Psychopathology chapter 6-8
People diagnosed with schizophrenia have a life-expectancy between ________ and ________ years shorter than people without the disorder.
10; 20
Memories formed before the age of ________ tend to be sketchy
3
Some studies suggest that ________ may be more likely than other ethnic groups to experience dissociative symptoms in response to traumas.
Latinos
When people first begin taking a(n) ________, they sometimes report feeling "jittery" or having a feeling of "crawling out of one's skin."
SSRI
Anti-epileptics may work by restoring the balance between the neurotransmitter systems in the
amygdala
Jerry hears voices accusing him of being a serial rapist. This is a(n) _____ hallucination.
auditory
Korsakoff's syndrome is characterized by:
global retrograde amnesia associated with severe alcohol consumption
Which of the following is the most common type of delusion?
persecutory delusions
The anterior cingulate cortex plays an important role in
responses to stress
Amnesia is frequently seen in murder cases with ________ percent of people arrested for homicide claiming to have amnesia.
25-45
What percentage of people diagnosed with psychotic disorders seek treatment in a mental health or general medicine facility in a given year?
90 percent
Which of the following statements is true about the gender differences in disorganized thought and speech symptoms of schizophrenia?
Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia may not affect women's language and thought as much as they do men's because women can use both sides of their brain to compensate for problems.
Which of the following is true about the neurotransmitters involved in schizophrenia?
Excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway and unusually low dopamine activity in the prefrontal area play a role in schizophrenia.
Religious delusions of having committed a sin are more common among individuals with schizophrenia from
Germany
Which of the following statements is true about the newer methods of brain stimulation?
In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is implanted under the patient's skin in the left chest wall.
Which of the following statements is true of psychogenic amnesia?
It involves memory loss that is limited to personal information
Jans has a history of drinking heavily before going to bed. His family accuses him of kicking the dog, breaking several dishes, and being verbally abusive on several occasions. Jan recalls none of these incidents and soon begins to forget personal information as well. Jan's memory loss is most likely related to
Korsakoff's syndrome.
Factitious disorders are also referred to as
Munchhausen's syndrome
Which of the following statements is true of the somatic symptom disorder in the United States?
Older adults are more likely to report multiple somatic symptoms than middle-aged adults.
Which of the following is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
People diagnosed with DID claim to have significant periods of amnesia.
Which of the following statements is true of the psychosocial perspectives of schizophrenia?
Studies have shown that first- and second-generation immigrants have a higher incidence of acute schizophrenia symptoms than members of their ethnic group who have been in the country longer or who are native to the country.
Which of the following statements is true of conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)?
The conversion symptom develops after a trauma or psychological stressor.
According to DSM-5, which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for illness anxiety disorder?
The individual must perform excessive health related behaviors
Which of the following represents one of the difficulties in diagnosing somatic symptom disorders?
The person may have a real physical problem that is difficult to detect
Which of the following has been implicated in bipolar disorder
abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia
Which of the following defines the sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder?
alternate identities are created by patients who adopt the idea or narrative of dissociative identity disorder as an explanation that fits their lives.
A person diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder may have several alters. An alter is a(n):
alternate personality
Organic amnesia often involves the inability to remember new information, known as ________ amnesia.
anterograde
The combination of major depression and anxiety is so common that the authors of the DSM-5 introduced the subtype of _____.
anxious distress
Which of the following is NOT believed to be a reason to trigger non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)?
as a trial for suicide
Which of the following is the most common explanation given by researchers for the low rate of depression among older adults?
as people age, they develop adaptive coping skills and a psychologically healthier outlook on life
People with conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder):
can be difficult to treat because they cannot believe the ailment is psychological.
A person with schizophrenia
can experience several different delusions at the same time.
clozapine
can result in a condition known as agranulocytosis
A lack of responsiveness to the outside world is referred to as ________ in patients with schizophrenia.
catatonia
Which of the following somatic symptom disorders is considered to be the most dramatic due to symptoms like blindness, seizures, loss of hearing, and mutism?
conversion disorder
Which of the following is true of the difference between cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder?
cyclothymic disorder is less severe and more chronic than bipolar disorder
________ are ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often simply impossible.
delusions
Zhang Wei reported to his therapist that he hears several voices in his head and that some of his actions or words are being controlled by other people inside him. Zhang Wei's symptoms are representative of ________ disorder.
dissociative identity
One major difference between hypomania and manis is that the symptoms of hypomania:
do not involve hallucinations
Which of the following stressful events has been most consistently linked to increased vulnerability to suicide?
economic hardship
According to research, suicide rates among African American males in the United States were highest in communities where:
economic inequalities were greatest
Which of the following psychological factors has NOT been implicated in bipolar disorder?
enmeshed families
Jaclyn has been complaining for several weeks that she has lost all feeling in her right hand. A medical examination revealed no nerve damage. However, Jaclyn insists that something is wrong because she feels as though she has on a tight glove. Jaclyn is mostly experiencing ________ anesthesia associated with ________.
glove; conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)
Faith believes that she is the reincarnation of Cleopatra. Faith is most likely suffering from
grandiose delusion
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
hallucinations
To receive a diagnosis of depersonalization/derealization disorder, the person must:
have frequent and distressing episodes of detachment from self or surroundings that disrupt functioning.
Some people feel manic when first taking an SSRI for a mood disorder as a side effect of the drug. As mentioned in the textbook, which of the following is another possibility in explaining this manic state?
increased motivation and energy as depression begins to lift from having taken the SSRI in the first place
Which of the following therapies was used in the 1930s to treat schizophrenia?
insulin coma therapy
It was observed during the two world wars that many soldiers would report to have become inexplicably paralyzed or blind and therefore were unable to return to the front. Most of them seemed unconcerned about their paralysis or blindness. This phenomenon is known as
la belle indifference
People with bipolar II disorder experience episodes that meet the criteria for major depression, but have:
milder episodes of mania known as hypomania
The neurotransmitters that have been implicated most often in depression are the
monoamines
________ are words that mean something only to the person speaking them.
neologisms
Most theorists view schizophrenia as a _____ disorder.
neurodevelopment
The DSM-5 states that in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, an individual must show two or more symptoms of the psychosis consistently for at least
one month
Oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery is known as
perinatal hypoxia
_____ have a higher-than-normal prevalence of mania
poets
Which of the following is the most common method of suicide among women?
poisoning
Cognitive factors associated with suicide include cognitive rigidity, rumination, perfectionism, and
poor problem solving
Studies of refugees who fled to the United States found that these groups often had:
posttraumatic stress disorder and somatic symptom disorder
The ________ is important in language, emotional expression, planning, and carrying out plans, while the ________ plays a critical role in the formation of long-term memories.
prefrontal cortex; hippocampus
________ is an atypical antipsychotic that has been used to treat schizophrenia.
quetiapine
Ananya has dementia. It is becoming increasingly difficulty for her to remember her past. Sometimes she forgets her children's names. Ananya's amnesia would be categorized as
retrograde
The inability to remember information from the past is known as ________ amnesia.
retrograde
Although evidence supports the theory of social drift with respect to people with schizophrenia, some recent research showed a different outcome. Which of the following statements reflects this more recent research?
social status and environment affect schizophrenia rather than just the other way around.
Tabitha believes that an alien being is growing inside of her. Tabitha is most likely experiencing a(n)_____ hallucination.
somatic
When two or more completed or attempted suicides are non-randomly bunched in space or time, it is known as a(n)
suicide cluster
Which of the following best describes a problem associated with understanding suicide through research?
suicide is relatively rare, thereby making it difficult to study scientifically.
