Psychology Test 2 Material

_____ are retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, whereas _____ detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Rods; cones

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state are called:

alpha waves.

Camilla has been told that her basilar membrane is damaged. This is most likely to affect her:

audition

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as:

grouping

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as:

grouping.

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the three tiny bones that make up the:

middle ear.

Relative size, interposition, relative height, and linear perspective are examples of:

monocular cues.

Compared to children with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are:

more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

People with this sleep disorder experience periodic, overwhelming sleepiness.

narcolepsy

Susan has been prescribed medication to keep her awake and less likely to fall asleep behind the wheel of her car. She most likely suffers from:

narcolepsy

After a rap concert, as Dominique walks out into the fresh air, she notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates:

possible damage to the hair cells of her basilar membrane.

The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a binocular cue for depth perception known as:

retinal disparity.

Kittens, monkeys, and humans who experience sensory deprivation early in life end up with permanent damage to their visual functioning. This finding suggests that:

there is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

Although physical decline begins in early adulthood, it is not until later in life that it becomes really noticeable. Which of the following declines in later life?

All of these abilities decline in later life.

____________ is the result of the transduction of air pressure waves into neural messages that are interpreted by the brain.

Hearing

Your 8-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch-black. When your neighbor returned from her two-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision?

Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation.

_____________ occurs when one object partially blocks our view of another, and we perceive it as closer.

Interposition

Jasper stays up very late most Saturday nights. He finds Monday mornings very difficult because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would you give him to help him with his Monday morning problem?

Jasper should try to maintain the same bedtime throughout the week.

Sleep spindles occur in:

NREM-2.

_____________ refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another.

Transduction

The 90-minute sleep cycle provides an example of:

a biological rhythm.

A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of:

a theory of mind.

When a child adapts their current understandings to incorporate their new experience, this is known as:

accommodation.

The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining the characteristics of:

afterimages.

You are participating in a local psychology experiment wherein the research assistant asks you to hold two pencils in front of you and touch the tips together. She then asks you to do this with one eye closed. You find this terribly difficult which demonstrates the importance of ______________.

binocular cues

Our bodies synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night through this biological clock called the:

circadian rhythm.

Our minds bring order and form to stimuli by following certain rules for grouping. The rule identified by Gestalt psychologists when we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object is:

closure.

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the:

cochlea.

Every night, after a late dinner, Sasha has a strong cup of coffee before working out at the gym. On her way home, she likes to stop for a double-chocolate frozen yogurt. Finally, she watches the late news and drinks two glasses of red wine, because she has heard that red wine is good for you. Based on this routine, sleep experts might predict that Sasha would be likely to:

complain of insomnia.

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:

concept of conservation.

5-year-old Otto complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Otto's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Otto happy as he believed the pizza had become larger. Otto lacks the concept of:

conservation.

According to Piaget, during this stage of cognitive development, abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed.

formal operational

The retina's central focal point is the ______________, which contains only cones, no rods.

fovea

1 in 10 adults complains of this sleep disorder in which they have nightly problems falling or staying asleep.

insomnia

You go to bed at your regular time, and as you begin to drift slowly off to sleep, you jump up suddenly as you feel you are falling down the stairs. This is best explained by a:

hypnagogic sensation.

Shortly after going to bed, some people claim to have been abducted by space aliens. These people commonly recall being floated off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated ______________ into their memories.

hypnagogic sensations

On some nights, Lucy treats her sleep problem with the use of over-the-counter sleep aids. On other nights, she drinks half a bottle of wine. Finally, she sees her doctor who tells her that these self-medicating treatments are a quick fix and only worsen her:

insomnia

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:

interposition.

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the:

iris.

Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he would use techniques like:

linear perspective.

Bright light affects our feelings of sleepiness by increasing or decreasing the production of:

melatonin

Bright light affects our feelings of sleepiness by increasing or decreasing the production of:

melatonin.

Men do not experience anything equivalent to ___________; that is, they do not experience a cessation in fertility or a sharp drop in hormones.

menopause

Bart was stuck by a baseball bat to the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his vision because the injury he sustained was to which lobe?

occipital

According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are near each other. This is called the principle of:

proximity.

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of:

proximity.

If you gently wake someone whose eyes are closed but darting around, there is about an 80 percent chance she will:

report she was in the midst of an interesting dream.

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a:

sense of object permanence.

The fraternal birth order effect refers to a factor associated with:

sexual orientation.

Chuck has always been a chronic snorer, much to the dismay of his wife Elaine. For the last three months, he has been waking up in the middle of the night gasping for air. He most likely suffers from:

sleep apnea.

Parents of newborn babies often complain about being chronically tired, because their infants' crying, feeding, and diaper changes interrupt their sleep nightly. After many nights, they develop what is known as:

sleep debt.

The hypothalamus lights up in an area governing sexual arousal when ________ are given a whiff of scent derived from men's sweat.

straight women and gay men

The fact that perceptions involve more than the sum of our sensations best illustrates the importance of:

top-down processing.

Professor Brandt is conducting a study on _______________. He shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a daycare worker and a child in the daycare center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related.

perceptual set