Psychopathology Exam 2

__________ studies do a better job of separating genetic and environmental effects, providing support for the heritability of schizophrenia. Twin Family Adoption Molecular

Adoption

What FFM dimension is most related to the DSM-5 dimension of antagonism. Neuroticism Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness

Agreeableness

It is hypothesized that risk factors for Borderline PD are 1) parents that frequently ignore or deny their children's feelings or emotions and 2) deficits in emotion regulation. This combination of factors leads to increased frequency and severity of emotional outbursts between parent and child. In this hypothesis, which parts of the brain are implicated in the diathesis? Frontal cortex Anterior cingulate cortex Amygdala All of these are correct

All of these are correct

What types of medication are used to treat schizotypal PD? Antidepressants Anxiolytics Mood stabilizers Anti-psychotics

Anti-psychotics

Which group of symptoms comprises excesses and distortions? Negative Catatonic Disorganized Positive

Positive

While people in all cultures seem to experience problems with anxiety disorders, the _______ of these problems appears to vary by culture. onset prognosis feared content heritability

feared content

Which of the following is not one of 4 clusters of symptoms in PTSD? Intrusive Hallucinatory Avoidance Changes in mood Changes in arousal

(maybe) hallucinatory

How heritable are the obsessive compulsive and related disorders? 10% 40-50% 80% 20%

40-50%

People with __________ personality disorder are so fearful of criticism, rejection, and disapproval that they will avoid jobs or relationships to protect themselves from negative feedback. Narcissistic Avoidant Schizotypal Borderline

Avoidant

Which side effect of antipsychotic medication mimics symptoms of Parkinson's disease? Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Loose associations Blunted affect Extrapyramidal side effects

Extrapyramidal side effects

NOT ON EXAM 2 True/false: Rates of social phobia are higher in women than men, but men show higher rates of the other anxiety disorders. True False NOT ON EXAM 2

False

Terrence has not been able to complete his daily responsibilities. He doesn't go to school, hang out with his friends, or read books by himself. He reports that he just "doesn't feel like it" and is apathetic about doing any of these activities. Terrence is exhibiting which symptom of schizophrenia? Blunted affect Asociality Avolition Alogia

Avolition

Which medications, while effective for treating anxiety, also have significant cognitive and motor side effects? SNRIs SSRIs Benzodiazepines Phenothiazines

Benzodiazepines

Linehan et al., have developed a diathesis-stress model of which personality disorder? Antisocial PD Borderline PD Schizophrenia Obsessive PD

Borderline PD

Mindfulness, and the ability to integrate two conflicting parts of experience, is one of four goals of treatment for Antisocial PD Avoidant PD Borderline PD Narcissistic

Borderline PD

Which DSM-5 PD have highest correlation with Neuroticism? Schizotypal and Avoidant Narcissistic and Borderline Borderline and Avoidant Borderline and Paranoid

Borderline and Avoidant

Which of the following sociocultural factors is NOT associated with schizophrenia Poverty. Child rearing practices. Urbancity. Migration.

Child rearing practices.

Miguel has schizophrenia and meets with a therapist once a week to discuss his delusional beliefs. For example, Miguel often believes that other people are following him when he walks down the street. His therapist suggested to Miguel to list the evidence he has that people are following him and weigh that against the evidence he can think of that suggests that people are not following him. Often, Miguel's therapist will ask him to test out various delusional beliefs to see if they are true. Miguel's therapist is practicing what type of therapy? Cognitive remediation Cognitive behavior therapy Social skills training Psychoeducation

Cognitive behavior therapy

Research has shown that people being treated with some of the newer antipsychotic medications are less likely to drop out of treatment. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this fact? The newer medications are far more effective than the older medications that encourage people to continue to take their medication. The newer medications increase insight. That is, people taking the medications realize that they are sick and need the drugs. Compared to the older antipsychotics, the newer drugs can be discontinued after achieving the desired therapeutic gain. Compared to the older antipsychotics, the newer drugs have less extreme and intrusive side-effects.

Compared to the older antipsychotics, the newer drugs have less extreme and intrusive side-effects.

Depression is tied to which of the following indicators of HPA activity? a. hypersensitivity of the pituitary gland b. heightened cortisol awakening response c. too little cortisol d. elevated parasympathetic nervous system activit

Correct! b. heightened cortisol awakening response

For Borderline PD, an evidence-based treatment incoporating concepts from cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness is DBT (Dialectical behavior therapy) Transference-focused therapy Mentalization therapy All of these

DBT

Obsessive Compulsive PD is ___________ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder More severe form of Less severe form of Distinct from Distinct from and often comorbid with

Distinct from and often comorbid with

What was the first neurotransmitter to receive substantial research attention regarding its role in the etiology of schizophrenia? Dopamine GABA Norepinephrine Serotonin

Dopamine

Personality disorders are __________. Enduring patterns of behavior and affect context dependent responses to trauma charchterized by recurrent episodes of altered mood and behavior

Enduring patterns of behavior and affect

Extraversion is most related to Fearlessness Excitement Seeking Magical Thinking Submissiveness Perfectionism

Excitement Seeking

Which of the following is the most common treatment for anxiety disorders? Skills training ECT DBT Exposure Based Therapies

Exposure Based Therapies

Which of the following combinations lists a disorder which is not considered an anxiety disorder? GAD, Social Anxiety Disorder, Narcissitc PD Panic Disorder, GAD, OCD Specific Phobia, Arachniphobia, GAD Social Anxiety Disorder, Mysophobia, Cynophobia

GAD, Social Anxiety Disorder, Narcissitc PD

"If people get to know the real me, they will reject me." This is an example of a _______ in ______ PD Maladaptive cognition / Avoidant PD Maladaptive attribution / Avoidant PD Maladaptive cognition / Narcissistic PD Maladaptive attribution / Narcisssistic PD

Maladaptive attribution / Avoidant PD

Who introduced the Dialectical Behavior Therapy approach to treating people with borderline personality disorder? Otto Kernberg Aaron Beck Marsha Linehan Albert Ellis

Marsha Linehan

What is the genetic risk for PD? Low (less than 0.40) Moderate (0.4o to 0.65) Moderate to high

Moderate to high

Which of these personality disorders describes people who have a grandiose view of their abilities and are preoccupied with fantasies of great success? Narcissistic Histrionic Antisocial Borderline

Narcissistic

Which group of symptoms of schizophrenia consists of behavioral deficits? Negative Positive Hallucinations Disorganized

Negative

Which personality factor is most associated with anxiety? Neuroticism Openness to experience Extraversion Conscientiousness

Neuroticism

NOT ON EXAM 2 Stacey gets nervous when presenting in front of crowds of people. Her stomach gets upset and her voice shakes a bit while talking in these situations. After she completes her public speaking she feels fine. Does Stacey have social anxiety disorder? Yes No NOT ON EXAM 2

No

What is the chief difference between obsessions and compulsions? Obsessions involve a repetitive and intrusive thought, urge, or image; compulsions involve either a thought or a behavior that the person feels the need to engage in to ward off threats or the anxiety associated with obsessions. Obsessions involve either a thought or a behavior that the person feels the need to engage in to ward off threats or the anxiety associated with compulsions; compulsions involve involve a repetitive and intrusive thought, urge, or image. Obsessions last for years; compulsions last for months

Obsessions involve a repetitive and intrusive thought, urge, or image; compulsions involve either a thought or a behavior that the person feels the need to engage in to ward off threats or the anxiety associated with obsessions.

Which of these personality disorders describes people who are perfectionistic, and preoccupied with details, rules, and schedules? Obsessive-Compulsive Histrionic Antisocial Borderline

Obsessive-Compulsive

Which of the following symptoms of anxiety would be considered most physiologically arousing? Worry Panic Restlessness Concern

Panic

Which medications are often considered the first-line choice for treatment of most anxiety disorders? SNRIs SSRIs Benzodiazepines Phenothiazines

SSRIs

Which PD is most likely to share endophenotypes with schizophrenia? Avoidant Schizoid Borderline Schizotypal

Schizotypal

Which of these personality disorders presents with unusual and eccentric thoughts and behavior, interpersonal detachment, and suspiciousness? Narcissistic Avoidant Schizotypal Borderline

Schizotypal

Bowe Bergdahl most likely suffered from Schizophrenia Schizoid PD Histrionic PD Antisocial PD Schizotypal PD

Schizotypal PD

In comparison with other people, those with Antisocial PD are more likely to have Smaller amygdala Larger amygdala Small hippocampus Larger hippocampus

Smaller amygdala

Which type of therapy is designed to teach people with schizophrenia how to successfully manage a wide variety of interpersonal situations? Social Skills training Psychoeducation Cognitive restructuring Cognitive enhancement therapy

