasizes the role of an individual's evaluation of events and situations and of the resources that they have available to deal with the event or situation?

cognitive appraisal model

An unpleasant state of psychological tension occurring when two thoughts or perceptions are inconsistent is called:

cognitive dissonance

One of the first technologies to visualize the human brain in a living person was:

computed tomography (CT)

The mental categories we have formed to group objects, events, or situations that share similar features or characteristics are called:

concepts

The viral infection theory of schizophrenia:

contends that the development of schizophrenia is related to exposure to a virus during prenatal development or early infancy.

Brahmi is an herb thought to improve focus and attention. In a carefully controlled study investigating this claim, young adults were assigned to one of two groups. Those in group 1 took a capsule containing 300 milligrams of brahmi once a day. Those in group 2 took a capsule that looked identical but was a sugar pill. In this example, group 2 is the:

control group.

The analogy used in the book referred to the axon membrane as a "gatekeeper." This means that the membrane:

controls the balance of positive and negative ions in the interior and the exterior of the axon.

Which technique(s) did Mary Cover Jones use in her successful treatment of a three-year-old boy named Peter who had a phobia of rabbits?

counterconditioning

According to one important perceptual principle, when we look at a scene we automatically tend to separate the elements of that scene into an object and its background. This principle is called:

figure-ground relationship.

Perceiving motion often involves the psychological assumption that the _____ is moving and the _____ is stationary.

figure; ground

Because her baby seemed to enjoy putting so many things in his mouth, Aisha provided the infant with many different kinds of pacifiers and chewable toys. According to Freud's theory, Aisha is running the risk of producing _____ at the _____ psychosexual stage of development.

fixation; oral

Cal works in a factory and is paid based on their productivity. For every 100 widgets that Cal assembles, they receive $50. The owners of the factory are using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to pay Cal.

fixed-ratio

A pigeon in operant chamber 1 regularly receives a pellet of food after every 10 pecks at a red disk, no matter how long it takes. A rat in operant chamber 2 regularly receives a pellet of food for the first bar press it makes after 10 minutes have passed, no matter how many bar presses it makes. The pigeon is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, and the rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

People with a particular genetic configuration will be more or less sensitive to particular environmental factors. This is referred to as a person's _____ to develop in a particular way.

genetic predisposition

If a teacher uses the jigsaw classroom technique, it is very likely that the children will:

have higher self-esteem and greater liking for children in other ethnic groups.

Bryce and Aimee have been friends since high school. They both attend the same college and occasionally hang out at parties. Bryce and Aimee sometimes "hook up." This means that they:

have sex outside of a committed relationship

When Binet developed the first intelligence test, he believed that:

he was NOT measuring an innate or permanent level of intelligence.

The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity is called:

heritability

While not discounting the role of biological and external motivators, _____ motivational theories emphasize the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in humans, including the motivation to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of personal potential.

humanistic

Paige and their friends are excited about a concert they are planning to attend tomorrow night. Although Paige has been in bed since 10:30 P.M., it is now 2 A.M. and they still cannot fall asleep. Paige is experiencing:

hyperarousal

The polygraph is commonly called a:

lie detector.

The basilar membrane:

lies within the cochlea

The receptor cells for vision are sensitive to what kind of stimulus?

light

People in the _____ socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the _____ levels of psychological distress, illness, and death.

lowest; highest

Harold remembers a dream in which a car was parked in front of his house and a person with a pet snake draped around their shoulders kept getting in and out of the car. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the specific dream details that Harold remembers are called the _____ content.

manifest

According to the Focus on Neuroscience: Hearing and Seeing Within Your Own Mind, the fact that you are reading this question and possibly reading it in your mind is:

normal

The performance of a behavior in response to a direct command is called:

obedience

According to Carl Rogers, the fully functioning person is likely to be _____.

open to new experiences, realistic, and able to adapt in response to new experiences.

Dr. McGhee strives to identify and understand consistent patterns of behavior. They are willing to consider new or alternative explanations of behavior and mental processes. Dr. McGhee is demonstrating:

open-mindedness.

Jacob is imaginative, creative, and seeks out new experiences. Sean is hardworking, ambitious, neat, and prides himself on never giving up until a task is finished. In terms of the five-factor model, Jacob would probably score high on the dimension of _____, whereas Sean would probably score high on the dimension of _____.

openness to experience; conscientiousness

Aiko could see one of her socks on the floor behind the clothes dryer. Since she couldn't reach it, she straightened out a wire clothes hanger, fashioned a hook on the end, and used it to fish the sock out from behind the dryer. Using operant conditioning terminology, straightening out the wire hanger and poking it behind the dryer would be the _____ and the retrieved sock would be the _____, assuming this increased Aiko's use of the hanger wire to retrieve socks in the future.

operant; reinforcing stimulus

While visiting Scotland, Anna is told several stories about a monster that lives in Loch Ness. While out walking one evening, she sees a large shape in the water from a distance. Which perceptional concept helps to describe why Anna believes that she has just seen the Loch Ness monster?

perceptual set

Jose is a ninth-grader who dreams of becoming a major-league baseball player. Because of his _____, Jose will probably practice long and hard to try to reach his goal.

possible self

The _____ effect is especially prominent during a serial recall task, such as remembering a list of items in their original order.

primacy

Your cousin's eyes suddenly light up and he reaches out, executes a double-jump of your checker pieces, then smiles at you triumphantly. The brain signals for these voluntary actions originated in the _____ of your cousin's brain.

primary motor cortex

In many ways, creativity depends on:

problem finding.

While deciding what to make for dinner, you use your _____ memory to recall what you could make given the ingredients available in your refrigerator.

procedural

_____ is the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.

psychopathology

When their community was threatened with flooding, two rival groups ended up working together to try to save the town from the overflowing river. Based on Muzafer Sherif's findings, it is probable that the joint effort of the two groups to achieve a common goal will lead to:

reduced conflict and increased harmony between the two groups.

Psychological research has consistently shown that having a sense of control over a stressful situation _____ the impact of stressors and _____ feelings of anxiety and depression.

reduces; decreases

According to traditional psychoanalysis, when the patient experiences blocks in the process of free association, such as abruptly changing the topic being discussed, or suddenly going silent, it probably signals:

resistance

In psychoanalysis, _____ is the patient's conscious or unconscious attempt to block the process of revealing repressed memories and conflicts.

resistance

Most researchers conclude that the basic emotions are:

sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger.

Psychotherapy has been found to affect brain chemistry for all of these psychological disorders EXCEPT:

schizophrenia

We may eat a food for a limited time because we become less appealed by that specific taste as we eat the food, which is termed:

sensory-specific satiety

Virtual reality was first used to treat:

specific phobias.

The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia has provided strong evidence that:

supports the beneficial effects of a psychologically healthy family environment.

When Jana took her first driving lesson, she experienced a number of physiological reactions, such as a racing heart, sweaty palms, and tension in her muscles. These physiological reactions involved the activation of her _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

The presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron are separated by a tiny, fluid-filled space called the:

synaptic gap

When a person perceives one sense simultaneously alongside another sense or senses it is called:

synesthesia

Which brain structure is activated first when people view threatening or fearful faces?

the amygdala

The zone of proximal development refers to:

the difference between what children can accomplish alone and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent.

Which gland produces melatonin, a hormone that helps to regulate our sleep-wake cycle?

the pineal gland

If someone is listening to and enjoying classical music, which portion of their brain is likely experiencing higher levels of activation?

the right hemisphere

David and Andre plan to vacation in Florida. They figure out the total cost of the trip and then decide how much money they will have to save each week in order to be able to pay for their holiday. David and Andre are using:

the working backward heurist

Why was the split-brain operation first performed?

to help control recurring epileptic seizures

Professor Lannigan specializes in human behavioral genetics. Which of these research methods are they NOT likely to use in their research?

using genetic engineering to alter specific genes and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior

When a test has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure, it is said to be:

valid

Jonathan frequently plays the slot machines and sometimes comes out slightly ahead in his winnings. Like all gambling behavior, Jonathan's gambling behavior is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Neuroscientist Elizabeth Phelps found that _____ alone could create a conditioned response without having prior _____.

verbal information; experiences

The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:

we fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist.

Envying a women's capacity to bear children is called:

womb envy

Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been linked to dysfunctions in which of these brain areas?

areas of the brain involved in the flight-or-flight response, the frontal lobes, and the caudate nucleus

According to the Psych for Your Life section "A Workshop on Creativity," creativity is enhanced when you:

are flexible and persist in the face of obstacles and setbacks.

Compared to physically inactive people, physically fit people

are less physiologically reactive to stressors and produce lower levels of stress hormones.

Ethical standards for animal research in psychology:

are set by the American Psychological Association and by state and federal laws.

Neuroscience, an area within the _____ perspective, emphasizes the importance of the brain and nervous system in explaining people's behavior.

biological

Health psychologists are guided by the _____ model, which holds that health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.

biopsychosocial

In Monsters Inc., the character, Boo, is learning whether she can trust or not trust the monsters, Sullivan and Mike. How old is Boo, based on Erikson's stage of psychosocial of development?

birth to 18 months

According to the biosocial developmental theory, _____ personality disorder is the outcome of a unique combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

borderline

You and your friends are trying to put together a 1,000-piece jigsaw puzzle. Because the box the puzzle came in is missing and you are assembling the puzzle one piece at a time without knowing what the final picture will be, you are relying on _____ processing.

bottom-up

Dylan loves to play soccer. But because she is serious about doing well in college, she only goes to the tennis courts after she accomplishes her study goal for the day. What strategy is Dylan using to improve her self-control?

self-reinforcement

Unlike computer analysis of our digital footprints, _____ inventories depend on reporters who may be motivated by things other than absolute accuracy.

self-report

Antipsychotic medications, such as Thorazine or Haldol, help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia by:

reducing or blocking dopamine activity in the brain

Despite attempts by their friends who have tried to reason with them, Asa is convinced that a famous YouTube star is talking about them in a special code and is communicating to them through their thoughts. Asa appears to be experiencing delusions of:

reference.

The neurocognitive model of dreaming argues that dreams:

reflect the waking concerns and preoccupations of the dreamer.

Karim is determined to do well on his final exams and decides to apply what he has learned about elaborative rehearsal to his own studying strategies. Which of these suggestions is NOT an effective way to engage in elaborative rehearsal?

repeat each key term and definition at least 10 times in a row

Elise lives in Alaska and has been diagnosed with seasonal affective disorder. What is she MOST likely to experience?

repeated episodes of major depressive disorder in the fall and winter months

According to Freud, _____ memories remain unconscious yet are still capable of influencing behavior and personality.

repressed

When Yuri had a stroke that left them partly paralyzed and cognitively impaired, their partner took care of them. After four months, their partner had adjusted to the daily routine, but they seemed tense, and their ability to cope with new stressors was diminished. It is very likely that Yuri's partner is now in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, but if the situation gets worse and continues for a prolonged period of time, they may enter the _____ stage.

resistance; exhaustion

The thin, light-sensitive membrane that lies at the back of the eye and contains the sensory receptors for light is the:

retina

Which of these terms involves recovering stored information so that we are consciously aware of it?

retrieval

The psychological disorder that is characterized by impaired functioning because of severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes is called:

schizophrenia

When a person exhibits symptoms such as bizarre postures or grimaces, and agitated behavior, the diagnosis would likely be:

schizophrenia with catatonia.

When he was having academic difficulties in primary school, Si-an received counseling from a professional. This professional was MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

school

While evaluating evidence that seems to confirm a hoped-for finding, people may overlook flaws in the research or argument. This is an example of the:

wishful thinking bias.

While in a study group for your intro to psychology course, your group focuses on explaining the content to each other in their own words. This coincides with step _____ in the Psych for Your Life: Ten Steps to Boost Your Memory box.

4. Explain it to a friend

Surveys suggest that about _____ percent of American adults in the United States believe in ESP.

50

Ali is 15 years old. According to research conducted by Connolly and McIsaac, what is the likelihood that Ali has had a special romantic relationship?

50 percent

The average life expectancy for men in the United States is currently about _____ years, and for women, about _____ years.

76; 81

Each year approximately _____ around the world take their own lives.

800,000

Approximately two-thirds (68 percent) of all scores on the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, a range that is considered to indicate normal or average intelligence.

85; 115

Which statement about adenosine is FALSE?

Adenosine levels gradually increase the longer a person is awake and when they reach a certain level, the person feels maximum mental alertness and arousal.

_____ emphasized the interaction among behavior, conscious cognitive processes, and social experiences in his personality theory, called "_____."

Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory

_____ developed the first systematic intelligence test.

Alfred Binet

The textbook provides several practical suggestions to defend against being manipulated by various persuasion techniques. Which of these is NOT one of the practical suggestions you can use in making important decisions?

Always go with your first impulse and don't look back.

