psychology unit 2 quiz QUESTIONS
children know about 10,000 words by age:
6
Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:
6 to 11
Pruning in the frontal lobes starts at age:
9
What is the best child-rearing strategy to adopt with a temperamentally fearful toddler?
Gently push the child into a few stressful situations
____ separated baby monkeys from their mothers at birth and raised them in a cage with a wire- mesh mother and a clother mother
Harlow
Neuroimaging studies suggest theory of mind abilities depend on:
a certain level of frontal lobe development
Humans have ____ compared to other species
a larger cerebral cortex
When do humans fully develop a fear of heights?
by eight months of age
Three-year old children typically have relatively large heads, while six-year-old children have relatively longer than bodies> this age difference in physical appearance reveals the _____ principle
cephalocaudal
Inhibited toddlers can be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT:
get excited when presented with something new
The ___ stage of speech involves the use of a single word to communicate a sentence of complete thought
holophrase
The Stranger Situation is a research procedure used to asses
infant attachment
Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research indicates that about 1 in 5 middle-class European American toddlers can be classified as:
inhibited
Two year old Anthony says "doggy" every time he sees a four legged animal. This specific problem is called:
overextension
For a baby with a difficult temperament:
particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment
During the first three months of life, babies are in what Bowlby called the ____ phase
preattachment
This is what makes humans different from any other species on earth
the cerebral cortex
Pick the statement that Bowlby or another attachment theorist would make:
"A loving primary attachment figure is crucial to mental health"
About ___ low-income children in the US more frequently
1 in 3
In the visual cortex, the axons are myelinated by age:
1 year
Language development begins to rapidly increase around ______ of age
1.5 to 2 years
A baby's first word usually appears by ___ months of age?
11 months
Since the ____, young children have been more likely to live in poverty than any other age group in the United States
1970s
Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably: A. one year old. B. 2 to 3 years old. C. 5 years old. D. 6 months old.
2-3 years old
at about what age can one expect the brain to be fully mature?
20 years of age
New borns have a visual acuity of:
20/400
Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, humans are NOT cognitively adults until their:
20s
Being impoverished during the first _____ years of life makes it less likely for a child to graduate from high school.
4
About 1 in ___ middle-class European American toddlers are inhibited
5
The infant motor milestones are lifting one's head, pivoting the upper body, sitting, and standing. They follow which developmental sequence?
Cephalocaudal
Which attachment style is the strongest predictor of later relationships with others?
Disorganized attachment
Konrad Lorenz, a(n) ______, became the attachment-eliciting stimulus for goslings
Ethologist
Toddlers with this temperament are more obedient
Fearful
From an evolutionary point of view, why might toddlers suddenly start to avoid unfamiliar foods?
It is a protective mechanism to prevent poisoning
What is the relationship between having a secure infant attachment and later relationships?
It provides a good beginning but doesn't guarantee having life long loving relationships
Obesity rates in the United States are highest among ____ children
Latino and African American
Hernando has very low self-esteem and he gives up without trying, saying 'I'll never be able to do that." Hernando is showing signs of:
Learned helplessness
Family day care often has ____ while day-care centers have ____.
More caregiver stability; a large number of children
Which of the following is NOT a typical behavior of toddlers?
Patience
The process of making connections between neurons
Synaptogenesis
Malika and her 7-month-old son are totally in tune with one another, alert and sensitive to each-other's signals. This joyful attunement is called:
Synchrony
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, the challenge in middle childhood industry, which refers to:
The ability to work towards a goal
An experiment conducted with children who had been living in Romanian orphanages revealed that ____ could develop a secure attachment
The majority of children who had spent 20 months or less in the orphanage
When they are in the crawling phase, infants show:
an incredible variety of responses
Which person is most compliant and, therefore, easy to socialize?
and inhibited child
Four-year-old Azariah believes that his stuffed animal understands what he says. In Piagetian terms, Azariah is showing:
animism
MOST babies who attend day care:
are securely attached to their parents.
Which term refers to young children's beliefs that everything in nature was created by humans?
artificialism
David is almost three years old and has learned to brush his teeth by himself. When his father tries to brush his teeth, David grabs the toothbrush from his father and does it himself. These actions are a result of:
autonomy
The so called "terrible twos" are a result of
autonomy
After being separated, children who don't seem to care when their primary caregiver re-enters the room may have a(n) _______ attachment style
avoidant
"It begins at about 7 months and lasts throughout the toddler years" This landmark time when babies must be near their primary caregivers is called
clear-cut attachment
Stranger anxiety in babies show the onset of
clear-cut attachment
Casey is almost four years old. Her mother has placed a plate of cookies on the table and tells Casey, "Don't touch the cookies," and then leaves the room. Casey stares at the plate of cookies but does NOT take one. Casey is demonstrating:
conscience
The development of ___ is the ability to adopt internal standards for behavior
conscience
Baby Sam loves to say "ooo" this is an example of:
cooing
A treelike branching structure of a neuron is called a(n):
dendrite
Preschool is best described as a(n): A. educational setting serving children age 3 and above. B. more strict setting than daycare. C. educational setting focused on improving IQ. D. educational setting primarily for middle-class kids.