Social Skills training

NOT ON EXAM 2 Saul recently experienced an episode in which he became quite anxious. He was in a social setting and felt suddenly that he was going to pass out. His hands trembled, he felt sick to his stomach, and his heart raced as if he had just run a race. He thought to himself of all the ways in which the social situation could go wrong. After he left the situation he continued to rerun the experience in his head and thought for many days afterwards about the ways in which other's might think of him as awkward or wierd. He became scared of going out again, but was willing to try. Which of the following is the most UNLIKELY diagnosis? Specific Phobia GAD Social Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder NOT ON EXAM 2

Specific Phobia

Which side effect of antipsychotic medication affects the mouth muscles and may affect the entire body? Alogia Tardive dyskinesia Schizophrenogenic effects Avolition

Tardive dyskinesia

The discovery of which drug in the 1950's led to a complete change in the treatment of schizophrenia? Thorazine Abilify Clozaril Risperdal

Thorazine

NOT ON EXAM 2 True or False: Both anxiety and fear play a significant role in anxiety disorders. NOT ON EXAM 2

True

T/F Fear of bodily harm is a psychological factor that best buffers against suicidal action among those who are experiencing suicidal ideation. True False

True

T/F: One reason men commit suicide at higher rates than women is that they choose more lethal means. True False

True

Which statement about the assessment process for personality disorders is true? Most clinicians use structured clinical interviews to assess for these disorders. Administration of a personality inventory like the MMPI-2 is essential. Using unstructured clinical interviews often leads to the disorder being missed. Self-report of symptoms from the client is generally very accurate with these disorders.

Using unstructured clinical interviews often leads to the disorder being missed.

Which population is at least twice as likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder? Men Women Children Teens

Women

Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of anxiety? Headaches Queasiness Worry Disgust

Worry

Which of the following psychotherapies have obtained randomized controlled trial support in the treatment of MDD? a. interpersonal psychotherapy b. behavioral activation c. psychoanalytic therapy d. cognitive therapy

a. interpersonal psychotherapy b. behavioral activation d. cognitive therapy

Schizophrenia most commonly appears in early childhood. middle or late childhood. adolescence or early adulthood. late adulthood.

adolescence or early adulthood.

Research on the stability of personality disorder symptoms over the life cycle suggests that symptoms of these disorders are most prominent during early childhood. adolescence. early adulthood. mid-life.

adolescence.

In the DSM-IV-TR, ____________ is coded as a subtype of panic disorder, but the DSM-5 now lists it as a separate diagnosis. acrophobia aerophobia agoraphobia hydrophobia

agoraphobia

Possible congenital and developmental causes of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia include delivery complications. maternal infections such as influenza, during pregnancy. maternal exposure to the parasite toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy. all of the above

all of the above

It is common for people with anxiety disorders to also be diagnosed with another anxiety disorder. major depression. substance abuse. all of the above.

all of the above.

What is one valid reason to consider OCD, BDD, and hoarding as related conditions? the amygdala is the main brain region involved in all three conditions all share symptoms of uncontrollable repetitive thoughts and behavior neither; these syndromes are not related at all

all share symptoms of uncontrollable repetitive thoughts and behavior

Michael is 24 years old. He has been in trouble, running away, lying, setting fires, truant, and stealing since he was 13. Now he is becoming more physically aggressive, breaking laws, defaulting on debts, and becoming more reckless and impulsive. Michael could be diagnosed with the DSM-5 disorder known as paranoid personality disorder. avoidant personality disorder. antisocial personality disorder. psychopathy.

antisocial personality disorder.

Both _______ and _________ play a significant role in understanding anxiety disorders. obsessions; compulsions anxiety; panic anxiety; fear fear; trauma

anxiety; fear

Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by disturbances in all of the following EXCEPT: thought. behavior. appetite. emotion.

appetite.

Cognitive processes might intensify a person's social anxiety because people with social phobias focus excessively on their conversation partner's performance. have accurate beliefs about the consequences of their social behaviors. attend more to their performance in social situations and their own internal sensations. disregard their own and their partner's ability to converse effectively.

attend more to their performance in social situations and their own internal sensations.

NOT ON EXAM 2 A key structure in the fear circuit is the: a. cerebellum b. amygdala c. occipital cortex d. inferior colliculi NOT ON EXAM 2

b. amygdala

Which psychological disorder is most consistently present when people commit suicide? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. depression c. OCD

b. depression

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are more popular than other antidepressants because they: a. are more efficacious b. have fewer side effects c. are cheaper

b. have fewer side effects

Xanax and Valium are two commonly prescribed medications to treat anxiety that belong to the class of medications called SNRIs. SSRIs. benzodiazepines. phenothiazines.

benzodiazepines.