Judith was experiencing sleep deprivation and thought that spiders were crawling on her skin. Judith was most likely experiencing a(n)_____.
tactile hallucination
A common side effect of neuroleptics that consists of involuntary movements of the tongue, mouth, or jaw is
tardive dyskinesia
According to the DSM-5, which of the following is an appropriate diagnostic criterion for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
temper outbursts must occur at least three times per week for at least 12 months
social drift refers to the:
tendency of people with schizophrenia to drift downward in social class.
The diagnosis of depression in older adults is complicated because:
their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses
Which of the following statements is true regarding somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder?
they are new to the DSM 5
Delusions are to ________ as hallucinations are to ________.
thoughts; perceptions
DSM-5 has added the words ________ to the DID criterion A. This makes the criteria more applicable to diverse cultural groups and to identify a common presentation of DID in non-Western cultures as well as subgroups in Western cultures.
"or an experience of possession"
It is estimated that, within the United States, ________ percent of the population will develop schizophrenia at some time in their lives.
1 to 2
In the United States, which of the following age groups is more likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past year?
18-29 year olds
Roughly _____ people commit suicide in the United States each year?
40,000
Which of the following is true about the prognosis for people with schizophrenia?
50 and 80 percent of people with schizophrenia will be re-hospitalized at a later point in their lives for another episode
Between ________ and ________ percent of people diagnosed with schizophrenia commit suicide.
5; 10
Which of the following is true about factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia?
Prenatal and birth difficulties have been implicated as factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia.
According to the research of Irving Gottesman, which of the following children are at highest risk of developing schizophrenia?
a child with two biological parents and a monozygotic (MZ) twin with schizophrenia
Which of the following statements is true of mood disorders?
a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder requires that the person alternates between cycles of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms
Many of the side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants are anticholinergic, meaning that they affect levels of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
In Hilgard's study on the "hidden observer" phenomenon, he argued that there are two modes of consciousness: the ________ mode the and ________ mode.
active, receptive
One complication that arises in diagnosing amnesias is the possibility that:
amnesias may be faked by people to escape punishment for crimes committed.
The effects of overactivity in the ____ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information.
amygdala
Which of the following brain abnormalities have been implicated in depression?
an enlargement of and increased activity in the amygdala
A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities is called
anhedonia
Katsuo has experienced a loss of the ability to experience pleasure. Katsuo is most likely exhibiting
anhedonia
After working for a company for 25 years, Anna loses her job on account of company cutbacks. She has had difficulty finding a job largely because of her age. She is deeply depressed. According to Emile Durkheim, Anna is most likely at risk of committing _____ suicide.
anomic
Karen had a hiking accident that resulted in head trauma. She now has difficulty remembering new information. Karen's amnesia would be categorized as
anterograde
________ programs provide comprehensive services for people with schizophrenia, relying on the expertise of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet the variety of patients' needs 24 hours a day.
assertive community treatment
Which of the following are the diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder?
at least one symptom of altered motor or sensory function that is not due to recognized neurobiological or medical conditions, and not attributable to another disorder
Dissociative symptoms may be part of the syndrome of ________, a culturally accepted reaction to stress among Latinos.
ataque de nervios
The agitation and risky behavior accompanying mania in youth are difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of _____.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia
avolition
Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is described as an inability to initiate or persist at common, goal-directed activities, including those at work, school, and home?
avolition
Dr. Aziz's patient has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is helping her patient learn how to initiate and maintain a conversation with others. In addition, she is also teaching her client how to gather important information by accompanying the client to selected places and demonstrating the skills necessary to accomplish this goal. This type of intervention follows a(n) ________ approach.
behavioral
To test how easy it is to create a false memory, Elizabeth Loftus designed a series of studies around
being lost at the mall
Family members of people with schizophrenia are at elevated risk of having ________, and vice versa.
bipolar disorder
In the DSM-5, schizotypal personality disorder is recognized as a part of
both personality disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Which of the following affects norepinephrine and dopamine systems, has been useful in treating psychomotor retardation, and appears to overcome the sexual dysfunction side effects of SSRIs?
bupropion
Individuals suffering from depression with ________ features show strange behaviors ranging from a complete lack of movement to excited agitation.
catatonic
Psychosocial factors such as stress and certain types of family functioning can
cause a relapse of symptoms in those who already have the disorder
Cognitive therapies for somatic symptom disorder focus on:
challenging the client's maladaptive interpretations of physical symptoms and teaching them techniques for appropriate interpretations.