A scan of Siegfried's brain revealed an abundance of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Siegfried is MOST likely suffering from:

Alzheimer's disease

Sarah is 5'6" tall, weighs 143 pounds, and has a body mass index (BMI) of 23.1. Christopher is 5'8" tall, weighs 148 pounds, and has a BMI of 22.5. Andrew is 5'10" tall, weighs 220 pounds, and has a BMI of 31.6. Assuming that none of these people are elite athletes or bodybuilders, which person probably has the highest blood level of leptin?

Andrew

_____ is an eating disorder in which the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is extremely afraid of gaining weight or becoming fat, and has a distorted perception about the size of their body.

Anorexia nervosa

When Sabrina tried to talk to their partner Antwan about the problems they were having with their boss, Antwan interrupted them and said, "This is nothing to be upset about." They went on to explain to them why their reaction was illogical, how they should be feeling instead, and what they should say and do if the situation ever occurred again. Based on the criteria discussed in the In Focus box "Providing Effective Social Support," how would you evaluate Antwan's attempt to provide social support for Sabrina?

Antwan's response will not help Sabrina and may even make them feel worse.

The Focus on Neuroscience box "The Mysterious Placebo Effect" described a PET-scan study on the placebo effect. What was the main finding of the study?

Both the genuine painkiller and the placebo activated the same brain area and both relieved pain.

The Focus on Neuroscience box "The Mysterious Placebo Effect" described a PET-scan study on the placebo effect. Which of these was found in the study?

Both the placebo and the opioid painkiller activated a brain area known to contain many opioid receptors.

The MOST common glial cells in the brain are _____, and they provide neurons with structural support and nutrients.

astrocytes

_____ psychology promotes research-based social justice, along with positive cultural, political, and economic change at community, national, and international levels.

Community

A _____ provides highly detailed images of the brain, whereas a _____ shows relatively less detailed images of the brain.

CT; fMRI

All of these countries have observed hikikomori symptoms EXCEPT:

Canada

The Myers-Briggs is a self-report inventory inspired by _____ personality theory and his proposal that people could be categorized into discrete personality types, but that has low reliability and validity.

Carl Jung's

Milgram was influenced by Asch's conformity research, but he wanted to take Asch's research a step further and investigate a more important question. What was the question that Milgram wanted to study?

Could people be pressured by others into committing an immoral act or taking an action that violated their conscience, such as hurting a stranger?

_____ is the learning of a new conditioned response that is incompatible with the learned response.

Counterconditioning

"_____" refers to a group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions.

Creativity

Katie tells you that their earliest memory is of when they were 1 year old and they were playing with their parent in their playpen. According to the Culture and Human Behavior box, what would you tell Katie about their earliest memory?

Earliest memories for events tend to occur between the ages of 2 and 4, so it is unlikely their memory is a true memory.

_____ formulated the "law of effect."

Edward L. Thorndike

_____ refers to the reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous.

Deindividuation

_____ is an emotion-focused coping strategy that involves the refusal to acknowledge that the problem exists.

Denial

This philosopher proposed that the mind and body are separate but interact to create conscious experiences.

Descartes

Brad was bitten by a dog while a child and the experience has made Brad scared of dogs even 20 years later. What would you tell Brad about their experience with dogs in relation to fear conditioning?

Fear conditioning can occur with a single event. Brad it appears, has been fear conditioned to fear dogs.

Which of these children is likely experiencing a second wave of gray matter overproduction?

Fernanda, who is 11 years old

Which of these is a limitation of case studies?

Findings on people with rare or unusual characteristics might not apply to people in the broader population.

Which statement is NOT a valid criticism of Freud's theory of personality?

Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine distorted his thinking.

A number of explanations for how hostility predisposes people to heart disease and other health problems are presented in your textbook. Which of these is NOT one of them?

Hostile men and women do not express their anger outwardly but instead bottle up their emotions and hide their true feelings.

Which question would a behavioral psychologist MOST likely ask?

How does the environment affect learning?

According to the In Focus box "Do Pheromones Influence Human Behavior?," which of these statements BEST summarizes the effects of pheromones on humans?

Human pheromones exist and affect mood, emotional states, and social interactions.

_____ is defined as a cooperative social interaction in which one person responds to another person's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.

Hypnosis

According to the Critical Thinking box "Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?," studies of hypnosis using brain imaging techniques tend to support which view of hypnosis?

Hypnosis is not merely role-playing but can produce alterations in brain function.

_____ share exactly the same genes, and thus any differences between them must be due to environmental factors rather than hereditary differences.

Identical twins

What causes nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism?

Incoming light signals are not properly focused on the retina.

What do tip-of-the-tongue experiences illustrate?

Information in long-term memory is organized and connected in relatively logical ways.

Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

The neuroscientists who proposed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming are:

J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley.

_____ is a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms.

Physiology

Which of these statements about the outcome of psychologist Irving Kirsch's meta-analysis of antidepressant studies submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is FALSE?

Placebos were more effective than antidepressants for most study participants.

_____ is a disorder that involves intrusive thoughts of a traumatic event, emotional numbness, and symptoms of anxiety, such as nervousness, sleep disturbances, and irritability.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

After conducting a statistical analysis of responses to a survey, Professor Nguyen finds a correlation of +2.36 between participation in sporting events and physical injuries. This finding indicates that:

Professor Nguyen has made a serious error in calculating the correlation coefficient.

Regarding projective tests, which of these statements is FALSE?

Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.

While studying for your three finals exams for next week, you are trying to strategize the best study schedule. Your finals are for biological psychology, intro to biology, and human genetics. Which step in Psych for Your Life: Ten Steps to Boost Your Memory will be MOST important for you to consider while coming up with your study schedule?

Reduce interference because each course likely has similar content.

Adrian is 11 years old and has grown up in a family situation that has almost always been negative and stressful, especially since his biological father left about five years ago. Amber is also 11 years old and has grown up in a stable family situation that is warm, loving, encouraging, and consistent. According to the information discussed in your text, which of these scenarios is MOST likely to occur?

Relative to other boys, Adrian is likely to experience puberty earlier, while relative to other girls, Amber is likely to experience puberty later.

Which of these statements is NOT one of the reasons that animals are used in psychological research?

Research with nonhuman animals is not subject to ethical rules and guidelines.

Which of these is cited as evidence supporting the viral infection theory of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia occurs more often in people who were born during the winter and spring months, when influenza and upper respiratory infections are most common.

_____ refers to the drastic increase in sensitivity to a constant stimulus.

Sensory adaptation

While making dinner, you accidentally place your hand directly on the hot stovetop. You reflexively take your hand off the hot stove quickly. _____ communicated to your brain that your skin was hot, while _____ communicated to your brain that you needed to move your hand away from the hot stove.

Sensory neurons; motor neurons

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University?

She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

According to _____, people are depressed because they have a negative cognitive bias that causes them to distort their perceptions of themselves and their situations.

Sigmund Freud

Jiao was upset after reading an article about children forced to work as prostitutes. Jiao believed that the adults involved had naturally fallen prey to their own cruel, aggressive impulses. If existing laws about prostitution were weakened, Jiao felt, such situations would only become more commonplace. Jiao's views are most similar to those of:

Sigmund Freud

How does the cognitive perspective of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspective?

The cognitive perspective maintains that mental processes as well as external events are important components in the learning process.

Which of these is NOT one of the conclusions drawn or stated in the Critical Thinking: The Memory Wars: Recovered or False Memories? box?

The details of memories cannot be disturbed easily.

Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of these statements is TRUE?

The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree.

_____ is to acute stress as _____ is to prolonged stress.

The fight-or-flight response; the general adaptation syndrome

Which of these statements about the effectiveness of psychotherapy is TRUE?

The gains that people make as a result of psychotherapy, including brief forms of psychotherapy, tend to be long-lasting.

According to the box "Focus on Neuroscience: Boosting the Aging Brain," why did researchers look for changes in the hippocampus when studying the effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive functioning and brain health in old age?

The hippocampus is involved in memory.

What is the result of sodium ions moving across the axon's membrane during an action potential?

The inside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge.

Psychologist Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues conducted a carefully controlled study examining the relationship between stress and susceptibility to the common cold. What were the results of this study?

The level of stress that the volunteers reported was very strongly related to their susceptibility to the common cold virus.

_____ refers to the hypothetical brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory.

The memory trace or engram

Georgia has been working at a book store for the past few months. She has noticed a few teenagers coming in almost every day to the store, walking around, and not buying anything. She has also noticed that these teenagers have been wearing large backpacks that appear to be heavier when they are leaving. Georgia's stomach does not feel good after seeing this happen a few times. What would you tell Georgia according to the Critical Thinking: The Gut-Brain Connection box?

The neurons in her gut are providing emotional input that the situation does not feel "right."

Which of these is NOT one of the key defining features of anorexia nervosa?

The person has recurring episodes of binge eating.

Which of these is NOT one of the key defining features of anorexia nervosa?

The person recognizes that they have an eating disorder and is aware of the seriousness of their weight loss.

Which statement describes a typical response to bright morning light?

The pineal gland decreases production of melatonin.

Many endangered quolls have died because they eat cane toads, whose bodies contain a deadly poison. Ecologist Stephanie O'Donnell created a conditioned taste aversion to teach quolls to avoid eating cane toads. When released into the wild, what was the difference in survival rates of quolls with taste aversions versus those in the control group?

The quolls with taste aversions survived up to five times longer in the wild as control group quolls.

Which of these characterizes obstructive sleep apnea?

The sleeper repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.

Carl Rogers believed that several qualities of the therapist are critical in producing beneficial changes in client-centered therapy. Which of these is NOT one of those qualities?

The therapist should strive to create an atmosphere of conditional acceptance so that the client is motivated to change their behavior to gain the therapist's approval.

Blake is determined to graduate from college with honors. As he was studying for his final exam the next day, a friend called and invited him to a party. Blake really wanted to go to the party and decided that he would get up early and study for his final exam the next morning before class. Based on what you read in the Psych for Your Life section, why did Blake decide to go to the party?

The value of the short-term reinforcer (going to the party) momentarily outweighed the value of the long-term reinforcer (graduating with honors).

How can the Müller-Lyer illusion be explained?

Visual depth cues create the perception that one line is farther away from us, which leads us to perceive that line as being longer.

Which of these people is likely older than 60 years old?

Viv, who is experiencing the psychosocial conflict of industry versus inferiority

When his boss yelled at him and called him lazy and incompetent just because he was five minutes late for work, Joshua simultaneously felt embarrassment, guilt, anger, shame, and anxiety. Joshua experienced:

a blend of emotions.

Dr. Martinez is studying the effects of diet on mental alertness. Each morning for two weeks, participants in Dr. Martinez's study eat a breakfast that is either high in carbohydrates or high in protein. Dr. Martinez then measures the participants' abilities to solve geometry problems. What is the dependent variable in this study?

ability to solve geometry problems

Psychologists have found that _____ the intelligence and cognitive processes needed to be creative.

about 25 percent of people have

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil, differ from first- and second-generation antidepressants in that they:

affect levels of only one neurotransmitter in the brain, serotonin.

Mackenzie has just started psychotherapy. If Mackenzie is typical of most psychotherapy clients, she should expect to notice significant progress:

after a few months of weekly sessions.

Which of these phenomena can be explained by the opponent-process theory?

afterimages

An _____ is a drug or other chemical that binds to a receptor site and triggers a response in the cell.

agonist

The term circadian rhythm refers to the:

consistent, daily fluctuations in many biological and psychological processes.

What units are used to measure the loudness of sound?

decibels

After four 20-minute training sessions in meditation, ratings of the unpleasantness of painful stimuli:

decreased by 57 percent

Henry Molaison (H. M.) was not able to form new episodic or semantic memories, which involves the _____, but he could form new procedural memories, which involves the _____.

explicit memory system; implicit memory system

The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring memory codes is termed:

memory consolidation.

Many brain functions involve the activation of _____ that link different brain regions.

neural pathways

The famous Bobo doll studies showed that:

performance of a behavior was affected by the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment.

The prolonged stress involved in caring for a sick relative may:

result in reduced immune system functioning for the caretaker.

The ego is to consciousness as _____ is to preconsciousness.

superego

The primary tastes include:

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.

Descriptive research:

typically answers the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior.

In the process of person perception, we initially form a very rapid first impression based largely on looking at other people's faces. According to the textbook, if you glanced at a stranger's face for only one-tenth of a second:

you would evaluate the other person's attractiveness, likeability, competence, trustworthiness, and aggressiveness.

Seven-year-old Juanita enjoyed school until her teacher, Mr. Kilpatrick, took parental leave halfway through the school year. The substitute teacher, Ms. Small, was strict and scolded Juanita on several occasions, which made her cry in front of her peers. On one Saturday morning as Juanita was helping her father with grocery shopping, she suddenly came face-to-face with Ms. Small. Juanita instantly burst into tears. Juanita's crying at the sight of Ms. Small is an example of:

a conditioned response

When the brain adjusts to the effects of addictive drug use, there is _____ in the number of dopamine receptors in the brain's reward system.

a decrease

Hector, who suffers from narcolepsy, may experience:

a sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control, lasting from several seconds to several minutes, which is usually triggered by a sudden intense emotion, such as laughter, anger, fear, or surprise.

