Psychology unit 3

The average person can expect to spend about ______ years of his/her life sleeping.

25

Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of ___________ that can be seen using an electroencephalography (EEG).

Activity of the brain

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Depending on the population and the particular sleep disorder, ___________ of the population will suffer from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives.

Between 30% and 50%

Melatonin release is stimulated by _______ and inhibited by _______.

Darkness; light

Sleep apnea is defined by

Episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of _________ stimuli

External

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

Consciousness is described as a continuum that ranges from

Full awareness to a deep sleep

Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.

Hypnosis

________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.

Hypnosis

The most common sleep disorder is:

Insomnia

Sleep debt is the result of

Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion

John B. Watson

The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.

Latent

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Stage 1 sleep is the transitional phase where we drift off to sleep. During this time

Muscle tension and core body temperature decrease & Heartrate and respiration decrease

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

Narcolepsy

Which age group requires the most sleep?

Newborns

_____________ learning extends the effective range of both classical and operant conditioning.

Observational

________ refers to drug craving.

Psychological dependence

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute latent

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

Shaping

_________ is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness.

Sleep

"Sleep rebound" refers to the fact that

Sleep-deprived individuals tend to fall asleep quicker when given the opportunity for sleep

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours

circadian

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

conditioned responses

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

infant sucking on a nipple

________ has its roots in religious practice.

meditation

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

Dave's boss told him that he does not have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using

negative reinforcement

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

serotonin

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

sleep debt

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

stage 2

________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.

stage 3 and stage 4

Extinction occurs when ________.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

tolerance

Joe catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

We spend about ______ of our lives sleeping.

1/3

Meditation may be helpful in ________.

Pain management and stress control

Sleep can be divided into two different general phases. They are:

REM sleep and non-REM sleep

REM sleep is marked by

Rapid Eye Movement

Alcohol is considered a ____________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

kicked and threw the doll

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment