Psychology unit 3
The average person can expect to spend about ______ years of his/her life sleeping.
25
Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of ___________ that can be seen using an electroencephalography (EEG).
Activity of the brain
Who proposed observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Depending on the population and the particular sleep disorder, ___________ of the population will suffer from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives.
Between 30% and 50%
Melatonin release is stimulated by _______ and inhibited by _______.
Darkness; light
Sleep apnea is defined by
Episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops
Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of _________ stimuli
External
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Consciousness is described as a continuum that ranges from
Full awareness to a deep sleep
Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.
Hypnosis
________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.
Hypnosis
The most common sleep disorder is:
Insomnia
Sleep debt is the result of
Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion
John B. Watson
The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
Latent
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Stage 1 sleep is the transitional phase where we drift off to sleep. During this time
Muscle tension and core body temperature decrease & Heartrate and respiration decrease
The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.
Narcolepsy
Which age group requires the most sleep?
Newborns
_____________ learning extends the effective range of both classical and operant conditioning.
Observational
________ refers to drug craving.
Psychological dependence
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute latent
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
Shaping
_________ is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness.
Sleep
"Sleep rebound" refers to the fact that
Sleep-deprived individuals tend to fall asleep quicker when given the opportunity for sleep
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours
circadian
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
classical conditioning
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
conditioned responses
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
continuous
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.
dopamine
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
infant sucking on a nipple
________ has its roots in religious practice.
meditation
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
model
________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
negative punishment
Dave's boss told him that he does not have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using
negative reinforcement
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
neutral stimulus
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
serotonin
________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.
sleep debt
________ is another word for sleepwalking.
somnambulism
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.
stage 2
________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.
stage 3 and stage 4
Extinction occurs when ________.
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.
tolerance
Joe catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
We spend about ______ of our lives sleeping.
1/3
Meditation may be helpful in ________.
Pain management and stress control
Sleep can be divided into two different general phases. They are:
REM sleep and non-REM sleep
REM sleep is marked by
Rapid Eye Movement
Alcohol is considered a ____________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
depressant
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
kicked and threw the doll
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
occurs as a result of experience
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
stimulus generalization
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (the stimulus).
unconditioned response
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?
vicarious punishment