Which of the following has been linked by research to somatic symptom disorder?
childhood, physical, and sexual abuse
The agitation some people experience while taking an SSRI may contribute to an increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior. This risk may be greatest for:
children and adolescents
People with depression tend to show
chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis
Which of the following is the most common contributor to dissociative identity disorder?
chronic physical or sexual abuse during childhood
T.J. was asked if he liked the song that was playing on the radio. His response was, "song too long, long to wrong, wrong not right, right not fight." This is known as
clangs
Freyd and colleagues (2007) suggest that individuals who dissociate from, and forget, their abusive experiences are most likely to perform differently from other individuals in
cognitive tasks
Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist begins by helping him discover the negative automatic thoughts that he habitually exhibits and how these thoughts are connected to his depression. Luke is encouraged to challenge these thoughts and his therapist helps him to develop skills such as assertiveness to help him cope better in his daily life. The therapy Luke is most likely receiving is ________ therapy.
cognitive-behavioral
Lorna found her husband dead in their bedroom. He had been shot in the chest. After this incident, Lorna has been unable to see. Lorna is most likely exhibiting a symptom of ________ disorder.
conversion
Ivan believes that aliens from a parallel universe are controlling his thoughts. Ivan is most likely experiencing a
delusion of though insertion
Which of the following is true according to the cognitive theories of depression?
depressed people show a bias toward negative thinking
Which of the following is not a cognitive theory of depression?
depression often arises from repressed anger that has been redirected from an outside target to one's inner self
Ethel's conversations are hard to follow. She doesn't stay on the same topic, and there is no logical transition between topics. Ethel's speech is an example of
derailment
Somatic symptom disorders and dissociative disorders are considered by some theorists to be the result of a psychological process known as ________, in which different parts of an individual's identity, memories, or consciousness split off from one another.
dissociation
repressed memories represent a form of
dissociative amnesia
Verna has no idea how she ended up in her current surroundings. She feels comfortable and is not bothered by the fact that she cannot remember her past. Verna is most likely to be experiencing a(n)
dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue
Three demographic factors are especially relevant to sociocultural theories of depression: cohort effects, gender and _____
ethnic/racial background
Depersonalization/derealization disorder is characterized by:
experiences in which the person feels detached from his/her mental processes, body, or surroundings.
In ________ therapy, patients with bipolar disorder and their families are educated about bipolar disorder and trained in communication and problem-solving skills.
family-focused
Which of the following statements is NOT true of family-oriented therapies?
family-oriented interventions, even when combined with drug therapy, appear to be less effective at reducing relapse rates
Even when emotional experience is intact, people with schizophrenia have trouble predicting which of the following?
future emotional experience
________ may play a role in the causal relationship between schizophrenia on the one hand and socioeconomic factors on the other.
genetics
Vickianna's doctor is trying to diagnose if her condition is an illness anxiety disorder or a somatic symptom disorder. According to the DSM-5, to make the distinction, he should determine if Vickianna
has physical symptoms
People with conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder):
have symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.