According to the Psych for Your Life section "A Workshop on Creativity," creativity is enhanced when you:

are flexible and persist in the face of obstacles and setbacks

Punishment is most effective if it _____ the operant.

consistently follows

As a psychology researcher, you have found that the public expression of emotions differs among people from the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fits BEST with which perspective in psychology?

cross-cultural

Social loafing was found to be heavily influenced by _____ factors since, depending on the group of people or country, social striving can be found instead.

cultural

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "The Addicted Brain: Diminishing Rewards," heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine all affect levels of which of these neurotransmitters?

dopamine

Ailani enjoys smoking nicotine. The increase in pleasure she experiences when smoking is related to increases in the activity of which neurotransmitter?

dopamine

In order to find out if their new abstract reasoning test is good at measuring what it was designed to measure, Dr. Marshall compares the scores on their test with the scores and grades of college students enrolled in courses that involve abstract reasoning. In this instance, Dr. Marshall is in the process of:

establishing the test's validity.

The chapter prologue described the story of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords who was shot resulting in significant damage to the left hemisphere of their brain. Which of these functions are possibly limited because of the damage to Congresswoman Giffords' left hemisphere?

the ability to speak and understand language

The last week or so you have been going out to different stores and social gatherings without a face mask and have not gotten COVID-19. Because of this, you believe you do not need to wear a face mask or social distance. Which heuristic is this an example of?

the availability heuristic

an automobile accident, Randy experienced a series of severe seizures. After the seizures stopped, Randy's ability to form new memories was greatly impaired. Which brain structure was MOST likely damaged by the severe seizures?

the hippocampus

The startle reflex will occur in response to a sudden or unexpected noise. Using Pavlov's terms, the sudden noise would be the _____, and the startle reflex would be the _____.

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Henry was taken to the hospital after a night of heavily drinking. At the hospital it was determined that his blood alcohol level was 0.30 percent. What behavioral effects would Henry be experiencing at that level of intoxication?

no comprehension of the world around him

In order to test the hypothesis that premarital education enhances marital quality, Dr. Stanley should first:

operationally define the terms "premarital education" and "marital quality."

According to the textbook, which of these is associated with increased endorphin levels?

pain-relieving effect of acupuncture

Which of these neurotransmitters is implicated in Alzheimer's disease?

acetylcholine

According to the psychoanalytic approach, patients develop more adaptive emotions and patterns of behavior when they:

achieve insight and resolve the unconscious conflicts that were maintaining maladaptive emotions and behavior.

Ali took a test that measured their level of knowledge, skills, and accomplishment in particular areas such as mathematics and writing ability. Ali took a(n) _____ test.

achievement

The basic assumption of behavior therapy is that:

adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned

The broad term "_____" refers to a condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug.

addiction

Amy is applying for a job at a large multinational corporation. As part of the job application process, she is given a test to see if she is suited to work in sales. This is an example of _____ testing.

aptitude

Emotions such as feelings of contentment:

are characterized by lower levels of activation

Sigmund Freud:

believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality.

Research has found that authoritative parenting produces a broad range of _____ effects for adolescents.

beneficial

Which of these observations seems to conflict with the basic idea of set-point theory?

Many people have a tendency to become heavier as they get older.

Which of these early psychologists wrote The Animal Mind and strongly advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species?

Margaret Floy Washburn

Which of these people studied the concepts of optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles and their impact on persistence?

Martin Seligman

The phenomenon called "learned helplessness" was identified by two young psychology graduate students named:

Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier

A test designed to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or training is called a(n) "_____ test."

aptitude

In terms of the nature-nurture issue, many psychologists today conclude that:

it is not possible to completely separate the nature-nurture issue.

"Timbre" refers to the distinctive quality of a sound, which is produced by a:

particular combination of different frequencies

One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that:

people do not always answer honestly

Asma is head of her department at work. Lately, she's noticed that the older workers and the younger workers have separated into two groups and that the two groups are becoming increasingly hostile toward one another. Based on the famous study by Muzafer Sherif, what should Asma do to reduce conflict and hostility between the older and younger workers?

Asma should give them a project that will require the two groups to work together toward a common goal.

Which medications used to go by the name "tranquilizers" because they calm jittery feelings, relax the muscles, and promote sleep?

Benzodiazepines

It was _____ who said, "I dare to believe that when the human being is inwardly free to choose whatever he deeply values, he tends to value those objects, experiences, and goals that will make for his own survival, growth, and development, and for the survival and development of others."

Carl Rogers

According to _____ and _____, the therapist must demonstrate genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.

Carl Rogers; client-centered therapy

Dr. Jorgovan and Dr. Samuels practice in offices next to one another. Dr. Jorgovan is a licensed clinical psychologist, and Dr. Samuels is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Which of these is TRUE regarding practice limitations for Dr. Jorgovan and Dr. Samuels?

Dr. Samuels can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs and administer electroconvulsive therapy, but Dr. Jorgovan cannot.

By definition, psychotropic medications are:

Drugs that alter mental functions, alleviate psychological symptoms, and are used to treat mental disorders.

_____ is a movement that advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which "points" or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors.

Gamification

Which of these statements is FALSE?

Getting only about five hours of sleep a night is an effective strategy for reducing appetite and losing weight.

Gillian's club is planning a five-mile race as a fundraiser. Because Gillian had never run in a race before, they were certain that they would not be able to complete the five miles and instead volunteered to screen and register the runners. How might the social cognitive theory be used to explain Gillian's behavior?

Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but they have a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.

Which of these scientists believed that traits are at least partially genetic?

Hans Eysenck

Basic anxiety is a concept attributed to _____ and the idea of feelings of inferiority is attributed to _____.

Karen Horney; Alfred Adler

Which statement BEST describes a correlational study?

It examines how strongly two variables are related to each other.

Dr. Gupta will be teaching a college psychology class for the first time and wonders whether she should allow students to use their laptops in class. According to the research described in the Psych for Your Life feature, what is one reason why Dr. Gupta should encourage her students to leave their laptops in their backpacks?

It's tempting to go online during class, and nonacademic use of the Internet is associated with lower exam scores.

Which of these people is NOT likely to benefit from network therapy according to your textbook?

Jett, who has a phobia of spiders

Which psychologists strongly insisted that psychology should study only observable behaviors, not mental processes or consciousness?

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

It was _____ who described how children deal with anxiety as, "the feeling a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world."

Karen Horney

Although they cannot remember ever being harmed by a cockroach, Kate has an extreme fear of cockroaches. Which of these ideas might be used to help explain their specific phobia of cockroaches?

Kate is biologically prepared to develop phobias toward creatures that arouse disgust and are associated with disease, filth, and contamination.

_____ became the first Black American president of the American Psychological Association in 1970.

Kenneth Clark

When Lee got mad at Bill, Lee physically attacked Bill. Based on Lee's style of aggression toward Bill, and the information in your textbook, which of these statements about Lee is MOST likely to be TRUE?

Lee is probably a man

Which of these people is MOST likely to have poorer health?

Liam, who does not have close friends or family

Lola is in REM sleep. A sleep researcher can conclude that all of these may be true of Lola EXCEPT:

Lola's heart rate and blood pressure reach their lowest levels.

Dividing a person's mental age by their chronological age and multiplying the answer by 100 is:

Louis Terman's formula for the IQ score as measured by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

Of the theories of motivation that are discussed in your textbook, Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory which focuses on innate and universal psychological needs has the MOST in common with:

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Which of these is an example of the development of a phobia through observational learning?

Matilda develops a fear of spiders after years of seeing her mother and older sister react with extreme fear whenever they see a spider.

_____ refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age.

Mental age

Rick is being treated for depression. Rick's therapist designs a treatment program that involves meditation, yoga, and group discussions. Rick's therapist is using which technique?

Mindfulness-based therapy

Your friend is interested in going to graduate school for their Ph.D. in psychology. However, they are unsure if they will do well because they are considered to have average intelligence. What would you tell your friend about their uncertainty according to the information in the In Focus box "Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life"?

Motivation and the ability to work hard have been associated with success, so as long they have both of these personality factors they will succeed.

Hisaya, a Japanese businessman, spent the past several days meditating on his obligations to family members and co-workers, the favors that he has received from them, and the problems that he has caused them. Hisaya is probably engaged in which type of psychotherapy?

Naikan therapy

Your middle school aged sibling comes home from school and tells you that people who have menstrual cycles and live in the same place eventually develop a synchronized menstrual cycle. What has research concluded on this topic?

Research has been mixed—some have found evidence to support this notion, while others have not found support.

Which of these statements is a key advantage of naturalistic observation?

Researchers can study behavior that could not ethically be manipulated in an experiment.

Which of the following statements best captures the essence of Thorndike's law of effect?

Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, while unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated.

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by:

Schachter and Singer

Who was the physician and founder of psychoanalysis who proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges?

Sigmund Freud

Which statement BEST reflects the imaginative suggestibility explanation of hypnosis?

Some people are highly responsive to suggestions whether they are formally hypnotized or not.

The active ingredient in marijuana is:

THC.

One of Tolman's classic research studies involved three groups of rats running mazes for several days. The rats in group 1 received a food reward at the end of the maze every time they ran the maze. The rats in group 2 never received a food reward in the maze. In contrast, the rats in group 3 did not receive a food reward at the end of the maze until the 11th day of the study. What behavior did the rats in group 2 and group 3 display on day 12?

The number of errors made by the rats in group 2 remained about the same but the number of errors made by the rats in group 3 decreased sharply, showing that they had learned the layout of the maze without being reinforced.

Which of these is TRUE regarding hunter-gatherer tribes in the tropical rainforest of Malaysia and Thailand?

The olfactory expertise of hunter-gatherers may reflect the importance of smells in their culture.

Typically, a clinical psychologist holds a(n):

academic doctorate and has had extensive training in psychological testing and evaluation, psychotherapy, and the prevention of mental and emotional disorders.

The box "Focus on Neuroscience: Dopamine Receptors and Obesity: Eating to Stimulate Brain Reward?," discussed a study in which the diet of rats was manipulated. One group ate rat chow—a nutritionally balanced but boring diet—while the other group ate junk food—high-fat, sugary foods. What happened to the rats on the junk-food diet?

Their dopamine response was significantly reduced

What is a major issue with using social media to diagnose disorders?

There are ethical concerns regarding confidentiality and stigma related to mental illness.

Which statement about pheromones is TRUE?

They are chemical signals used by animals to communicate information.

Which statement is TRUE regarding nightmares?

They are not indicative of psychological or sleep disorders unless they occur frequently, cause difficulties returning to sleep, or cause daytime distress.

Which of these is TRUE of glial cells?

They assist neurons by providing nutrition and structural support and by removing waste products.

Which of these statements is FALSE?

Women who have multiple, satisfying, and positive roles, but are nonetheless juggling career, marriage, and family responsibilities experience the highest rates of stress among all adults.

While at an amusement park, one year old Wyatt is hungry. While waiting in line to order food, Wyatt grabs a pretzel out of a stranger's hand and eats it. According to Freud, what would explain Wyatt's behavior?

Wyatt is driven by the pleasure principle, so they immediately fulfill their hunger need by grabbing the pretzel.

According to B.F. Skinner, superstitious behaviors are the result of:

accidental reinforcement

Which of these situations would result in the highest likelihood of you helping someone?

When you have a personal relationship with the person that needs help

Leesa is trying to get into meditation to relieve stress. However, they are having a hard time focusing for long enough. When Leesa asks their friend, John, what they should do John asks, "How long are you trying to meditate for?" Leesa responds, "About 45 minutes." What should John recommend Leesa do?

You should start meditating for five minutes and then work your way up to 20 to 30 minutes.

Which of these is the BEST example of how achievement motivation might be expressed in an individualistic culture?

You work hard because you want to be the top-performing salesperson in your company.

Raquel completed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Her score, based on events during the previous year, was 350 life change units. Which statement made to Raquel about this score is TRUE?

Your future health cannot be predicted accurately because SRRS scores are only weakly correlated with the development of physical and psychological problems.

The absence of rods or cones at the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye causes:

a blind spot

Which of the following would be an example of a primary reinforcer?

a cold drink on a hot day

A person who feels driven to perform repetitive behaviors in a particular sequence or pattern in order to reduce anxiety is said to be experiencing:

a compulsion

Seven-year-old Juanita enjoyed school until her teacher, Mr. Kilpatrick, took parental leave halfway through the school year. The substitute teacher, Ms. Small, was strict and scolded Juanita on several occasions, which made her cry in front of her peers. On one Saturday morning as Juanita was helping her father with grocery shopping, she suddenly came face-to-face with Ms. Small. Juanita instantly burst into tears. Juanita's crying at the sight of Ms. Small is an example of:

a conditioned response.

Ricardo can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Ricardo's memory of this very emotional, personal event in his life is an example of what is called:

a flashbulb memory.

Inuksuk has become more and more energetic and euphoric over the past three days. Even though he has only slept a few hours each night, he seems very happy and to have a very high energy level. He seems inappropriately self-confident and moves quickly from one grandiose idea to another. What is Inuksuk experiencing?

a manic episode

Jose is a big baseball fan and roots for the Boston Red Sox. He went to baseball camp in California, where, unlike Jose, almost everyone was a fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers. Jose is very friendly, but he had a hard time connecting with other campers because they viewed him as:

a member of the outgroup

After the dictatorship ended in Slovenia, many children were found in state-run orphanages where they had been badly treated and often neglected. These children were placed for adoption and researchers followed their progress over a number of years, measuring psychological and physical indicators of well-being and comparing their development to that of children who were raised in private homes by their biological parents. This type of research is called:

a natural experiment

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response

Your instructor notices that in many of their classes, the longer they lecture, the more yawning they see. This represents:

a positive correlation.

A hypnotist instructed Hermione that when she came out of hypnosis, she would be unable to spell her own name. This is an example of:

a posthypnotic suggestion

What type of personality test involves the interpreting of an ambiguous image and is used to assess unconscious motives and conflicts?

a projective test

Phrenology refers to:

a pseudoscience that related personality characteristics to bumps on the skull.

Bob and Connie have raised three children. The youngest has just graduated from college and is about to leave home to take a job in another city. Over the next few years, Bob and Connie can expect to experience:

a steady increase in marital satisfaction

While talking about their favorite television show, Tracy was sure they knew the name of the actor who played the leading role, but they couldn't think of the name. This is an example of:

a tip-of-the-tongue experience

Which of these is NOT a component of rational-emotive behavior therapy's ABC model?

behaviors

"I could have sworn that I parked my Subaru in this row," Jayda said with embarrassment as the airport parking van driver drove down yet another row of parked cars. "It's okay," the van driver reassured her, then added, "This happens all the time when people are rushing to catch a plane and they don't pay attention to the row signs." This is an everyday example of _____ due to _____.

absentmindedness; encoding failure

According to some psychologists, there is a heritability estimate of about 50 percent for intelligence in the general population. This statement means that:

about half of the difference in IQ scores among people within a particular group is due to differences in their genetic makeup.

Carl Jung's theory on the collective unconscious was criticized for:

being too unscientific or mystical.

Jen has recently moved to China from the United States to teach English. Jen is having some difficulty adapting to the new culture, a type of stress called:

acculturative stress

Jorge is faced with the decision of which of two equally attractive condominiums to buy. He makes a list of the factors that are most important to him and numerically rates the two condominiums on each factor. Jorge is using the _____ model of decision making.

additive

Corticosteroids are released by the _____, whereas catecholamines are released by the _____.

adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla

The catecholamines are hormones secreted by the _____ that cause rapid physiological arousal, helping to mobilize the body's resources to flee or fight an immediate threat to survival.

adrenal medulla

Another word for epinephrine is:

adrenaline

Researchers investigated the effects of rather commonplace stressors such as the numerous exams that medical students have to take each year. They discovered that exposure to such ordinary stressors of life:

adversely affects immune system functioning

While out on a run in your local national park, you decide to run off the trail. After about an hour later you realize that you are lost. Also, your phone has just died. Your body likely starts releasing catecholamines and you experience intense arousal, which represents the _____ stage of general adaptation syndrome.

alarm

Prescription pain pills are especially dangerous when mixed with:

alcohol

Mental set often blocks insight in areas in which you are:

already knowledgeable or well trained.

Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her New York City apartment. This tragic event led to intense psychological research on:

altruism and prosocial behavior.

Dr. Alvarez spent their whole working life selflessly helping the sick and poor in some of the poorest countries in the world. This example illustrates:

altruism.

Loudness is to _____ as pitch is to _____.

amplitude; frequency

The almond-shaped clump of neuron cell bodies at the base of the temporal lobe that is involved in a variety of emotional responses is called the:

amygdala

The brain structure called the "_____" seems to be involved in encoding the emotional aspects of memories.

amygdala

Your friend, Moira, says she is nervous about having an MRI done because she heard an MRI will be painful and expose her to radiation. You reassure Moira by telling her that:

an MRI does not expose people to radiation and it is virtually harmless.

After 20 minutes of waiting outside the baggage claim area for your friend to pick you up, you decide to go inside the airport terminal to use the restroom. Standing a short distance from you is a kind-looking older woman. "Would you mind watching my luggage while I head back in to use the restroom?" you ask politely. "I'd be happy to watch it for you," she replies. "My ride is not coming for another half-hour." When you return less than five minutes later, the old lady and your luggage (including your laptop) are gone. This example illustrates one of the problems associated with:

an implicit personality theory.

Fiona finds that when she drinks alcohol at parties she feels less inhibited, which sometimes results in some poor decisions such as agreeing to go to the afterparty even though she has an early shift at work in the morning. This feeling of being less inhibited is the result of what?

an increased amount of GABA

During what Freud called the "_____ stage," a child derives pleasure through developing control over elimination via toilet training.

anal

Brian's car was not running well. The car would occasionally lose power or stall out. Brian thought about the possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an additive in the gas tank, or taking his car to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure out the problem. Brian decided that he would try putting an additive in the gas tank first to see if that corrected the problem. Which one of Sternberg's intelligences does it sound like Brian was using?

analytic intelligence

An _____ is a drug or other chemical that blocks a receptor site and inhibits or prevents a response in the receiving cell.

antagonist

The drug curare blocks acetylcholine receptor sites, causing virtually instantaneous paralysis. Thus, curare is an:

antagonist

The heavily prescribed psychoactive drug Prozac is an example of a class of:

antidepressants called "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)."

An unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry, dread, apprehension, and tension, along with heightened physical arousal, is called:

anxiety

Most commonly, insomnia can be traced to:

anxiety over stressful life events.

Dr. Pierpoint believes that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. When the level of arousal is too low, we try to increase it by seeking out stimulating experiences. When it is too high, we seek to reduce arousal in a less stimulating environment. Dr. Pierpoint's views are MOST consistent with _____ theory.

arousal

The view that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither too high nor too low is called "_____ theory."

arousal

"Oh, man, that was awesome! Let's do it again!" Marcela said as she climbed out of the front roller coaster seat. Which category of motivational theories would BEST explain Marcela's behavior?

arousal theories

Research with rats has revealed that taste aversions can be produced when the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is:

as long as 24 hours.

Which of these phrases would be an acceptable operational definition for anxiety?

asking people to rate their current level of anxiety on a 1-to-10 scale

The process of giving up one's old cultural identity and trying to be part of one's new society is called:

assimilation

Classical conditioning involves _____ while operant conditioning involves _____.

associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence

From an evolutionary view, sweet tastes:

attract us to energy-rich foods

From an evolutionary view, umami tastes:

attract us to protein-rich foods

Research suggests that the _____ is MOST likely to be used when people rely on information involving vivid memories to determine the likelihood of events occurring.

availability heuristic

Research has generally found that when compared to those who are socially isolated, people who have many friends, a large social network, and frequent contact with others are more likely to:

avoid serious illness

Your _____ is the rate at which your body uses energy for vital bodily functions when at rest.

basal metabolic rate

When the oval window vibrates, the vibration is relayed to the cochlea. As fluid in the cochlea ripples, the vibration, in turn, is transmitted to the:

basilar membrane

According to Freud, the sexual urges of children during the latency stage of psychosexual development:

become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.

To help treat their anxiety, Winslow's doctor wrote them a prescription for four weeks of Valium. After completing this course, Winslow's doctor refused to renew the prescription. Winslow then went to another physician, who prescribed an even stronger dose of Valium. Winslow is running the risk of:

becoming addicted to Valium.

In September, Lorenzo started classes at State University. In December, he took a month-long vacation, during which he went back to his hometown to celebrate Christmas with his family. Based on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale shown in Table 13.1, which of these answers shows how Lorenzo's readjustments would rank (from largest to smallest) in terms of life event units?

beginning school, vacation, Christmas

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors is called:

behavior modification

A psychologist who focuses on observable actions MOST likely takes a _____ perspective.

behavioral

Based on a review of decades of research, the American Psychological Association and other public health organizations stated that viewing media violence:

can contribute to an increase in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors.

Dr. Zink is a clinical psychologist. Zink explains to their patient, Dave, that the reason Dave is so prone to panic attacks after they walk up three flights of stairs is that Dave is oversensitive to sensations of physical arousal and tends to irrationally distort the meaning of these sensations as calamitous or disastrous. From reading the chapter, you know that Dr. Zink is actually describing the _____ of panic disorder to Dave.

catastrophic cognitions theory

Trevor's heart was pounding after he ran up three flights of stairs. He immediately began to think he might be having a heart attack, which made him even more physically aroused, and this, in turn, made him more panicky. Trevor's symptoms coincide with the:

catastrophic cognitions theory

When Tamala arrived home, they were shocked to see that their house had been burglarized and ransacked, and they were terrified that the burglar might still be in the house. It is very probable that Tamala's sympathetic nervous system has stimulated their adrenal medulla to secrete hormones called:

catecholamines.

Cross-cultural studies have shown that a sense of control:

causes lower stress in Western cultures

Jax and Grey are siblings and are sitting down to have a snack. Their parent cuts up some watermelon in various sizes and give Jax seven pieces and Grey four pieces. Grey is immediately upset because they don't have as many pieces as Jax. Their parent explains that while Jax has seven pieces, their pieces are smaller than the one's Grey has. Grey doesn't care and is still upset. Grey is exhibiting:

centration

After too many drinks at a party, your friend awkwardly stumbles into a table, almost knocking it over. Your friend's coordination for simple actions, such as walking between two tables, is reduced because the alcohol has affected his:

cerebellum

The _____ is especially involved in memories involving movement.

cerebellum

Carlton did not notice when their partner, Reese, got a haircut because they weren't paying attention to Reese's appearance. Carlton's failure to notice is an example of:

change blindness.

The sensation of taste results from the activation of receptor cells by what kind of stimuli?

chemical substances dissolved in saliva

Before Jackie left for college, they told their friend Lisa that they thought sororities were filled with snobs and that they would never consider joining one. But during Jackie's first week on campus, they were approached by a sorority member who invited them to a social function and encouraged them to pledge. After Jackie attended the party, they told Lisa, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Jackie's change in attitude to match their behavior relates to which of these concepts?

cognitive dissonance

In general, sound waves are _____ in the outer ear and _____ in the middle ear.

collected; amplified

People in _____ cultures tend to emphasize the independent needs and goals of the individual.

collectivistic

Rods are to cones as peripheral vision and night vision are to:

color vision and visual acuity.

When interpreting a personality test, it is important to:

combine the knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient themselves.

Dr. Stevens is a client-centered therapist who is treating Tamara. During therapy sessions, Dr. Stevens actively listens to what Tamara says. Dr. Stevens often responds by reflecting back to Tamara what she seems to be saying. What is Dr. Stevens doing?

communicating empathic understanding

Eight-year-old Mason enjoyed school until his music teacher, Ms. Xie, retired. The new teacher, Mr. McGrath, was strict and scolded Mason on several occasions, making him cry. On one Saturday morning as Mason was shopping with his mother, he suddenly came face-to-face with Mr. McGrath. Mason instantly burst into tears. For Mason, seeing Mr. McGrath in the store is an example of a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

A _____ reinforcer is one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a _____ reinforcer.

conditioned; primary

Cree was shocked when their doctor informed them that their condition was caused by age and extensive damage to their hammer, anvil, and stirrup. What condition does Cree likely have?

conduction deafness

Visual acuity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of _____ in that region.

cones

Which of these is a general concern about the use of technology in the treatment of mental illness?

confidentiality and privacy concerns

Kennedy and Jerrika have been in a loving and committed relationship for a long time. They love each other very much; however, recently they find it difficult to get along with one another. Every discussion, even when it focuses on a minor issue, seems to turn into a major argument. What kind of therapy would probably be MOST appropriate for Kennedy and Jerrika?

couple therapy

Psychologists following the _____ perspective have investigated the diversity of human behavior in different countries and have discovered that some well-established psychological findings are not as universal as once thought.

cross-cultural

Kirk is difficult to work with because he is extremely moody and unpredictable. Some days he is full of complaints about his job and wants nothing to do with his co-workers. At other times, Kirk is extremely upbeat and optimistic and enthusiastically suggests that the whole work group go out to lunch together. Kirk's chronic mood swings and his inconsistent behavior are characteristics of which of these disorders?

cyclothymic disorder

People who score high on neuroticism show higher levels of brain activation in response to _____ images than people who score low on neuroticism.

negative

Alana was diagnosed with schizophrenia three years ago. Alana mostly experiences auditory hallucinations when she stops taking her medication. Which brain areas are likely to show altered brain activity when Alana experiences these auditory hallucinations?

decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the limbic system

Whether an aversive stimulus is delivered or a reinforcing stimulus is removed, punishment always means that behavior:

decreases

Reserpine and chlorpromazine diminish psychotic symptoms by _____ brain levels of the neurotransmitter called "_____."

decreasing; dopamine

The decline and impairment of memory, reasoning, language, and other cognitive functions is called:

dementia

Luke is experiencing andropause. What is a likely emotional problem Luke can experience during this time?

depression

Which of these BEST represents psychology's basic goals?

describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior

Ms. Dillon had been a teacher in the local public school system for more than 40 years. Now retired, she finds herself wondering why she ever took up teaching and thinking about how she wasted the best years of her life trying to teach ungrateful and lazy students. She wishes that she had chosen another profession when she was younger. According to Erikson's theory, Ms. Dillon is probably experiencing:

despair

In one study, polygraph results were compared to later confessions of guilt in criminal cases. The results of the study showed that the polygraph:

detected lies only slightly better than chance.

