Psychology/Sociology

Resting membrane potential of a neuron is ________________ (= charge different across the membrane)

-70 mV

_____ to _____ years: complex motor behavior, identity formation, egocentrism.

1 to 2 years of age

First year of life = caregiver focus, stranger anxiety at _____to_____ months

7 to 8 months

anterior pituitary: releases __________, _______________,______________,____________,____________, and _____ (6 different hormones)

ACTH, TSH, FHS, Prolactin, GH

Posterior pituitary: Contins neurons that release __________ and _________

ADH and oxytocin

_______________ weather measure produces values close to close to the objectively true value

Accuracy

_____________________: tendency to answer "yes" to a question by default

Acquiescence bias

____________ traits contribute to the fitness (mean lifetime reproduction) of an organism.

Adaptive

________________(sensory) neurons send signals to the CNS ____________(Motor) neurons synapse at neuromuscular junctions and cause muscle contraction by the release of acetylcholine

Afferent Efferent

Sleep stages: alertness (________________ waves ), drowsiness (______________ waves), Stage 1 (______________ waves, light sleep), Stage 2 (____________ waves, sleep ______________- and K-complexes, memory consolidation) Stage 3: ____________- waves (deep slow/-wave sleep, memory processing) REM sleep: _____________, (dreaming, irregular respiration and heart rate)

Alertness = beta waves Drowsiness = alpha waves Stage 1 = Theta waves stage 2 = theta waves, sleep spindles and k complexes Stage 3 = delta waves REM rapid eye movement

____________studies and _________ series: deal in depth with on or a few individuals in particular

Case studies/Case series

_______________ studies: compare individual with the outcome of interest (cases) and unaffected individuals (controls)

Case-Control Studies

Hindbrain includes the _____________,_____________, and ________________

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

_________________ affect both the independent and dependent variable

Cofounding variables

__________________ people are grouped by some organizing principle and followed through time, often age.

Cohort Studies

_____________: a small, curved and translucent portion of the epithelium that light must pass through the center of the eye

Cornea

________________: experiences can imprint on children for life

Critical Period

_________________ studies: sample a population and measure various things about this group

Cross-Sectional studies

receptors on ______________ of neurons respond to neurotransmitters. One receptor type is usually responsive to only one neurotransmitter.

Dendrites

___________________ variables change in response to the independent variable (usually on the y-axis)

Dependent

__________________: Informed consent, favorable risk-benefit ratio, scientific validity, independent review, fair subject selection, and the principle of respect.

Ethical Standards

_____________________ how well experiment predicts real-world outcomes

External Validity

______________________: ability to detect motion, color, shape, timing, and size.

Feature detection

___________________ : principals describing how we integrate stimuli into consciously perceived shapes.

Gastalt laws

Experimental studies manipulate a _________________ variable to observe how a _________________ changes

Independent dependent

______________________ how well we can draw casual conclusions from the data

Internal Validity

sound waves (________________)are detected by hair cells in the ear. Outer-ear: catches sound eaves w/ shape; middle ear: amplifies sound waves (malleus, incus, stapes) inner ear: turns vibrations into action potential via endolymph-bath hair cells with___________________

Longitudinal stereocilia detectors

_________________ design: multiple measures are made over time

Longitudinal design

_______________ variables provide mechanistic link between two variables

Mediating Variables

_________________________ change the intensity of a relationship between two variables.

Moderating Variable

In experimental studies ________________ controls receive effectively no treatment and ________________ positive controls receive a treatment that is known to induce the outcome of interests.

Negative Positive

____________________ analyze pre-existing variation variation in a population

Observational Studies

___________________ (=biological/cultural), adulthood, aging (w/ telomere degradation)

Other life stages:

____________: Bonding, empathy, and trust. Prolactin: _____________; implicated in postpartum depression - Leptin (satiety), ghrelin (hunger), neuropeptide Y (appetite): regulate hunger.