Which of the following cognitive variables has predicted suicide most consistently?
hopelessness
________ is a risk factor mentioned in the textbook for both suicide risk and nonsuicidal self-injury.
hoplessness
Which of the following techniques is heavily used to contact alters in the case of dissociative identity disorder?
hypnosis
The medication most consistently shown to reduce the risk of suicide is
lithium
The biological factor most associated with suicide is:
low levels of serotonin
A person filled with grandiose self-esteem, displaying rapid speech and impulsive behaviors, and showing an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
mania
Compared to people with schizophrenia in developed countries, people with schizophrenia in developing countries
may have social environments that facilitate better adaptation and recovery
Goldberg and Morrison's (1963) study of socioeconomic class and men with schizophrenia revealed that
men with schizophrenia tended to end up in lower socioeconomic classes than their fathers
The contents of delusions vary across cultures and, within specific cultures, they may vary ________.
over time
Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
people who undergo unilateral ECT experience memory problems
Which of the following statements about depression is true?
people with depression often do not seek treatment, as they expect to overcome their symptoms on their own
If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years he or she has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with
persistent depressive disorder
Some researchers are concerned that the criteria for diagnosing somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder lump too many different syndromes together, and risk mislabeling _________ as mental illness.
physical illness
Emil Kraepelin gave the label "dementia praecox" to the disorder now known as schizophrenia because he believed that the disorder resulted from:
premature deterioration of the brain
Individuals with ________ walk, gesture, and talk slowly. On the other hand, people with ________ can't sit still and may move around or fidget aimlessly.
psychomotor retardation; psychomotor agitation
People diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder frequently have periods of all of the following EXCEPT
psychotic disorders
A severe reduction or complete absence of emotional responses to the environment in people with schizophrenia is called
restricted affect
Robert has an accident when he is out trekking with his friends. He cannot recall anything that happened just before slipping and hitting his head on a boulder. He most likely has
retrograde amnesia
The sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder argues that what appear to be different personalities in patients are actually ________ that help deal with stresses in their lives.
roles
One view that focuses on the process of thinking, rather than the content of thinking, as a contributor to depression is called the
ruminative response styles theory
Lawrence experienced delusions and hallucinations for two weeks and also had a manic episode following this two-week period. He continues to experience delusions and hallucinations. Lawrence will most likely receive a diagnosis of
schizoaffective disorder
According to interpersonal theories of depression, some depressed people have a heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejection by others, a characteristic called rejection
sensitivity
Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder) is usually characterized by:
sensory and motor deficits
New research indicates that the interaction between ________ and dopamine is critical in schizophrenia.
serotonin
Compared to men with schizophrenia, women with schizophrenia:
show milder negative symptoms between periods of active-phase symptoms
_____ interventions include increasing contact between people with schizophrenia and supportive others, often through self-help support groups
social
Recent research is beginning to study the possible impact of _____ on suicidality
social media
The active mode in Hilgard's study referred to:
the conscious state of mind that includes a person's conscious plans and desires and voluntary actions.
In dissociative identity disorder, an alter that inflicts pain or punishment on the other personalities by engaging in self-injurious behaviors (such as self-cutting or self-burning) and suicide attempts is called
the persecutor
Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous alter found in dissociative identity disorder?
the persecutor
Freud and his contemporaries viewed conversion symptoms as the result of:
the transfer of psychic energy attached to repressed emotions or memories to physical symptoms.
When retrograde amnesia is due to organic causes, people will typically remember:
their personal identities
What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression?
to change negative and hopeless patterns of thinking while helping the individual develop more effective life skills
Hallucinations are
unreal perceptual experiences
For most people, the active mode and receptive mode:
weave experiences together so seamlessly that no division is noticed.
Psychosis refers to knowing the difference between
what is real and what is not real
Which of the following describes a cohort effect?
when a research finds that people differ on some psychological variable depending not on their age per se, but in the era in which they were born and lived
When are people diagnosed with schizophrenia more likely to commit suicide?
when recently diagnosed
A person with schizophrenia may exhibit disorganized speech patterns that are completely incoherent to listeners. This is known as
word salad
Harry has difficulty remembering information. He cannot hold information in his memory long enough to manipulate and process it. Harry is most likely having difficulty with
working memory