Twin studies are typically used to:

determine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to intelligence and other characteristics.

Dr. Professor's research examines cognitive changes that occur as people progress from young adulthood to late adulthood. Dr. Professor is a(n) _____ psychologist.

developmental

Professor Anders is interested in how family relationships change over time. During the past two decades, he has kept track of and repeatedly surveyed the same group of 3,000 participants about changes in their relationship with their parents and siblings. Professor Anders is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

A middle-aged woman is sitting on a bench in a busy shopping mall, holding her head in her hands, visibly upset and crying. Nobody stops to see if she needs assistance. Based on what you read in the text, the MOST likely explanation for why nobody helps in this situation is:

diffusion of responsibility.

Rods are used for vision in _____ light, and cones are used for vision in _____ light.

dim; bright

Compared to Chinese and Taiwanese college students, earliest autobiographical memories for European American students tended to concern _____ events.

discrete

The social and cultural rules that regulate the expression of emotion, particularly facial expressions, are called "_____."

display rules

PCP and ketamine are both classified as:

dissociative anesthetics

A disorder called "_____" is characterized by symptoms of extensive amnesia, wandering or traveling, and confusion about one's personal identity.

dissociative fugue

An individual with a dissociative disorder experiences behavior that is controlled by two or more distinct recurring identities. Which dissociative disorder are they likely experiencing?

dissociative identity disorder

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "The Addicted Brain: Diminishing Rewards," alcohol, heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines primarily affect the:

dopamine reward system.

Caffeine promotes wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes by stimulating the release of _____ and blocking _____ receptors.

dopamine; adenosine

The hormone, _____ is thought to promote bonding in reproductive partners.

oxytocin

In a study on the effects of caffeine on memory, participants drank a bottle of tasteless water containing 100, 50, or 0 milligrams of caffeine. Neither the researcher who handed out the bottled water nor the study participants knew whether the water contained caffeine or not. This is an example of a _____ study.

double-blind

Dr. Mathias believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that "push" us to behave in certain ways. Dr. Mathias's views are MOST consistent with _____ theories of motivation.

drive

Susceptibility to peer influence peaks during:

early adolescence.

Physical strength tends to peak in:

early adulthood

In an important research study involving elderly nursing home residents, psychologists Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer investigated the:

effects of a sense of personal control on psychological and physical health.

MOST neurons produce:

either one type of neurotransmitter or even three or more neurotransmitters.

While studying for their final exam, Clark uses _____ for the learning psychology chapter. They do this by relating examples of operant conditioning to their own experiences. For example, Clark recalls a time they trained their dog to sit by giving them a treat, or positively reinforcing their dog.

elaborative rehearsal

Which of these forms of emotional expression is NOT universal and is LEAST likely to be recognized by members of different cultures?

emblems

Matthew is extremely intelligent and is a gifted statistician, yet he has few friends and rarely holds a job for more than six months because he constantly alienates his co-workers and supervisors. Matthew probably lacks:

emotional intelligence

The process of transforming information that enters into and is retained by the memory system is called:

encoding

Researchers William Marmie and Alice Healy (2004) asked participants to study an unfamiliar coin for short periods of time, ranging from 15 seconds to 60 seconds. The results showed that participants were better able to remember details of the unfamiliar coin than the familiar U.S. penny. This finding confirmed that one of the MOST common reasons for forgetting is:

encoding failure

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "Mapping Brain Changes in Alzheimer's Disease," cross sections of the brain of a person who died from Alzheimer's disease showed:

enlarged ventricles

Some genes will be activated only if _____ trigger them to activate.

environmental factors

In operant conditioning, "discriminative stimulus" is defined as a(n):

environmental stimulus or cue in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced.

Dr. Morelli investigates how gene activity is regulated within a cell, including what signals switch genes "on" or "off." In general, they are interested in the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effect on behavior and health. Dr. Morelli's area of research is called:

epigenetics

A vivid memory you have from your life is your high school graduation. This is an example of a(n) _____.

episodic memory

Statistically, women are _____ as men to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

equally likely

Which process BEST accounts for the dual fear circuits in the brain identified by LeDoux?

evolution

Psychologists who take the _____ perspective assume that psychological processes are subject to the principle of natural selection.

evolutionary

The In Focus box in your textbook introduces some innovations in increasing access to mental health care. Which of these innovations was NOT described?

expansion of walk-in clinics located in drugstores and malls

The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called _____ research.

experimental

A Skinner box, or operant chamber, is a(n):

experimental apparatus used to study the relationship between active behaviors and their consequences.

Researchers at State University wanted to test the hypothesis that distributed, or spaced, practice results in better retention of material than massed practice or cramming. To find out if there is a cause-and-effect relationship, the researcher should use:

experimental research

Shanda makes a conscious, deliberate decision about each of her new clients based on her perception of their overall appearance, how well they are dressed, how old they are, what sex they are, and so on. In this case, Shanda is using _____ in categorizing her new clients.

explicit cognition

Phenotype is to genotype as:

expressed characteristics are to inherited genes.

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that:

expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion.

Three-year-old Braden has severe temper tantrums, both at home and at preschool. When Braden's parents take them to a behavior therapist, the therapist trains Braden's parents and Braden's preschool teachers to modify the problem behavior by using _____ and _____, which are two techniques based on operant conditioning.

extinction; positive reinforcement

One day Lacey had an intuitive hunch that she would hear from an old grade-school friend, and sure enough, her friend e-mailed her. Lacey is now convinced that she is psychic. This is an example of the:

fallacy of positive instances

The Innocence Project is a nonprofit group that investigates false convictions. Many of these false confessions had been obtained through interrogations that incorporated strategies that are now known to produce:

false memories.

Leptin is produced by:

fat cells.

Sully is trying to create their research project on emotion. Sully asks you which emotion has been the MOST thoroughly studied so that they can make sure to study a different emotion. What would you tell Sully?

fear

Which of these risk factors for suicide was found to be higher for many people during the pandemic?

feelings of hopelessness and social isolation

Jason belongs to a college fraternity and has been told to show up for a hazing ritual to take place later that week. Jason is against the whole idea of hazing but is not sure how to avoid participating. According to your textbook, Jason will find it easier to refuse to participate in the hazing if he:

finds another fraternity member to join him in his refusal to participate.

The fact that you likely remember where you were and vivid details of what you were doing when you learned the outcome of the 2020 U.S. presidential election is an example of a(n):

flashbulb memory.

The emotional effects of MDMA (ecstasy) seem to be due to the fact that it:

floods the brain with serotonin.

In Piaget's theory, the term centration refers to the tendency to:

focus on only one aspect of a situation, ignoring other aspects of the situation that may also be relevant.

The inability to recall information that was previously available to memory is called:

forgetting

During the EARLIEST stages of Alzheimer's disease, the MOST common symptoms are:

forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places.

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of major depressive disorder are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

form of psychotherapy used to treat major depressive disorder

Ben is 15 years old. According to Erikson's theory, all of these are issues that Ben is likely dealing with EXCEPT:

formulating ethical beliefs.

What is the path traveled by immediate, intense, short-lived, or "fast" pain messages?

from the spinal cord to the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex

The brainstem is made up of the _____ and the _____.

frontal lobe; parietal lobe

The term that Carl Rogers used to describe a psychologically healthy person who does not deny or distort thoughts or emotions and has a flexible self-concept is a(n):

fully functioning person

The "Afghan Dreamers" were able to overcome _____ in order to build an inexpensive ventilator.

functional fixedness

The brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged areas is called:

functional plasticity.

The opponent-process theory of color vision correctly describes the process of color sensation in the:

ganglion cells, thalamus, and visual cortex

Global, persistent, chronic, and excessive apprehension is the main feature of:

generalized anxiety disorder

People with _____ are constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive. They feel anxious about a wide range of life circumstances, sometimes with little or no apparent justification.

generalized anxiety disorder

Which of these is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by constant, excessive, and unjustified anxiety about a wide range of issues and circumstances?

generalized anxiety disorder

Rob has put all of his energies into his job as a stockbroker, often working 12 or more hours a day, and usually working on weekends. Because of this self-absorption and a preoccupation with his own needs, Rob has been very successful and, by the age of 45, has already amassed what amounts to a small fortune. Although he continues to put in long hours at work, he is beginning to feel dissatisfied and bored with his life. According to Erikson's theory, Rob is probably facing the psychosocial conflict of _____ and is likely to develop _____.

generativity versus stagnation; stagnation

Kelley and Madison are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families. In a twin study, similarities in their personality traits would be judged to be due to _____, and differences in their personality traits would be considered to be due to_____.

genetic influences; environmental influences

Which of these could be referred to as "the hunger hormone" because it stimulates a person's appetite?

ghrelin

Which of these is NOT one of the three best-documented internal chemical signals involved in the long-term regulation of body weight?

ghrelin

College students who experience feelings of learned helplessness may respond to academic setbacks, such as failing a test, in which of these ways?

giving up prematurely on subsequent academic tasks or procrastinating instead of persisting

One factor that contributed to the obedience displayed in Milgram's experiments was that the level of the shocks, and the learner's protests, escalated _____.

gradually

Not all mental health professionals are convinced dissociative identity disorder is a genuine psychological disorder. Psychologists who do believe it is a genuine psychological disorder argue that the sharp increase in reported cases in recent decades is probably due to:

greater clinical awareness of the disorder and of its symptoms and increased screening for dissociative symptoms.

A mastery goal is to a(n) _____ mindset as a performance goal is to a(n) _____ mindset.

growth; fixed

A study of first-year law students found that the students who had an optimistic outlook:

had stronger immune systems than the students with a pessimistic outlook.

Under no circumstances is it ever ethical or appropriate for a therapist to _____ a client.

have any form of sexual contact with

Victoria's psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Victoria overcome her phobia of heights. As one of the first steps in the process of systematic desensitization, Victoria's psychologist is MOST likely to:

have her create an anxiety hierarchy

Samuel suffered damage to his temporal lobes during an operation to remove tumors from his brain. This will likely cause him to have difficulty with his:

hearing

As described in your textbook, which of these weather conditions is MOST likely to increase aggression on a global scale?

heat wave

According to the information found in the In Focus: Interpersonal Attraction and Liking box, cross-cultural research has shown that men in societies where food and resources are in short supply tend to prefer _____ women, and men in societies where food and resources are abundant tend to prefer _____ women.

heavier; thinner

Frank, who is an engineering student, thinks that their fellow engineering students are really a very diverse bunch of individuals. It appears that Frank views their in-group as being quite:

heterogeneous

Neurons are:

highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information from one area of the body to another.

Feature detectors are:

highly specialized neurons in the visual cortex that respond to particular types of visual stimuli.

The brain region responsible for connecting the brain and spinal cord is the:

hindbrain

Nora is taking her first developmental course in college. Her professor is lecturing on prenatal brain development. Nora just learned that during pregnancy, the top of the neural tube thickens into three bulges that will eventually form the following three areas of the brain:

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

The right hemisphere is specialized for _____ as noted in the In Focus box on "Brain Myths."

holistic processing

Dr. Katai is a therapist who emphasizes the importance of choices and self-direction to his clients so that they can strive to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Katai subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.

humanistic

Jacque is experiencing temporary deafness, but he is neither physically ill nor under the influence of any drug. The MOST likely explanation is that Jacques is:

hypnotized.

The _____ functions as the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

One major goal of trait theorists is to _____.

identify the most basic dimensions of personality

According to Erik Erikson's theory, the key psychosocial task facing adolescents is:

identity versus role confusion.

