psychology unit 2 quiz QUESTIONS

children know about 10,000 words by age:

6

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:

6 to 11

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts at age:

9

What is the best child-rearing strategy to adopt with a temperamentally fearful toddler?

Gently push the child into a few stressful situations

____ separated baby monkeys from their mothers at birth and raised them in a cage with a wire- mesh mother and a clother mother

Harlow

Neuroimaging studies suggest theory of mind abilities depend on:

a certain level of frontal lobe development

Humans have ____ compared to other species

a larger cerebral cortex

When do humans fully develop a fear of heights?

by eight months of age

Three-year old children typically have relatively large heads, while six-year-old children have relatively longer than bodies> this age difference in physical appearance reveals the _____ principle

cephalocaudal

Inhibited toddlers can be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT:

get excited when presented with something new

The ___ stage of speech involves the use of a single word to communicate a sentence of complete thought

holophrase

The Stranger Situation is a research procedure used to asses

infant attachment

Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research indicates that about 1 in 5 middle-class European American toddlers can be classified as:

inhibited

Two year old Anthony says "doggy" every time he sees a four legged animal. This specific problem is called:

overextension

For a baby with a difficult temperament:

particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment

During the first three months of life, babies are in what Bowlby called the ____ phase

preattachment

This is what makes humans different from any other species on earth

the cerebral cortex

Pick the statement that Bowlby or another attachment theorist would make:

"A loving primary attachment figure is crucial to mental health"

About ___ low-income children in the US more frequently

1 in 3

In the visual cortex, the axons are myelinated by age:

1 year

Language development begins to rapidly increase around ______ of age

1.5 to 2 years

A baby's first word usually appears by ___ months of age?

11 months

Since the ____, young children have been more likely to live in poverty than any other age group in the United States

1970s

Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably: A. one year old. B. 2 to 3 years old. C. 5 years old. D. 6 months old.

2-3 years old

at about what age can one expect the brain to be fully mature?

20 years of age

New borns have a visual acuity of:

20/400

Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, humans are NOT cognitively adults until their:

20s

Being impoverished during the first _____ years of life makes it less likely for a child to graduate from high school.

4

About 1 in ___ middle-class European American toddlers are inhibited

5

The infant motor milestones are lifting one's head, pivoting the upper body, sitting, and standing. They follow which developmental sequence?

Cephalocaudal

Which attachment style is the strongest predictor of later relationships with others?

Disorganized attachment

Konrad Lorenz, a(n) ______, became the attachment-eliciting stimulus for goslings

Ethologist

Toddlers with this temperament are more obedient

Fearful

From an evolutionary point of view, why might toddlers suddenly start to avoid unfamiliar foods?

It is a protective mechanism to prevent poisoning

What is the relationship between having a secure infant attachment and later relationships?

It provides a good beginning but doesn't guarantee having life long loving relationships

Obesity rates in the United States are highest among ____ children

Latino and African American

Hernando has very low self-esteem and he gives up without trying, saying 'I'll never be able to do that." Hernando is showing signs of:

Learned helplessness

Family day care often has ____ while day-care centers have ____.

More caregiver stability; a large number of children

Which of the following is NOT a typical behavior of toddlers?

Patience

The process of making connections between neurons

Synaptogenesis

Malika and her 7-month-old son are totally in tune with one another, alert and sensitive to each-other's signals. This joyful attunement is called:

Synchrony

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, the challenge in middle childhood industry, which refers to:

The ability to work towards a goal

An experiment conducted with children who had been living in Romanian orphanages revealed that ____ could develop a secure attachment

The majority of children who had spent 20 months or less in the orphanage

When they are in the crawling phase, infants show:

an incredible variety of responses

Which person is most compliant and, therefore, easy to socialize?

and inhibited child

Four-year-old Azariah believes that his stuffed animal understands what he says. In Piagetian terms, Azariah is showing:

animism

MOST babies who attend day care:

are securely attached to their parents.

Which term refers to young children's beliefs that everything in nature was created by humans?

artificialism

David is almost three years old and has learned to brush his teeth by himself. When his father tries to brush his teeth, David grabs the toothbrush from his father and does it himself. These actions are a result of:

autonomy

The so called "terrible twos" are a result of

autonomy

After being separated, children who don't seem to care when their primary caregiver re-enters the room may have a(n) _______ attachment style

avoidant

"It begins at about 7 months and lasts throughout the toddler years" This landmark time when babies must be near their primary caregivers is called

clear-cut attachment

Stranger anxiety in babies show the onset of

clear-cut attachment

Casey is almost four years old. Her mother has placed a plate of cookies on the table and tells Casey, "Don't touch the cookies," and then leaves the room. Casey stares at the plate of cookies but does NOT take one. Casey is demonstrating:

conscience

The development of ___ is the ability to adopt internal standards for behavior

conscience

Baby Sam loves to say "ooo" this is an example of:

cooing

A treelike branching structure of a neuron is called a(n):

dendrite

Preschool is best described as a(n): A. educational setting serving children age 3 and above. B. more strict setting than daycare. C. educational setting focused on improving IQ. D. educational setting primarily for middle-class kids.