Oxytocin, Prolactin

__________________: sort incoming input to find specific info

Parallel processing

_________________________ = all nerves except brain and spinal cord > is divided into both the somatic and autonomic NS

Peripheral Nervous System

______________________ is the temperature we perceive as neither hot nor cold and is approximately 85* to 90* fahrenheit (29-32*C)

Physiological zero

____________whether results are close to each other

Precision

____________ studies analyze participants moving forward in time

Prospective

__________________ and ___________________ help improve the validity and study design

Randomization Blinding

Randomized Control Trials (RCTs): Participants _________________ assigned to either a treatment or control group.

Randomly

_________________whether the measurement can reproduce similar results

Reliability

_____________________________: Idea that a sample should accurately reflect the population its taken from.

Representativeness

________________ studies analyze participants history (BACKWARDS IN TIME)

Retrospective

Rods contain __________ and are extremely sensitive to light but do not detect color. They help us see in low light conditions such as night. Rods need to undergo dark adaptation when moving from light to dark.

Rhodopsin

Survey methods: often use questionnaires'; this method is inexpensive but vulnerable to ______________

Self reporting bias

_________________ tendency to reply in ways that seems more socially successful/Applicable

Social desirability bias

_______________________: is all sensation about and within the body

Somatosensation

____________________ and _________________: combine data from many studies + critical or quantitative assessment.

Systemic Reviews Meta-analysis

________________ how well design tests what it intends to (construct, criterion, and predictive validity)

Test Validity

________________ controls metabolic rate and neural development

Thyroid Hormone

Hypothalamus: Major regulatory center, releases _____ hormones ______, ________, _________ to the anterior pituitary.

Tropic hormones CRF, THR, GnRH

_______________________________: minimum distance two simultaneously - stimulated points must be perceived as two points of stimulation, not one. denser innervation in skin area = a smaller two point threshold.

Two-point threshold

_______________ relates to the meaningfulness of a study's results.Validity refers to the extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied. Although receiving government assistance (such as unemployment benefits or other forms of social welfare) could be a possible proxy indicator for income, it does not provide a direct measure of income. Thus, government assistance as a measure of socioeconomic status raises the issue of validity, since there are other available measures that would more directly assess the construct.

Validity

______________________; EM waves with wavelengths between 380nm and 740 nm (violet to red)

Visible light

Chemical interacting with receptors are ________________(stimulate response) or ________________(block receptor).

agonists antagonists

Consciousness is awareness of our surroundings and ourselves and can be split into at least 4 broad states: ________________,_______________,_______________, and __________________-

alertness, daydreaming, drowsiness, and sleep

Lens: boundary between _________________ and ________________ chambers; changing its shape focus of light entering the eye (flattening = helps see farther away objects, rounding - helps see nearer objects)

anterior and posterior

Sociological approaches on _____________, __________________ and feelings of groups

behavior organization

Excitatory neurotransmitters INCREASE membrane potential, making it less negative causing it to__________________

depolarize

Forebrain: is the largest region divided into ________________ (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and pineal gland) and _______________________

diencephalon and telencephalon

Organ of Corti: in inner ear; hosts ___________________ bathed hair cells on the _________ membrane

endolymph basilar

Top down vs. Bottom down processing: using _______________ to structure perception vs. taking in info _______________

exceptions first

______________________: says that we can turn certain signals on or off depending on the overall pattern of sensory input

gate theory of pain

Inhibitory neurotransmitters DECREASE membrane potential, making it more negative causing it to ________________________

hyperpolarization

Inhibitory neurotransmitters DECREASE membrane potential, making it more negative causing it to__________________

hyperpolarize

Iris: structure in front of the __________________ that controls amount of light entering (dilation = widening due to sympathetic NS stimulation; constriction = narrowing due to parasympathetic stimulation or bright light).

in front of the lens

Retina: is the ___________ most layer Sclera: is the _____________ layer Choroid: vascular structure between the _____________ and ____________

innermost outermost retina and sclera

Genetics influence behavior, most notable in the form of _____________________behaviors.

