Psychology/Sociology
Resting membrane potential of a neuron is ________________ (= charge different across the membrane)
-70 mV
_____ to _____ years: complex motor behavior, identity formation, egocentrism.
1 to 2 years of age
First year of life = caregiver focus, stranger anxiety at _____to_____ months
7 to 8 months
anterior pituitary: releases __________, _______________,______________,____________,____________, and _____ (6 different hormones)
ACTH, TSH, FHS, Prolactin, GH
Posterior pituitary: Contins neurons that release __________ and _________
ADH and oxytocin
_______________ weather measure produces values close to close to the objectively true value
Accuracy
_____________________: tendency to answer "yes" to a question by default
Acquiescence bias
____________ traits contribute to the fitness (mean lifetime reproduction) of an organism.
Adaptive
________________(sensory) neurons send signals to the CNS ____________(Motor) neurons synapse at neuromuscular junctions and cause muscle contraction by the release of acetylcholine
Afferent Efferent
Sleep stages: alertness (________________ waves ), drowsiness (______________ waves), Stage 1 (______________ waves, light sleep), Stage 2 (____________ waves, sleep ______________- and K-complexes, memory consolidation) Stage 3: ____________- waves (deep slow/-wave sleep, memory processing) REM sleep: _____________, (dreaming, irregular respiration and heart rate)
Alertness = beta waves Drowsiness = alpha waves Stage 1 = Theta waves stage 2 = theta waves, sleep spindles and k complexes Stage 3 = delta waves REM rapid eye movement
____________studies and _________ series: deal in depth with on or a few individuals in particular
Case studies/Case series
_______________ studies: compare individual with the outcome of interest (cases) and unaffected individuals (controls)
Case-Control Studies
Hindbrain includes the _____________,_____________, and ________________
Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
_________________ affect both the independent and dependent variable
Cofounding variables
__________________ people are grouped by some organizing principle and followed through time, often age.
Cohort Studies
_____________: a small, curved and translucent portion of the epithelium that light must pass through the center of the eye
Cornea
________________: experiences can imprint on children for life
Critical Period
_________________ studies: sample a population and measure various things about this group
Cross-Sectional studies
receptors on ______________ of neurons respond to neurotransmitters. One receptor type is usually responsive to only one neurotransmitter.
Dendrites
___________________ variables change in response to the independent variable (usually on the y-axis)
Dependent
__________________: Informed consent, favorable risk-benefit ratio, scientific validity, independent review, fair subject selection, and the principle of respect.
Ethical Standards
_____________________ how well experiment predicts real-world outcomes
External Validity
______________________: ability to detect motion, color, shape, timing, and size.
Feature detection
___________________ : principals describing how we integrate stimuli into consciously perceived shapes.
Gastalt laws
Experimental studies manipulate a _________________ variable to observe how a _________________ changes
Independent dependent
______________________ how well we can draw casual conclusions from the data
Internal Validity
sound waves (________________)are detected by hair cells in the ear. Outer-ear: catches sound eaves w/ shape; middle ear: amplifies sound waves (malleus, incus, stapes) inner ear: turns vibrations into action potential via endolymph-bath hair cells with___________________
Longitudinal stereocilia detectors
_________________ design: multiple measures are made over time
Longitudinal design
_______________ variables provide mechanistic link between two variables
Mediating Variables
_________________________ change the intensity of a relationship between two variables.
Moderating Variable
In experimental studies ________________ controls receive effectively no treatment and ________________ positive controls receive a treatment that is known to induce the outcome of interests.
Negative Positive
____________________ analyze pre-existing variation variation in a population
Observational Studies
___________________ (=biological/cultural), adulthood, aging (w/ telomere degradation)
Other life stages:
____________: Bonding, empathy, and trust. Prolactin: _____________; implicated in postpartum depression - Leptin (satiety), ghrelin (hunger), neuropeptide Y (appetite): regulate hunger.