The Focus on Neuroscience box "Seeing Faces and Places in the Mind's Eye" reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. One of the findings of the study was that:

imagining a scene activated the same brain areas that were activated during perception of the scene.

According to the box "Focus on Neuroscience: The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress," the MOST likely explanation for impulsive and erratic behavior in adolescence is:

immaturity of the prefrontal cortex

According to LeDoux, the direct thalamus→amygdala pathway produces a(n) _____ emotional response to _____.

immediate; biologically prepared fears, such as snakes, spiders, or threatening animals

A(n) _____ is defined as a network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.

implicit personality theory

Where would you expect to find visual feature detectors?

in the visual cortex

Cross-cultural researchers have found that different cultures classify emotions:

in very similar ways.

The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards, is suggested by:

incentive theories

In a study testing the effects of human chemosignals, non-breast-feeding women were exposed to chemical substances from the perspiration of breast-feeding women. What effect did the chemical substances have on the non-breast-feeding women? They experienced a significant:

increase in sexual motivation

According to the gate-control theory of pain, social influences can:

increase or decrease the experience of pain

Worries about death tend to ____ in middle adulthood, then ____ in late adulthood.

increase; decrease

In trying to keep up with his college classes and his job at a hospital lab, Christian has been getting by on four or five hours of sleep per night for several nights. Which of these is Christian likely to experience?

increased blood levels of the appetite-increasing hormone ghrelin and feelings of hunger

Increased brain levels of neuropeptide Y cause:

increased eating behavior and decreased body metabolism

A psychologist who studies worker productivity, job satisfaction, or the interaction between people and equipment is MOST likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

industrial/organizational

The field of behavioral genetics studies the:

influence of genes and heredity on behavior.

Celine is an adolescent who is starting at a new school tomorrow. She wasn't sure what everyone else would be wearing, so she decided to wear a pair of jeans with a casual shirt; however, when she got to school, she saw that all the other students were dressed up. The next day, Celine decided to dress up too. This BEST illustrates the importance of:

informational social influence

Compared to stimulant drugs, depressant drugs:

inhibit the activity of the central nervous system.

The characteristic of motivation known as "activation" refers to the:

initiation or production of behavior

When Bailey is two years old, their parents constantly forget to feed Bailey throughout the day and provide Bailey with few toys or opportunities to socialize with other kids or adults. Which type of attachment with Bailey likely have with their parents?

insecure attachment

Joshua is a professional auto mechanic. In his spare time, he enjoys restoring old cars. He picked up a classic Mustang convertible at an auction several weeks ago. However, after spending several weekends tinkering with the engine, he still couldn't figure out what was wrong with it. As he was waking up one morning, he suddenly realized what the problem was. Joshua's sudden realization of the problem's solution is an example of:

insight

Byung has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep, and he frequently wakes before it is time to get up. Byung likely has:

insomnia

Glasses correct vision by:

intercepting and bending incoming light waves, so that they are focused properly on the retina.

At a loud party, Amari met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day she was unable to remember their name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is:

interference

Corbin has undergone psychoanalysis for several months. As such, Corbin's therapist felt it was time to offer several explanations of Corbin's dreams and free associations to help Corbin recognize unconscious conflicts and motivations. What psychoanalytic technique is Corbin's therapist using?

interpretation

People are MOST creative when influenced by:

intrinsic motivation.

As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the:

iris

The muscle that controls the amount of light entering the pupil is the:

iris.

The notion that there is a significant increase in the number of suicides in the United States during the winter holidays:

is a myth

Relying on social categories:

is a natural, adaptive, and efficient cognitive process that provides us with considerable basic information about people.

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "phonological loop":

is specialized for auditory material.

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "visuospatial sketchpad":

is specialized for spatial and visual material.

According to Freud's theory, the Oedipus complex:

is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.

All of these are cited as benefits of virtual reality therapy EXCEPT:

it is more accessible during the pandemic.

Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues can produce:

jet lag.

A technique used to promote cooperation that involves students working together in small, ethnically diverse groups on a mutual project is called the:

jigsaw classroom technique.

In the year during which a dramatic series that promoted literacy among adults was broadcast on television in Mexico, enrollment in literacy instruction groups:

jumped from 90,000 to more than 800,000 people

At any given moment, we are faced with more information than we can effectively process. This suggests that attention is:

limited in capacity

Long-term memory storage capacity seems to be _____.

limitless

In late adulthood, the majority of older adults:

live healthy, active, and self-sufficient lives

Phrenology helped introduce the idea of brain _____, whereas split-brain research demonstrated the principle of brain _____.

localization; lateralization

Dr. Owusu is studying various behaviors in Japanese quail. Dr. Owusu first studied the eye blink reflex by administering a brief puff or air to their eye. Then, Dr. Owusu studied the fear response in Japanese quail by exposing them to a simulated hawk, the Japanese quail's natural predator. They then paired the simulated hawk with red color disk so that after many pairings, the Japanese quail showed a fear response to the red colored disk without the simulated hawk being present. The eye blink reflex is likely _____ the brain, while the conditioned fear response is likely _____ the brain.

localized in a specific area in; distributed throughout

People with a damaged amygdala:

lose the ability to distinguish between friendly and threatening faces.

A person who lacks cultural and psychological contact with their traditional cultural group and their new, adopted culture experiences which pattern of acculturation?

marginalization

The Culture and Human Behavior box "The Stress of Adapting to a New Culture" describes four different patterns of adapting to a new culture. Which pattern of acculturation tends to produce the HIGHEST level of acculturative stress?

marginalization

In the Unites States, most clinical or counseling psychologists have a(n) _____ degree.

master's

According to Albert Bandura, the MOST effective way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy is through:

mastery experiences.

In a survey about racism, a majority of Black adolescents reported being treated as incompetent or dangerous, or both, on the basis of their race. Such subtle instances of racism are called "_____."

microaggressions

While working at a law firm, Harold, a Black man, has been told by his White peers to grab them coffee quite frequently. Harold's one co-worker, Bob (a White man), has often "joked" and told Harold that he was a "diversity hire." This is despite the fact that Harold and Bob have the same level job. Harold is experiencing:

microaggressions

While walking in your city, you notice a person trip over the curb of the sidewalk, and fall. You instantly empathize with the individual because of:

mirror neurons.

An immigrant who follows the cultural adaptation pattern of assimilation is likely to experience a _____ degree of acculturative stress.

moderate

As noted in the Psych for Your Life: Concussions, Assessment, Treatment, and Cumulative Impact box, a concussion is the _____ common type of TBI and the _____ type of TBI.

most; mildest

Mahasti's therapist encourages her to engage in "change talk." Whenever Mahasti expresses reluctance, her therapist acknowledges Mahasti's mixed feelings and redirects her emphasis toward change. Mahasti's therapist is using a technique called:

motivational interviewing.

The _____ tell muscles whether to relax or contract.

motor neurons

Which of these is NOT a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder?

multiple personalities

Oligodendrocytes form the _____, which is a fatty covering that is wrapped around the axons of some neurons.

myelin sheath

Sharp, intense, immediate, and short-lived pain is transmitted by:

myelinated fibers

After many media reports of aggressive behavior by parents and other adult spectators in the stands at Canadian youth hockey games, psychologists systematically recorded the comments of adult spectators at youth hockey games in a large Canadian city. They found that almost two-thirds of the comments were directed at the players rather than the referees, and that most comments were positive and encouraging rather than negative or critical. The psychologists used a descriptive research method called:

naturalistic observation

A study on parental use of corporal punishment found a relationship between parental socioeconomic status and use of corporal punishment. Put simply, as socioeconomic status declines, rates of parents' use of corporal punishment rises. This finding represents a:

negative correlation

Hiro's hand began to itch and swell. After he realized that a mosquito had bitten him, he applied some cortisone cream to his hand and the itching stopped. The next time a mosquito bit him, he applied cortisone cream immediately to relieve the itching. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

negative reinforcement by escape

A structure called the "_____" eventually thickens into three bulges that will form the three main regions of the brain: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain.

neural tube

The brain's ability to change function and structure is referred to as:

neuroplasticity.

Dr. Ng has used a technique called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine changes in the brain that occur with age. Dr. Ng is MOST likely part of the _____ field.

neuroscience

Your textbook notes the misuse of group intelligence tests shortly after World War I. Specifically, group intelligence tests were inappropriately administered to:

newly arriving immigrants to the United States.

Noora is studying the prey and predator relationship between Japanese quail and hawks, with Japanese quail being the prey and the hawk being the predator. When Noora surgically removes the amygdala of Japanese quail they:

no longer show a fear response to the hawk.

Nathan's score on the WAIS was 105. Nathan's score is in the:

normal, or average, range of scores.

If you participated in Milgram's experiment on obedience as the 'teacher' and were free to choose the shock level to administer to the 'learner,' how likely would you be to administer the maximum shock?

not too likely since 3 percent of participants in Milgram's experiment did this

Macaque monkeys are capable of learning a cognitive rule for ordering lists of photographs simply from watching another macaque successfully complete the task. This is an example of:

observational learning

Mindy is in nursing school and is learning how to measure a patient's blood pressure. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for measuring blood pressure and then demonstrates these same procedures using Mindy as a "patient." Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure in patients through the use of:

observational learning.

According to social cognitive theory, which of these factors is likely to contribute to the self-regulation of behavior?

observing other people's behavior and the consequences of their actions

Uncontrollable thoughts and worries are to _____ as uncontrollable behaviors are to _____.

obsessions; compulsions

Ajeet is very preoccupied by their fear of germs. They are so focused on it that they always keep their car and apartment windows sealed tightly and refuse to let anyone into the apartment. They carry their own silverware with them so that they can use it when they eat out. They wash their hands every time they touch anything that has been touched by someone else. Ajeet would MOST likely be diagnosed with:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Hypnagogic hallucinations are:

occasionally experienced by most people.

Waiting for your friend at the airport, you scan the faces of the passengers as they exit the terminal. This visual information is being processed in your ____ lobe.

occipital

People with personality disorders:

often display the characteristics of their personality disorder by the adolescent or early adult years.

The olfactory nerve transmits messages to the:

olfactory bulb

In regard to temperament, about _____ of babies cannot be categorized as either easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up, because they do not fit neatly into any of these categories.

one-third

A(n) _____ explanatory style involves accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations.

optimistic

In the 1920s, physiologist Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion by noting that:

our emotional reaction to a stimulus often occurs much faster than our physiological reaction to a stimulus.

During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. One student admitted that they had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." This statement BEST reflects the:

outgroup homogeneity effect.

Although the concept of repressed memories is controversial, there is general agreement among psychologists that:

people may experience amnesia for some of the details of a single traumatic event, but they are unlikely to repress all memories of repeated incidents of abuse.

At the age of 45, Dr. Randy Pausch learned that he had pancreatic cancer and was given just a few months to live. Pausch reacted by delivering his now famous "Last Lecture," an upbeat and inspirational response to the question, "What would you say if you knew you were going to die?" According to your textbook, Pausch's response to impending death is an example of the fact that:

people vary greatly in how they cope with impending death.

People are more likely to help others when they _____.

perceive the other people deserve help

When you eat, muscles in your throat move food from your mouth to your stomach. This muscle function is controlled by which nervous system?

peripheral nervous system

Yoshi was determined to get into medical school. To achieve this goal, Yoshi would study for several hours every night. Yoshi is demonstrating the _____ characteristic of motivation.

persistence

Some people experience a less severe form of depressive disorder that is characterized by chronic low-grade depression with symptoms persisting for two years or longer. This less intense type of depression is called "_____ disorder."

persistent depressive

Mary Cover Jones is regarded by many psychologists as the:

person who pioneered the use of behavioral techniques in therapy.

By definition, _____ are inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations and deviate from the expectations of the individual's culture.

personality disorders

A(n) _____ explanatory style involves accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations.

pessimistic

When Diego goes to graduate school, they would like to do research that might help overcome the trial-and-error nature of prescribing psychotropic medications. They are excited by a new field of study, called "_____," which is concerned with how genes influence an individual's response to drugs.

pharmacogenetics

Walking home late at night after watching a scary movie at a friend's house, Ashley suddenly hears a strange, shrill noise that almost sounds like a distant scream. Her heartbeat and blood pressure increase, her muscles tense, her mouth goes dry, and she begins to perspire. Ashley is experiencing the _____ component of emotion that is due to the activation of her _____.

physiological; sympathetic nervous system

Which of these structures manufactures melatonin?

pineal gland

The participants in Milgram's original obedience experiment:

played the role of the teacher and got to "shock" the learner.

What motivates the newborn infant, according to Sigmund Freud?

pleasure principle

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "The Addicted Brain: Diminishing Rewards," one effect of the biochemical changes that occur as a result of addiction to alcohol, heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines is that:

positive events in normal life are no longer reinforcing or satisfying.

An employee wears jeans to work and is reprimanded by their supervisor for dressing inappropriately. From then on, the employee wears a dress shirt and tie to work. This is an example of:

positive punishment.

