Psychology

Walter, a product development lead, encourages his teammates to suggest ideas during a product development process. According to the characteristics of creative thinkers, which of the following characteristics has been demonstrated by Walter in this scenario?

Flexible thinking

The batting averages of major league baseball players have shown a steady increase over the last thirty years. This mirrors the observation of the _____ made from the field of intelligence testing.

Flynn effect

Sasha is a journalist at Plato, Inc. She is extremely creative and enjoys her work mainly because she loves writing. She has recently been promoted to a senior position. According to the characteristics of creative thinkers, which of the following has resulted in her promotion in this scenario?

Inner motivation

Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning?

Judging whether to repeat a behavior depending on the consequences of the behavior

_____ is a concept that states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them—and thus the memory—may be strengthened.

Long-term potentiation

What has research in neuroscience revealed about where memories are stored and how they are processed?

Memory is located in specific sets or circuits of neurons.

_____ refers to a language's rules for word formation.

Morphology

Jeff is trying to remember a list of 10 letters, grouped into the following chunks: XA BDF TRI UX. In the context of chunking, which of the following is most likely to improve his recollection of the letters?

Re-chunking the letters to form meaningful words

Nina is an eighteen-year-old girl. According to milestones of language development, which of the following language milestones is attained by Nina between the age of 15 and 20?

She understands adult literary works.

The _____ theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain.

activation-synthesis

Jennifer has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she is very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An electroencephalograph (EEG) is most likely to indicate the presence of:

alpha waves.

By definition, people who are gifted have ____.

an IQ of 130 or higher

Jared has consumed excessive alcohol at a party. Therefore, he is exhibiting:

an altered state of consciousness.

Manny has been unable to sleep for the past one week. His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night. The next morning, Manny is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before. In this scenario, Manny's response to the vitamin can be attributed to _____.

the placebo effect

Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake who is a tall and lanky man. She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team. According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors _____ in this scenario.

the representativeness heuristic

_____, in classical conditioning, is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Extinction

Levi Hutchins, a young clockmaker, resolved to rise at 4 A.M. every morning. This resolution motivated Hutchins to invent the alarm clock. Which of the following was most likely Hutchins's first step in solving the problem of waking up early?

Find and frame the problem

Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with _____.

involuntary responses

Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called _____.

learned helplessness

Loss of contact with reality is an overdose effect of:

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

Andrea, an avid golfer, imitates a professional golfer's swing after watching him play golf on television. Andrea's act of imitation represents the _____ element of observational learning.

motor reproduction

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reed suddenly lapsed into a stage of REM sleep. Mr. Reed is most likely suffering from:

narcolepsy.

During lunch at the school cafeteria, Brianna falls asleep while sipping her glass of soda. She is suffering from:

narcolepsy.

As heritability is a proportion, the highest degree of heritability is ________ percent.

100

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in the context of psychological constraints in learning?

Alan does not think he has academic abilities, so he abandons the idea of going to college.

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?

Albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles.

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?

Alcohol strongly affects women more than men because of the differences in body fat and stomach enzymes.

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to exhibit mindfulness as part of their regular job responsibilities?

An usher at a movie theater

_____ allows individuals to understand themselves and provides them with a source of identity.

Autobiographical memory

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?

Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same when talking about animals or humans.

Kate, a regular coffee drinker, complains of headaches and depressed mood when she skips her coffee in the morning. What is the likely cause of these complaints?

Caffeine withdrawal

Which of the following is a way to improve short-term memory?

Chunking

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following holds true about the statement that computers provide an oversimplified model of human information processing?

Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing

Neil has been riding his bike to work for the last five years. Which of the following characteristics of concepts is being illustrated in this statement?

Concepts aid memory.

Charlotte, a three-year-old girl, learns that a doll is an object with which she can play alone or with her friends. Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?

Concepts facilitate association between experiences and objects.

Which of the following is common to positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

Contingency

Which of the following represents the most alert states of human consciousness?

Controlled processes

_____ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.

Declarative memory

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store, looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that has enabled Matt to accurately encode all of these details?

Deep processing

Serena, an advertising lead, is holding a meeting with her team mates regarding the development of an advertisement for a new perfume brand. Which of the following processes of thinking do Serena and her team mates most likely employ in this scenari

Divergent thinking

Ivan has misplaced his room keys. Which of the following would he do if he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them?

He will go through each drawer in his house.

Hannah, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday. During her night shift, Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight. Which of the following can best explain her behavior?

Her circadian rhythm has become desynchronized.

Which of the following statements is true of heritability?

Heritability has no meaning when applied to a single case.

Which of the following is a characteristic of good problem solvers?

Humility

refers to an active stage of sleep during which vivid dreaming occurs.

REM sleep

Moments before his exam, Daniel glances through a chapter on bioreactors in his textbook—a chapter that he has not looked at before. When he starts the exam, he is surprised to find a question on bioreactors. All Daniel can remember is the physical appearance of bioreactors and how they were labeled in the textbook. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Daniel has engaged in while encoding the information on bioreactors?

Intermediate

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?

It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.

Which of the following statements is true of caffeine?

It is derived from natural components of plants.

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

It occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together.

Which of the following is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction.

Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

Which of the following is true of modeling or observational learning?

Observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills.

Felix, a record-holder in the area of memory skills, amazed the 150-member audience at his show when he accurately recalled all their names in correct alphabetical order. Which of the following processes of memory has Felix demonstrated in this scenario?

Retrieval

In the context of how memory is organized, which of the following is true of schemas?

Schemas support the reconstruction process, helping individuals fill in gaps between their fragmented memories.

Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?

Scolding a child for being rude to his or her teachers

_____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds.

Sensory memory

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?

She will only read the editorials that she agrees with.

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while sleeping?

Sleep apnea

Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?

Such memories are more durable than memories of day-to-day happenings.

is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

In a television advertisement, a young man is shown to be the center of attraction for young and attractive models because he drives the luxury car brand, Exotica. The advertisement targets young, single men. In the context of embedded marketing, which of the following statements is true?

The advertisement will work best if the Exotica car precedes the appearance of the attractive person.

A store run by Mr. Mathers was robbed by three armed men. Mr. Mathers and his staff are waiting for the police to arrive. While doing so, they discuss the robbery and decide on a common story to tell the police. Which of the following is a likely outcome of this collaborative sharing of information by the eyewitnesses?

The dialogue between the eyewitnesses will contaminate their memories.

In the context of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, which of the following is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language?

The phonological loop

In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list?

The primacy effect

In the context of memory storage, which of the following structures of the brain is especially active when an individual retrieves information from memory?

The right frontal lobe

Which of the following statements is true of creative thinkers?

They are usually engaged in objective evaluation of their work.

Which of the following is true of working memory?

Working memory capacity is strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, such as intelligence.

In the context of retrieval failures, the decay theory states that memories fade because _____.

a neurochemical memory trace disintegrates over time

Learning is defined as:

a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.

acetylcholine

Matt is visibly excited to see his father when his father comes home from work every evening. Now, he is equally excited when he hears his father's car in the driveway, because he associates this with his father coming home. In this scenario, Matt's behavior can best be explained by _____.

classical conditioning

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines _____.

cognition

Many smokers like to associate themselves to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are illustrating:

confirmation bias.

Britney is aware of the thoughts running through her mind and the emotions triggered by some of those thoughts. She is also aware of the sounds she hears, the things she sees in her room and outside the window, the smell of coffee brewing in the kitchen, and the smell of freshly cut grass coming through the window. She would be considered to be in a state of:

consciousness.

Sophia is in the fifth grade and lives in one of the most impoverished areas in the state. She has a history of academic failure although she is very sensitive to her teacher's expectations. Her teachers have noticed that she responds best when candy is offered as an incentive. Sophia's IQ is 65. She is most likely a victim of:

cultural-familial intellectual disability.

During a class lecture, Veronica fancies herself to be attending a Bon Jovi concert at Miami. She is most likely:

daydreaming.

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of _____.

declarative memory

Opiates:

depress the central nervous system's activity.

Drugs that create a sense of relaxation and lowered inhibitions by reducing the activity of the central nervous system are called:

depressants.

Alice, Natalie's roommate, argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. However, Natalie counters her argument by stating that humans alone are capable of:

developing new learning goals.

Brenda goes to check on her sleeping daughter and observes that the child's eyes are moving up and down and from left to right under her eyelids. It is likely that she is:

dreaming.

The sale of a new brand of flavored water, Taste Fun, soared after it was used in many scenes in the latest blockbuster action movie. In the context of classical conditioning, it is likely that the sudden increase in sales is due to:

embedded marketing.

The _____ schedule in operant conditioning reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

fixed-ratio

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the results of the games turned out exactly as he thought they would. Thus, it can be concluded that Fred is demonstrating:

hindsight bias.

Awareness

includes knowing about oneself and thoughts about one's experiences.

According to the _____ theory, people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

interference

In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable is referred to as a _____ reinforcer.

primary

Belinda and John were best friends through their school years. Belinda now works in a café and has become good friends with her colleague, Jim. However, Belinda often finds herself referring to Jim as John, even though she has not spoken to John for at least four years. Belinda's confusion with these names may be attributed to the occurrence of _____.

proactive interference

Jeremiah, an eight-year-old boy, did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old. Now, he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet. Such skills are associated with _____ memory.

procedural

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a _____.

punishment

David's roommate, Ryan, asks David for advice on how to study for his final exams. Applying his knowledge of context-dependent memory, David will be most likely to recommend that Ryan study _____.

quietly in the classroom in which he is to take his exam

David, a sales representative, earns an extra $1000 every time he is able to sell $10,000 worth of merchandise in a week. In the context of operant conditioning, this bonus acts as a(n) _____ for David.

secondary reinforcer

Nick is studying for his science test that is scheduled to be held the next day. He is unaware that his cellphone has been ringing loudly for the past five minutes. In this case, Nick is exhibiting:

selective attention.

Jane loves to read. However, she remembers books only if she can draw comparisons from the stories to her own experiences. If she cannot associate a story with her own life, she is unable to recall it at a later stage. In this scenario, Jane is primarily relying on the process of _____ to encode her memories.

self-reference

Marcia and John were married for eleven years before John passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that John always wore. Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John. In this scenario, Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of _____ in classical conditioning.

spontaneous recovery

In terms of states of consciousness, hypnosis involves a(n):

state of altered attention and expectations.

Amphetamines are classified as:

stimulants.

Critics of Ernest Hilgard's divided consciousness view of hypnosis, suggest that:

the hidden observer simply demonstrates that the hypnotized person is not in an altered state of consciousness at all

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the _____.

unconditioned response