educational setting serving children age 3 and above
Joe gets incredibly anxious when he sees his friend being hit. This feeling, referring to directly experiencing another person's emotion is called:
empathy
Konrad Lorenz was a(n):
ethologist
Theory of mind abilities are tested via:
false belief tasks
William, an eight-year-old, is incredibly anxious and has terrible self-esteem. A psychologist may classify William as having:
internalizing tendencies
all of the behaviors lister may quiet a young baby EXCEPT: - Letting the baby cry it out - swaddling - kangaroo care - infant massage
letting the baby cry it out
In selecting a good day care parents should do everything EXCEPT: - consider their child's temperament - look for patient, caring, and empathic caretakers - look for small child-teacher ratios - look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad
look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a childs primary attachment is to mom and dad
Long hours spent in day care:
may have slightly negative effects on later development.
During the clear-cut phase of attachment babies
may prefer one caregiver
Understanding the need to do something different to achieve a goal is called:
means-end behavior
The mean length of utterance refers to the number of ____ in a sentence
morphemes
When does proximity-seeking behavior in stressful situation go away
never
Amanda's preschool teacher says she loves to share her toys with the other kids and is incredibly sympathetic. According to the research in the text, you might predict:
prosocial behaviors
Tommy is an exuberant toddler. His parents should: A. provide positive reinforcement. B. use power assertion. C. adhere to strict rules. D. treat him like Jane, his mellow sister.
provide positive reinforcement
When frightened by a neighbor's large dog, 4-year-old Amy cried and ran to her mother. Amy showed:
proximity-seeking behavior
Which statement about daycare is false? - US dat care varies dramatically in quality - Day care workers are poorly paid in the US - children with more vulnerable temperaments are at greatest risk when placed in low-quality care -Putting a child in day care even part of the time is rarely an appropriate choice
putting a child in day care even part time is rarely an appropriate choice
Obesity rates among US elementary children have:
quadrupled in the last 30 years
Children who have experienced abuse often have memory failure when it comes to their autobiographical memories. Freud would call this:
repression
During childhood boys and girls are:
roughly the same size
Ghadia joyfully runs to her primary caregiver after being separated. Ghadia is showing a(n) _____ attachment.
secure
A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:
selective attention
During Erikson's autonomy stage in the second and third years of life, children become
self-aware
Now that Shawn is getting older he is much more able to reflect on his inner states and observe his behaviors. Shawn is showing:
self-awareness
These feelings first emerge around the age of 2 and show the capacity to reflect on the self
self-conscious emotions
_____ refers to a child's ability to evaluate his or herself as good or bad compared to others
self-esteem
A person's ability to understand word meaning is know as:
semantics
The strange situation involves repeatedly
separating a baby from the primary caregiver and then reuniting the pair.
Baby Lydia is having her one-year checkup. As the pediatrician puts the stethoscope on Lydia's chest, she looks to her mother to see if the situation is safe. Baby lydia is showing:
social referencing
self-conscious emotions are important for what?
socialization
When a caregiver and infant respond emotionally to each other in a sensitive and attuned way, its called:
synchrony
Scaffolding involves:
tailoring teaching to a student's level
Vgotsky emphasized the vital importance of ____ in propelling children's mental growth
teaching
A person's characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world is called:
temperament
When a one-year-old child engages in "little scientist" behaviors or enters the famous "getting into everything stage," he is engaging in Piaget's ______ reactions.
tertiary circular
Josie is thrilled that her baby now smiles when she sees any person appear. This is called __________ and begins at about _____ months of age. A. the social smile; 2 B. mother attachment; 2 C. clear-cut attachment; 7 D. attachment in the making; 5
the social smile; 2
Autobiographical memory begins to develop at about the same time as:
theory of mind
Based on the text, why do many women stop breast feeding before their babies are 6 months old?
they need to go back to work
Which statement about newborns' visual preferences is false? - they prefer to look at faces with eyes aimed at them - they prefer to look at faces instead of patterns - they prefer to look at fathers instead of mothers - they prefer to look at attractive-looking people
they prefer to look at fathers instead of mothers
Synaptogenesis occurs:
throughout life
parents who use power assertion:
yell, scream, or hit their children
In the United States, poverty is currently MOST prevalent among:
young children