It started to rain on Jayden and Xavier's wedding day. "This is terrible! The whole day is ruined!" said Jayden. "Not at all," replied Xavier, "Rain on our wedding day is good luck!" Xavier's response is BEST described as:

positive reappraisal

In March 2020, Seth started their new dream job as a chef in New Orleans, Louisiana. Seth is loving their job; however, only two weeks later the restaurant closes down because of the COVID pandemic. While talking to their friend on the phone that night, Seth tells them, "Even though this situation is awful, I suppose I can now focus on writing that book I have always wanted to." Seth is using the coping strategy of _____, which is _____ focused.

positive reappraisal; emotion

Micah's mother is very ill. Micah is very sad about this and decides to go to church and pray with the other parishioners in order to find some peace. Micah's response is BEST described as:

positive religious coping.

Steph is a registered nurse at their local hospital. During the COVID pandemic, Steph works very long hours and has to quickly adapt to the ever-changing protocol for this unprecedented virus. Steph is likely at a higher risk for:

posttraumatic stress disorder

Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?

practical

Even though Maya was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Maya's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

preconscious

Nigel is eight years old. When playing games with their classmates, they believe that they should all obey the rules of the games so that it is fair for everyone. Nigel is in the _____ stage of Kohlberg's moral development model.

preconventional

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species is called a _____, and a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with this reinforcer is called a _____.

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

When the football coach told the players that they had better start working harder during practice or they would be dropped from the team, they appeared to be using a(n) _____ coping strategy called "_____."

problem-focused; confrontive coping

When people take a projective test, their responses to the ambiguous images are thought to represent the defense mechanism of _____, which represents _____ conflicts, motives, and personality traits.

projection; unconscious

In order to earn his "Community Service" badge as a Boy Scout, young Miguel volunteered with the "Up With Trees" program. Miguel's behavior in this situation is an example of:

prosocial behavior.

Peggy worked very hard as an unpaid volunteer at an animal shelter because they hoped to get hired as a full-time staff member after they finished school. Peggy's helping behavior BEST illustrates:

prosocial behavior.

The Critical Thinking box "Do Personality Factors Cause Disease?" discusses the problems involved in answering this question and suggests that in order to disentangle the relationship between personality and health, researchers need to conduct carefully controlled:

prospective studies.

Erika is asked to generate a list of five different animals that can be kept as pets. She quickly responds, "dogs, cats, goldfish, gerbils, and canaries." Dogs would likely represent Erika's _____ for "pets."

prototype

Unlike the Stanford-Binet test, the WAIS test:

provided subtest scores on different abilities

The fetal brain is constantly changing, forming as many as 2 million synaptic connections per second. Connections that are used are strengthened, while connections that remain unused are eventually:

pruned.

Sigmund Freud's school of thought, called _____, emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality.

psychoanalysis

A _____ is usually a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist who has received additional training in using the specific techniques of the form of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud.

psychoanalyst

Latency is to _____ as reaction formation is to _____.

psychosexual stage; ego defense mechanism

By definition, drugs that alter mental functions, alleviate psychological symptoms, and are used to treat psychological or mental disorders are called "_____ medications."

psychotropic

The term _____ refers to the stage in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.

puberty

Sheldon Cohen investigated people's subjective and objective socioeconomic status and their susceptibility to infection after exposing them to a cold virus. He found people who _____ were more susceptible to infection than those who did not.

rated themselves as having lower socioeconomic status than other Americans

A religious leader in a small city led a crusade against the local X-rated movie theaters, topless dance bars, and strip clubs, often leading groups of angry citizens to storm the buildings and threaten to shut them down. After a great deal of publicity, however, the newspaper published photos of the same man frequenting strip clubs and patronizing prostitutes in a neighboring state. Sigmund Freud would explain this man's behavior as an example of:

reaction formation.

In a science fiction story about hostile aliens invading earth, the major opposing political powers join together to combat the extraterrestrial threat. Generalizing from Muzafer Sherif's research, it would be safe to conclude that this act of cooperative behavior would lead to:

reduced conflict and increased harmony between the major powers.

During college, Sam was engaged in a lot of different activities. For example, Sam tried out the intramural rugby team, the ultimate frisbee team, and student government. They also participated in study abroad in London for a semester and did a summer abroad in Africa with a volunteer organization. Sam would likely score high in:

sensation seeking

After an injury has healed, it is still possible to experience pain signals from the injured site because of the process of:

sensitization

When pain pathways become more responsive to repeated stimulation over time, it is called:

sensitization

Which of these represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

As you enter the locker room at the gym, you notice the distinctive smell of chlorine from the adjacent swimming pool. After a few minutes you're no longer aware of the odor. This is an example of:

sensory adaptation

"Okay, that was good! Now this time, don't close your eyes. Keep your eye on the ball, so you know when to close your hands," Mark said in the process of teaching his five-year-old to play catch. In operant conditioning terms, Mark is using _____ to teach his daughter how to catch a ball.

shaping

Martina is an animal trainer who is teaching a dolphin to jump through a hoop high above the water. Martina first reinforces the dolphin for approaching the hoop while it is under the water. Then she reinforces the dolphin for swimming through the hoop under water. Gradually raising the hoop, Martina progressively reinforces each small step toward the goal behavior. Martina is using the process of _____ to train the dolphin.

shaping

On a night out, Eli asks someone they met at a bar for their number. Eli repeats the number in their mind over and over because their phone is dead and they don't have a piece of paper handy to write down the number. Eli was trying to keep the information in:

short-term memory.

Because of the law of _____, you perceive these as two groups of Os that are separated by a group of dashes: OOOOOOOOOO----------OOOOOOOOOO

similarity

Of these factors, which is the MOST likely to cause the greatest interference?

similarity of information

According to research on feline personality, the "Big Five" traits are:

skittishness, outgoingness, dominance, spontaneity, and friendliness.

Sleep has been found to be beneficial for memory. Regarding the relationship between sleep and memory, all of these are true EXCEPT:

sleep helps preserve non-emotional memories.

A parasomnia that involves abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during NREM stage 3 slow-wave sleep, such as masturbation, groping or fondling their bed partner's genitals, or sexual intercourse, is called:

sleepsex

The sleep disorder characterized by episodes of walking or performing other actions, typically during NREM stage 3 slow-wave sleep, is called:

sleepwalking

Teresa is a quiet child who has never been very active. She is good-natured and calm as long as her circumstances are familiar, but she is easily upset by changes in her environment. It takes her a long time to adapt to new food, new people, or new surroundings. Teresa's temperament would probably be categorized as:

slow-to-warm-up.

The thalamus processes all sensory information EXCEPT:

smell

In his research, Dr. Klein explores the relationship between feeling embarrassed and group size. He has found that personal embarrassment tends to increase as group size increases, which usually results in the person who is embarrassed fleeing the group. Which major specialty of psychology does Dr. Klein belong to?

social

Tiara is a psychology student who is interested in the processes required to form impressions of other people, how we translate the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our behavior is affected by our attitudes. What area of social psychology is Tiara interested in?

social cognition

"I hate doing group projects in my classes," Hillary, a North American student, complained. "When we do a group project, people just don't work as hard as they do when they are working alone." Hillary's observation reflects a psychological phenomenon called:

social loafing.

As you are walking on a beach, you pick up an odd-looking seashell that has a very rough texture. As you rub your fingers over the shell, the sensory messages are communicated via the _____ nervous system to the central nervous system.

somatic

Research on personality traits has demonstrated that:

some personality traits change over the lifespan

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, repressed feelings, wishes, and drives are contained in the _____.

unconscious

Which of these is NOT a common strategy used to test for recall of information from long-term memory?

source monitoring

The evolutionary perspective helps explain why the most common phobias are fears of:

spiders, snakes, and heights.

Freud's famous technique of free association involved patients:

spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.

As Jeremy lays in bed, his mind wanders and he becomes increasingly drowsy. During this short, transitional stage of sleep, Jeremy slowly becomes unaware of the hum from the air-conditioning unit, which remains on most of the time. This sleep stage is called:

stage 1 NREM.

Sleepwalking typically occurs during:

stage 3 NREM.

Dr. Macmillan has designed a test to measure mathematical ability in college graduates. In order to establish a norm against which individual scores may be interpreted and compared, they are currently administering the test to a large representative sample of college graduates. Dr. Macmillan is in the process of:

standardizing the test.

Researchers at State University study cells that can divide indefinitely, renew themselves, and give rise to a variety of other types of cells. These researchers are investigating:

stem cells.

The textbook defines "_____" as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group.

stereotype

When reminded of the stereotype of the "elderly as forgetful," older adults scored lower on a memory test, on average, than a matched group not given that reminder. This example illustrates which of these?

stereotype threat

Mr. Lovejoy thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mr. Lovejoy appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates:

stereotyping

Your dog tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits. However, your dog does not drool when you shake a bag of cat food. This is an example of:

stimulus discrimination

If you own a dog that tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits, you may have noticed that your dog also drools when you shake a bag of cat food. If so, this would be an example of:

stimulus generalization

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:

stimulus generalization.

Which of these does NOT interfere with memory consolidation?

stress hormones

Andi lost their parent to COVID during the pandemic. When they saw their parent over FaceTime for the last time, they tried to sound cheerful and tell them they love them. But, it was all they could do to hold back tears. They knew the tough challenge of arranging the funeral during the pandemic was ahead of them. Andi was experiencing:

stress.

The events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging are called:

stressors

You are a participant in an experiment in which you are told: "Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them." The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology?

structuralism

Which component of emotion is the MOST difficult to detect or establish as being present in nonhuman animals?

subjective experience

A major problem in scientifically establishing whether nonhuman animals experience emotions is determining the nature of the animal's:

subjective feelings or experiences

Robert Sternberg believes that:

successful intelligence involves three different mental abilities.

One aspect of major depressive disorder is that thinking becomes globally pessimistic and negative about the self. This pervasive negativity and pessimism is often manifested in:

suicidal thoughts or preoccupations with death.

Daily rhythms of sleep and wakefulness are regulated by the _____, which is found in the _____.

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN); hypothalamus

Arousal of the _____ nervous system gears you up for action, affecting many body systems such as heartbeat, blood pressure, respiration, perspiration, and blood sugar levels.

sympathetic

When Latifah was nine years old, she broke her arm on a playground and had a very painful visit to the emergency department to get a cast put on her arm. Ever since, she has had an intense fear of going to the hospital, even as a visitor. She even avoids watching TV shows that are set in hospitals. Which of these techniques is MOST likely to help her overcome her fear of hospitals?

systematic desensitization

The specialized receptor cells for taste are found in the:

taste buds.

During the middle of a test, your instructor announces that there's an error on one of the questions. As you listen, the auditory information is being processed in your:

temporal lobe

"Functional fixedness" is defined as the:

tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.

As a general rule, the greatest vulnerability to _____ occurs during the _____ period of prenatal development.

teratogens; embryonic

You have decided to procrastinate on your homework and take a self-report inventory to identify your personality type. You finish the inventory and find out you're the role model, which indicates you're low in neuroticism, and higher in extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Which inventory did you take?

the Big Five

You are talking to your great-grandparent about what you learned in your intro to psychology class about intelligence. You tell them about _____, which states that the average IQ score in the United States has steadily increased over the past century and your great-grandparent asks you, "Does that mean you're more intelligent than me?"

the Flynn effect

Whenever Madison sees Dylan, her heart beats faster and she gets a trembling feeling inside. Madison now believes that she must be in love with Dylan. Which theory of emotion is illustrated in this example?

the James-Lange theory

Which of these is NOT a reason a person might criticize Freud's psychoanalytic theory as sexist?

the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement

The physical arousal that accompanies the fight-or-flight response involves the activation of which of these endocrine glands?

the adrenal gland

Hyun and the rest of his class of 20 students were busily working at their computers in the library when Hyun exclaimed, "I'm having chest pains." None of the students responded to this exclamation. Nor did they respond when Hyun said again, "No, really, I think I could be having a heart attack." The other students just kept on typing, each of them thinking, "I don't need to worry about Hyun, other people in the room will help him, what I need to worry about is my manuscript deadline." In this example, the graduate students have fallen victim to:

the bystander effect.

Psychologist George Sperling studied:

the characteristics of visual sensory memory

In an experiment, the dependent variable is:

the factor that is measured for change and is influenced by the independent variable.

Which of these structures of the brain is considered a "social organ"?

the forebrain

You've been studying biology in the library for the past couple of hours when you realize that you're getting really hungry and thirsty. Which brain structure played a key role in triggering feelings of hunger and thirst?

the hypothalamus

According to the Critical Thinking box "Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?," some research has shown that certain people are highly responsive to suggestions whether they are formally hypnotized or not. This finding tends to support which view of hypnosis?

the imaginative suggestibility view

During the LAST stages of Alzheimer's disease, the MOST common symptoms are:

the inability to recognize loved ones, loss of the sense of self and identity, and the inability to communicate in any meaningful way.