Oxytocin, Prolactin
__________________: sort incoming input to find specific info
Parallel processing
_________________________ = all nerves except brain and spinal cord > is divided into both the somatic and autonomic NS
Peripheral Nervous System
______________________ is the temperature we perceive as neither hot nor cold and is approximately 85* to 90* fahrenheit (29-32*C)
Physiological zero
____________whether results are close to each other
Precision
____________ studies analyze participants moving forward in time
Prospective
__________________ and ___________________ help improve the validity and study design
Randomization Blinding
Randomized Control Trials (RCTs): Participants _________________ assigned to either a treatment or control group.
Randomly
_________________whether the measurement can reproduce similar results
Reliability
_____________________________: Idea that a sample should accurately reflect the population its taken from.
Representativeness
________________ studies analyze participants history (BACKWARDS IN TIME)
Retrospective
Rods contain __________ and are extremely sensitive to light but do not detect color. They help us see in low light conditions such as night. Rods need to undergo dark adaptation when moving from light to dark.
Rhodopsin
Survey methods: often use questionnaires'; this method is inexpensive but vulnerable to ______________
Self reporting bias
_________________ tendency to reply in ways that seems more socially successful/Applicable
Social desirability bias
_______________________: is all sensation about and within the body
Somatosensation
____________________ and _________________: combine data from many studies + critical or quantitative assessment.
Systemic Reviews Meta-analysis
________________ how well design tests what it intends to (construct, criterion, and predictive validity)
Test Validity
________________ controls metabolic rate and neural development
Thyroid Hormone
Hypothalamus: Major regulatory center, releases _____ hormones ______, ________, _________ to the anterior pituitary.
Tropic hormones CRF, THR, GnRH
_______________________________: minimum distance two simultaneously - stimulated points must be perceived as two points of stimulation, not one. denser innervation in skin area = a smaller two point threshold.
Two-point threshold
_______________ relates to the meaningfulness of a study's results.Validity refers to the extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied. Although receiving government assistance (such as unemployment benefits or other forms of social welfare) could be a possible proxy indicator for income, it does not provide a direct measure of income. Thus, government assistance as a measure of socioeconomic status raises the issue of validity, since there are other available measures that would more directly assess the construct.
Validity
______________________; EM waves with wavelengths between 380nm and 740 nm (violet to red)
Visible light
Chemical interacting with receptors are ________________(stimulate response) or ________________(block receptor).
agonists antagonists
Consciousness is awareness of our surroundings and ourselves and can be split into at least 4 broad states: ________________,_______________,_______________, and __________________-
alertness, daydreaming, drowsiness, and sleep
Lens: boundary between _________________ and ________________ chambers; changing its shape focus of light entering the eye (flattening = helps see farther away objects, rounding - helps see nearer objects)
anterior and posterior
Sociological approaches on _____________, __________________ and feelings of groups
behavior organization
Excitatory neurotransmitters INCREASE membrane potential, making it less negative causing it to__________________
depolarize
Forebrain: is the largest region divided into ________________ (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and pineal gland) and _______________________
diencephalon and telencephalon
Organ of Corti: in inner ear; hosts ___________________ bathed hair cells on the _________ membrane
endolymph basilar
Top down vs. Bottom down processing: using _______________ to structure perception vs. taking in info _______________
exceptions first
______________________: says that we can turn certain signals on or off depending on the overall pattern of sensory input
gate theory of pain
Inhibitory neurotransmitters DECREASE membrane potential, making it more negative causing it to ________________________
hyperpolarization
Inhibitory neurotransmitters DECREASE membrane potential, making it more negative causing it to__________________
hyperpolarize
Iris: structure in front of the __________________ that controls amount of light entering (dilation = widening due to sympathetic NS stimulation; constriction = narrowing due to parasympathetic stimulation or bright light).
in front of the lens
Retina: is the ___________ most layer Sclera: is the _____________ layer Choroid: vascular structure between the _____________ and ____________
innermost outermost retina and sclera
Genetics influence behavior, most notable in the form of _____________________behaviors.
instinctual (hard-wire)
Psychological approaches: more interested in ________________ that an individual may exhibit (normative/abnormal, positive/negative). Studied through observations of behavior and controlled experiments.
kinds of behavior
After chiasm, optic pathway synapses at the ________________ that contains magnocellular neurons (motion) and parvocellular neurons (details) and send imputs to the visual cortex and superior colliculi.
lateral geniculate nucleus
Types of receptors photoreceptors = ______________ Mechanoreceptors= _____________ Chemoreceptors = _______________ Baroreceptors = _________________ Proprioceptors = ____________ Nociceptors = ________________ Osmoceptors = ______________-
light sounds, acceleration, touch taste and smell pressure Body position pain concentration
Smells: first processed in the olfactory bulb, then passes along olfactory tract of the ___________________ and else wherw
limbic system
Sensory receptors give information on ________, _________/__________, ___________ and __________ of input.
location type/modality intensity duration
Cones: found in the _____________ and the __________, near the center of the visual field and in the back of the eye. They are responsible for seeing color and seeing detail (acuity) Three different types short (___________), medium (_____________), and long (______________)
macula and fovea short = blue medium = green Long = red
Independent variables are _______________ (usually on the x-axis of an accompanying graph)
manipulated
Biological approaches: _____________________ process that leads to behaviors.
mechanistic
Brainstem: ______________,____________, and _________
midbrain, medulla, and pons
Absolute threshold is the ________________________ (does not equal conscious perception)
minimum signal to be detected.
_____________________: monocular depth clue based on relative motion of near vs. far objects
motion parallax
just noticeable difference (JND) = amount stimulus that ________________________to be noticed.
must change
______________________ is the process of making a variable measurable
operationalization
Basic pathway of light: 1_______________> 2._______________ > 3._________________> 4.___________________ > 5. _____________________ > 6._________________
outside > cornea > anterior chamber > lens > posterior chambers > retina (sensing)
______________________ : integrate simultaneous input
parallel processing
pathway to _______________Stimulus --> transduction (stimulus converted to action potential) --> sensation --> __________________
perception perception
Horizontal cells laterally connect ______________ and ____________ cells amacrine cells laterally connect _______________ and _____________ cells
photoreceptors and bipolar cells bipolar and ganglion cells
____________________ says that if multiple objects intersect or overlap, we tend to perceive them as relatively few uninterrupted objects, and that we tend to perceive lines or curves as extending without sharp edges.
principal of continuation
_____________________ which states that we perceive objects or shapes that are close to each other as forming groups.
principal of proximity
_______________________ states that objects that are similar in some way will be perceived as belonging to a group
principal of similarity
____________________ that we infer the presence of complete shapes even when they are incomplete
principle of closure.
_____________________________ states that symmetrical objects are more likely to be perceived as part of a whole than asymmetrical objects
principle of symmetry
Nervous system: faster response to environmental stimuli; ___________ = completely automatic responses.
reflexes
Phototransduction starts in the _________________(rods and cones).
retine
Retina has three vertical layers: 1. Photoreceptors = (______________________) 2. bipolar cells (connect to_________________) 3.ganglion cells (comprise the ________________ nerve)
rods and cones connect to ganglion cells comprise the optic nerve
Newborns have ________________, _______________, ____________________, _______________, and __________________ reflexes (5 different reflexes).
rooting Moro sucking Babinski palmar grasp
______________________________: is the ability to pick up true/false presence/absence of stimulus to the environment
signal detection theory
left temporal lobe = _______________ right temporl lobe = ________________
speech sound and music
Midbrain includes: ________________, _____________ and ______________ colliculi
substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi
TasteL processed in the taste center of the ____________, then sent to the gustatory cortex.
thalamus
Visual input: sent towards the _______________ by the __________; at the optic chasism, nasal sides of the optic nerve cross over so that the _____________ visual field --> right visual cortex and vis versa
visual cortex by the optic nerve