educational setting serving children age 3 and above

Joe gets incredibly anxious when he sees his friend being hit. This feeling, referring to directly experiencing another person's emotion is called:

empathy

Konrad Lorenz was a(n):

ethologist

Theory of mind abilities are tested via:

false belief tasks

William, an eight-year-old, is incredibly anxious and has terrible self-esteem. A psychologist may classify William as having:

internalizing tendencies

all of the behaviors lister may quiet a young baby EXCEPT: - Letting the baby cry it out - swaddling - kangaroo care - infant massage

letting the baby cry it out

In selecting a good day care parents should do everything EXCEPT: - consider their child's temperament - look for patient, caring, and empathic caretakers - look for small child-teacher ratios - look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad

look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a childs primary attachment is to mom and dad

Long hours spent in day care:

may have slightly negative effects on later development.

During the clear-cut phase of attachment babies

may prefer one caregiver

Understanding the need to do something different to achieve a goal is called:

means-end behavior

The mean length of utterance refers to the number of ____ in a sentence

morphemes

When does proximity-seeking behavior in stressful situation go away

never

Amanda's preschool teacher says she loves to share her toys with the other kids and is incredibly sympathetic. According to the research in the text, you might predict:

prosocial behaviors

Tommy is an exuberant toddler. His parents should: A. provide positive reinforcement. B. use power assertion. C. adhere to strict rules. D. treat him like Jane, his mellow sister.

provide positive reinforcement

When frightened by a neighbor's large dog, 4-year-old Amy cried and ran to her mother. Amy showed:

proximity-seeking behavior

Which statement about daycare is false? - US dat care varies dramatically in quality - Day care workers are poorly paid in the US - children with more vulnerable temperaments are at greatest risk when placed in low-quality care -Putting a child in day care even part of the time is rarely an appropriate choice

putting a child in day care even part time is rarely an appropriate choice

Obesity rates among US elementary children have:

quadrupled in the last 30 years

Children who have experienced abuse often have memory failure when it comes to their autobiographical memories. Freud would call this:

repression

During childhood boys and girls are:

roughly the same size

Ghadia joyfully runs to her primary caregiver after being separated. Ghadia is showing a(n) _____ attachment.

secure

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:

selective attention

During Erikson's autonomy stage in the second and third years of life, children become

self-aware

Now that Shawn is getting older he is much more able to reflect on his inner states and observe his behaviors. Shawn is showing:

self-awareness

These feelings first emerge around the age of 2 and show the capacity to reflect on the self

self-conscious emotions

_____ refers to a child's ability to evaluate his or herself as good or bad compared to others

self-esteem

A person's ability to understand word meaning is know as:

semantics

The strange situation involves repeatedly

separating a baby from the primary caregiver and then reuniting the pair.

Baby Lydia is having her one-year checkup. As the pediatrician puts the stethoscope on Lydia's chest, she looks to her mother to see if the situation is safe. Baby lydia is showing:

social referencing

self-conscious emotions are important for what?

socialization

When a caregiver and infant respond emotionally to each other in a sensitive and attuned way, its called:

synchrony

Scaffolding involves:

tailoring teaching to a student's level

Vgotsky emphasized the vital importance of ____ in propelling children's mental growth

teaching

A person's characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world is called:

temperament

When a one-year-old child engages in "little scientist" behaviors or enters the famous "getting into everything stage," he is engaging in Piaget's ______ reactions.

tertiary circular

Josie is thrilled that her baby now smiles when she sees any person appear. This is called __________ and begins at about _____ months of age. A. the social smile; 2 B. mother attachment; 2 C. clear-cut attachment; 7 D. attachment in the making; 5

the social smile; 2

Autobiographical memory begins to develop at about the same time as:

theory of mind

Based on the text, why do many women stop breast feeding before their babies are 6 months old?

they need to go back to work

Which statement about newborns' visual preferences is false? - they prefer to look at faces with eyes aimed at them - they prefer to look at faces instead of patterns - they prefer to look at fathers instead of mothers - they prefer to look at attractive-looking people

they prefer to look at fathers instead of mothers

Synaptogenesis occurs:

throughout life

parents who use power assertion:

yell, scream, or hit their children

In the United States, poverty is currently MOST prevalent among:

young children