People have a strong tendency to perceive others in terms of two basic social categories, which social psychologists call "_____ and _____."

the ingroup; the outgroup

Twenty-five-year-old Connor is six feet two inches tall. According to your textbook, their present height is a result of:

the interaction between genetic and environmental factors.

Memory is formally defined as:

the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.

Research into how the gut-brain connection can influence major depressive disorder has found all of these EXCEPT:

the microbiome of people with depression tends to have too much bacteria, resulting in symptoms of depression.

Which of these BEST defines a prototype?

the most typical instance of a particular concept

What was psychologist George Miller describing in his paper entitled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two"?

the number of items or bits of information that can be held in short-term memory at one time

When Catherine decided to major in engineering, her parents thought she should reconsider her decision because engineering majors are "logical, analytical, conservative, aggressive, and always male." Her parents' view that all engineering majors are similar illustrates:

the outgroup homogeneity effect.

The developmental period of adolescence and young adulthood includes memories of events that are critically important to the formation of adult identity. This is one explanation for a phenomenon called:

the reminiscence bump.

Janeen touches her newborn's cheek. Her baby turns toward Janeen's hand and opens her mouth. Janeen has triggered which reflex?

the rooting reflex

A social norm in which someone gives you something and you feel obligated to return the favor is called:

the rule of reciprocity.

Mario is studying for his Korean language class test. He decides to apply the information to his own life in order to better retain the material. Mario is demonstrating:

the self-reference effect

The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes is called:

the self-serving bias.

Your vestibular sense relies upon information from sense organs called:

the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs.

One difficulty in researching meditation is:

there are hundreds of different techniques

Howard Gardner believed that:

there are multiple intelligences, some of which are not measured by standard intelligence tests.

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:

there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS.

Hannah would like to be a professional musician one day. According to Albert Bandura, the best way for her to strengthen her sense of self-efficacy in this particular realm of behavior is:

through observational learning and mastery experiences.

While at a dinner party, you are talking to an acquaintance in the kitchen when someone behind you starts telling a funny story. Before you turn around you know the storyteller is your friend, Valentina, because of her unique:

timbre

Blaming the victim is the tendency:

to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it.

Which of these techniques is based upon the principles of operant conditioning?

token economy

Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.

trait

Zelda describes herself as shy, hardworking, compassionate, and organized. Zelda's analysis of her own personality is most similar to which perspective on personality?

trait

The meditation technique that was MOST widely used in early research on meditation was _____, a technique that involved mentally repeating a mantra given to the practitioner by a teacher.

transcendental meditation

The "phonological loop" and the "visuospatial sketchpad" are:

two of the three components in psychologist Alan Baddeley's model of working memory.

Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when their parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing them, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.

unconditional positive regard

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the food is a(n) _____ stimulus and the dog salivating is a(n) _____response.

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

The psychodynamic perspective of psychology emphasizes the importance of _____ influences and _____ experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

unconscious; early life

Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to:

use your own culture as the standard for judging other cultures.

On the first trial, the rat had to press the bar three times to get a pellet of food. On the second trial, seven bar presses were needed. Although it continued to vary from trial to trial, on the average the rat was reinforced for every five bar presses. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

For most people, baseline body weight is:

very stable over the course of weeks, months, and even years.

According to frequency theory, the basilar membrane:

vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave.

What do hallucinations that people with schizophrenia experience usually involve?

visual or auditory stimuli

If B.F. Skinner was presented with the following terms, which one would he MOST likely reject?

voluntary

Operant conditioning involves:

voluntary behaviors

While Dinesh was working alone in the microcomputer lab, he noticed a strange unpleasant smell and immediately went to report the incident. Dinesh's behavior:

was not constrained by the bystander effect

Social psychologists have found that we are MOST likely to behave in accordance with our attitudes when:

we have a vested interest in the subject.

According to the psychologist at Rebecca's school, she is performing in the intellectually gifted range with regards to her IQ. This means that her overall IQ is:

well above the average, typically 130 or above

In a series of experiments, Stanley Milgram systematically varied the conditions of his obedience study. Under which condition were the participants LEAST likely to continue administering shocks to the maximum level?

when the teacher observed two other teachers who refused to continue with the experiment

Renée Baillargeon's research on cognitive development in babies indicates that infants:

will notice surprising events that contradict their understanding of the world.

Parents with children in day care may be motivated to embrace research findings that emphasize the benefits of day care for young children and discount findings that emphasize the benefits of home-based care. This is an example of the:

wishful thinking bias.

Jinhee has just begun taking a tricyclic antidepressant. When can she expect to experience a reduction in her symptoms of major depressive disorder?

within about four to six weeks, even though neurotransmitter levels increase within hours of taking a tricyclic antidepressant

Psychologist Shelley Taylor proposed which of these people is MOST likely to tend and befriend?

women

Brody has decided to stop smoking. After a day of not smoking, he begins to experience withdrawal symptoms. Which statement describes the symptoms Brody might experience?

Brody will start to experience an intense craving for a cigarette, agitation, and a pounding headache.

Dr. Magoulis conducted a study on hours spent engaged with electronic media and rates of obesity in children and adolescents. Their research revealed a statistically significant relationship between the amount of time spent on computers, tablets, and cell phones and weight gain during childhood and adolescence. This finding indicates that:

Dr. Magoulis's results are not very likely to have occurred by chance.

Which individual was NOT a key scientist in the development of behaviorism?

Sigmund Freud

Which of these is TRUE regarding the "tongue map"?

There is no "tongue map."

Sasha has a hard time focusing on studying. They make a list to identify the problems that are making it hard for them to focus including: Twitter on their phone, Instagram on their phone, Solitaire on their phone, and talking to their friends. To overcome these problems, Sasha downloads the "Don't Procrastinate" app to their phone which allows them to set a timer that will lock their phone until the time is up so that they cannot use the apps on their phone. They also decide to study alone. Sasha aces their next exam! What technique did Sasha use?

bug listing

Olfaction and gustation are _____ senses.

chemical

If Helga goes to bed at 10 P.M., quickly falls asleep, and sleeps soundly until 6 A.M., what will she experience between 4 A.M. and 6 A.M.?

long episodes of REM sleep

You have banged your head while at cheerleading practice and have a headache. Thankfully, you know your brain is protected by _____, which hopefully protected you when you fell.

meninges

Mya has recently been dealing with a common cold. You tell Mya that she likely has more _____ in their system right now to remove dead or damaged cells that are part of the brain's immune response.

microglia

You suddenly hear a loud crash in your home. You turn around quickly to see what caused the sound. The brain structure responsible for your ability to turn around when the crash startled you is the:

midbrain

Sherri's niece was excited to discover that Sherri was in the same second-grade class as Beyoncé. Unfortunately, Sherri can only remember vague details of second grade. That Sherri was unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary school with Beyoncé is MOST likely an example of:

retrieval cue failure.

In relation to amnesia, backward moving is to _____ as forward moving is to _____.

retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia

Psychologists who use psychological principles in primary and secondary schools are known as _____ psychologists.

school

When sensory receptors convert different forms of energy into neural signals, the process is known as:

transduction

Which of these contains the MOST alcohol?

4 ounces of 80-proof whiskey

Which of these statements about memory is TRUE?

Although people usually remember the basic elements of an experience, specific details of the memory may be distorted during memory reconstruction.

Which of these is likely to pose the greatest risk to hearing?

Moriah loves to go to loud rock concerts. She always pays for seats near the stage. Moriah attends at least two concerts each month, with more frequent attendance in the summer months.

Researchers conducted a 10-year, longitudinal study involving 3,000 participants in seven different U.S. cities who described how they learned of the 9/11 attacks. The study investigated the accuracy of participants' memories and their confidence levels in their memories. What did the study find?

Proximity to the attacks was not associated with more accurate memories, but was associated with confidence levels.

Which one of these statements is an important advantage of surveys?

Researchers are able to gather information about a very large group of people.

Which theorist is known for his triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

An ambulance passes you on the highway and speeds into the distance. As the ambulance gets farther away, its retinal image shrinks. Nevertheless, you still perceive the ambulance as being the same size. How do you arrive at this conclusion?

The brain integrates information about the size of the retinal image and the relative distance of the ambulance.

The textbook describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs. According to the textbook discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness?

The dogs had developed the cognitive expectation that there was nothing they could do to escape or change their environment.

According to the discussion in your textbook, why did Karl Lashley fail to find evidence for the specific location of the engram?

The maze-running behavior that Lashley studied involved a complex set of interrelated memories that existed in different brain areas.

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:

a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.

A meta-analysis is most useful when:

a particular issue has generated a large number of studies, some of which have produced weak or contradictory results.

An operational definition is:

a precise description of how each variable in a particular study will be manipulated or measured.

Professor Loomis decided to study activity preferences of senior adults, so they visited a local retirement village and invited residents to participate in a lengthy survey. Professor Loomis's survey results are probably invalid because they did not use:

a representative sample of participants.

Unbeknownst to the rest of the world, Roger was wearing green underwear when they aced their calculus test at the beginning of the semester. Ever since, Roger always wears green underwear on test days in their college classes. In operant conditioning terms, Roger's superstitious behavior is the result of:

accidental reinforcement

It is the passage of time rather than the number of responses that helps to determine when a reinforcer will be delivered. This describes which of the following?

an interval schedule

While taking this test, you have probably paid little attention to ongoing body functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. Such involuntary bodily functions are governed by the:

autonomic nervous system

When the range of possible answers or solutions is large, trial and error:

can be very time-consuming.

Monitoring your intake of stimulants, creating conditions for a restful sleep, and establishing a consistent sleep-wake schedule are techniques used to overcome insomnia and are collectively referred to as:

stimulus control therapy

Alcohol is classified as a:

depressant

What drug is a synthetic painkiller that is up to one hundred times more potent than morphine?

fentanyl

The _____ perspective of psychology focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically.

humanistic

Toru can read books with ease, but he often struggles to see when his teacher writes on the board in front of the class. He says that everything looks blurry. Toru:

is farsighted

trapped in the attic after his wife, Fern, mistakenly thought Erv was not in the attic and closed the attic door. Erv _____ to put a sign on the attic door to alert Fern that he was up there. Erv _____ because the made the association between feeling nervous and being in the attic.

learned; was conditioned

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is therapy used to treat:

obstructive sleep apnea.

In the _____, information is communicated along nerves.

peripheral nervous system

Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called "_____ memory" while knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called "_____ memory."

procedural; semantic

In exercise class, your teacher instructs you to close your eyes and touch your toes. Your ability to touch your toes even though you can't see them is due to your _____ sense.

proprioceptor

What does the acronym "REM" stand for?

rapid eye movements

In survey research, the term "sample" refers to a(n):

segment of the larger group that is to be studied

On the 4th of July, Rani waved a sparkler back and forth in front of Harry. Harry noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the sparkler?

sensory memory

Why were nonsense syllables used in the earliest studies of forgetting?

so that the material did not have preexisting associations in memory

Many years after H. M.'s surgery, he surprised his doctors by demonstrating that he had acquired:

some new semantic knowledge

Two Skinner boxes are side by side. The rat in the first Skinner box gets a food pellet every time it presses the bar. The rat in the second Skinner box gets a food pellet every 10th time it presses the bar. If the food-dispensing mechanism is shut off, the rat in the first Skinner box will quit pressing the bar:

sooner than the rat in the second Skinner box does

The evolutionary perspective helps explain why the most common phobias are fears of:

spiders, snakes, and heights

As Jeremy lays in bed, his mind wanders and he becomes increasingly drowsy. During this short, transitional stage of sleep, Jeremy slowly becomes unaware of the hum from the air-conditioning unit, which remains on most of the time. This sleep stage is called:

stage 1 NREM

Which of these lists the correct sequence of the first three sleep stages?

stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM

When tests were described as measuring intelligence, Hispanic students performed more poorly than white students, on average; children from a low socioeconomic background performed more poorly than students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, on average; and social science majors scored lower than natural science majors, on average. These examples all illustrate which of these?

stereotype threat

Juliana began taking violin lessons as a young child. As a teenager, she participated in a research study in which MRI scans of teenagers who had played the violin for several years were compared to MRI scans of teenagers who had never played a musical instrument. The MRI scans of the teenage violinists showed that brain regions devoted to control of the fine muscles of the hands and fingers were larger in the teenage musicians than in the nonmusicians. This example illustrates the important phenomenon of:

structural plasticity

Which brain structure exerts considerable influence over the secretion of hormones throughout the body?

the hypothalamus

Parents with children in day care may be motivated to embrace research findings that emphasize the benefits of day care for young children and discount findings that emphasize the benefits of home-based care. This is an example of the:

wishful thinking bias

If your hammer, anvil, and stirrup become brittle or damaged:

you may develop conduction deafness