instinctual (hard-wire)

Psychological approaches: more interested in ________________ that an individual may exhibit (normative/abnormal, positive/negative). Studied through observations of behavior and controlled experiments.

kinds of behavior

After chiasm, optic pathway synapses at the ________________ that contains magnocellular neurons (motion) and parvocellular neurons (details) and send imputs to the visual cortex and superior colliculi.

lateral geniculate nucleus

Types of receptors photoreceptors = ______________ Mechanoreceptors= _____________ Chemoreceptors = _______________ Baroreceptors = _________________ Proprioceptors = ____________ Nociceptors = ________________ Osmoceptors = ______________-

light sounds, acceleration, touch taste and smell pressure Body position pain concentration

Smells: first processed in the olfactory bulb, then passes along olfactory tract of the ___________________ and else wherw

limbic system

Sensory receptors give information on ________, _________/__________, ___________ and __________ of input.

location type/modality intensity duration

Cones: found in the _____________ and the __________, near the center of the visual field and in the back of the eye. They are responsible for seeing color and seeing detail (acuity) Three different types short (___________), medium (_____________), and long (______________)

macula and fovea short = blue medium = green Long = red

Independent variables are _______________ (usually on the x-axis of an accompanying graph)

manipulated

Biological approaches: _____________________ process that leads to behaviors.

mechanistic

Brainstem: ______________,____________, and _________

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Absolute threshold is the ________________________ (does not equal conscious perception)

minimum signal to be detected.

_____________________: monocular depth clue based on relative motion of near vs. far objects

motion parallax

just noticeable difference (JND) = amount stimulus that ________________________to be noticed.

must change

______________________ is the process of making a variable measurable

operationalization

Basic pathway of light: 1_______________> 2._______________ > 3._________________> 4.___________________ > 5. _____________________ > 6._________________

outside > cornea > anterior chamber > lens > posterior chambers > retina (sensing)

______________________ : integrate simultaneous input

parallel processing

pathway to _______________Stimulus --> transduction (stimulus converted to action potential) --> sensation --> __________________

perception perception

Horizontal cells laterally connect ______________ and ____________ cells amacrine cells laterally connect _______________ and _____________ cells

photoreceptors and bipolar cells bipolar and ganglion cells

____________________ says that if multiple objects intersect or overlap, we tend to perceive them as relatively few uninterrupted objects, and that we tend to perceive lines or curves as extending without sharp edges.

principal of continuation

_____________________ which states that we perceive objects or shapes that are close to each other as forming groups.

principal of proximity

_______________________ states that objects that are similar in some way will be perceived as belonging to a group

principal of similarity

____________________ that we infer the presence of complete shapes even when they are incomplete

principle of closure.

_____________________________ states that symmetrical objects are more likely to be perceived as part of a whole than asymmetrical objects

principle of symmetry

Nervous system: faster response to environmental stimuli; ___________ = completely automatic responses.

reflexes

Phototransduction starts in the _________________(rods and cones).

retine

Retina has three vertical layers: 1. Photoreceptors = (______________________) 2. bipolar cells (connect to_________________) 3.ganglion cells (comprise the ________________ nerve)

rods and cones connect to ganglion cells comprise the optic nerve

Newborns have ________________, _______________, ____________________, _______________, and __________________ reflexes (5 different reflexes).

rooting Moro sucking Babinski palmar grasp

______________________________: is the ability to pick up true/false presence/absence of stimulus to the environment

signal detection theory

left temporal lobe = _______________ right temporl lobe = ________________

speech sound and music

Midbrain includes: ________________, _____________ and ______________ colliculi

substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi

TasteL processed in the taste center of the ____________, then sent to the gustatory cortex.

thalamus

Visual input: sent towards the _______________ by the __________; at the optic chasism, nasal sides of the optic nerve cross over so that the _____________ visual field --> right visual cortex and vis versa

visual cortex by the optic nerve