The core features of __________ personality disorder are impulsivity and instability in relationships and mood. histrionic schizotypal borderline antisocial

borderline

Howard had a psychotic episode following the death of his wife. He had hallucinations in which he would hear her speaking to him, telling him to kill himself. Howard developed elaborate delusions about his ability to communicate with his wife's spirit. Howard recovered from this episode after one week and had no further symptoms What DSM-5 diagnosis would fit Howard's case? schizophreniform disorder brief psychotic disorder schizoaffective disorder schizophrenia

brief psychotic disorder

The most efficacious treatment for MDD with psychotic features is: a. Prozac b. any antidepressant medication c. ECT d. psychotherapy

c. ECT

_________ is a personality trait characterized by a tendency to experience frequent and intense negative affect. a. Extraversion b. Neurosis c. Neuroticism d. Psychosis

c. Neuroticism

All of the following types of studies are employed in behavior genetics research on schizophrenia, and have led researchers to conclude that a predisposition to schizophrenia is inherited EXCEPT: family. twin. adoption. cognitive.

cognitive.

One brain region that appears to be overly active in response to emotion stimuli among people with mood disorders is the: a. hippocampus b. prefrontal cortex c. cerebellum d. amygdala

d. amygdala

NOT ON EXAM 2 An excessive fear of a specific object or situation that causes distress or impairment: a. fear b. anxiety c. worry d. phobia NOT ON EXAM 2

d. phobia

When cognitive therapists like Aaron Beck and associates treat personality disorders, they apply the same kind of analysis used in the treatment of depression. schizophrenia. developmental disorders. autism.

depression.

Therapists often use a treatment strategy where they create a graded list of situations likely to elicit anxiety called a(n) exposure hierarchy. in vivo sequence. interoceptive structure. restructuring map.

exposure hierarchy.

Research studies have identified a set of brain structures, called the _________ circuit, which is associated with anxiety disorders. activation escape trauma fear

fear

Roger has a vacant stare. He answers questions in an apathetic, monotone voice, and shows no emotion, even when discussing such events as his mother's death. Roger's affect would be described as depressed. inappropriate. blasé. flat or blunted.

flat or blunted.

Jane is constantly worried about school, work, and things at home. She often worries about very minor things. She has been suffering from irritability, restlessness, and difficulty concentrating, and has noted muscle tension. These symptoms have been going on for the last 8 months. Jane most likely is suffering from panic disorder. post-traumatic stress disorder. generalized anxiety disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

generalized anxiety disorder.

Cognitive therapy when added to exposure for PTSD is particularly helpful in addressing (choose the answer that best fits): guilt suicidal tendencies risk of relapse dissociation

guilt

In conducting exposure treatment for PTSD, _________ exposure is sometimes used because _________ exposure cannot be conducted for certain traumatic experiences as (e.g. war or sexual assault). in vivo/imaginal virtual/imaginal imaginal/in vivo in vivo/virtual

imaginal/in vivo

Jeremy has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. In a conversation with his sister, he stated, "I need to go to the store to get milk. Do you know dairy cows are raised down the street from me? They don't seem to be grass-fed, but not that the grass has been mowed anyway. It's been so hot out this summer, hasn't it?" Jeremy's speech reflects the symptom of schizophrenia known as alogia asociality loose associations dementia praecox

loose associations

Dialectical Behavior Therapy with borderline personality disordered patients has ______ research support. no little consistently high moderate

moderate

The large percentage of homeless people in the United States that are mentally ill speaks to the need for increased disability payments. increased access to physicians. more homeless shelters. more residential treatment options.

more residential treatment options.

A potentially fatal side-effect of first-generation antipsychotic medications is a condition involving severe muscular rigidity, fever, and possibly coma, known as neuroleptic malignant syndrome. neuroleptic maladaptive syndrome. neuromuscular syndrome. neuromuscular atrophy syndrome.

neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

About _____ of people who meet criteria for one DSM-5 personality disorder meet diagnostic criteria for another personality disorder. one-quarter one-third one-half two-thirds

one-half

Which of the following is NOT evidence as to the importance of the prefrontal cortex as it pertains to schizophrenia: MRI studies have shown reductions in gray matter in the prefrontal cortex. people with schizophrenia perform well on tests designed to tap functions promoted by the prefrontal region. people with schizophrenia have shown low metabolic rates in the prefrontal region while performing neuropsychological tests. the prefrontal cortex plays a role in speech, decision-making, and goal-directed behavior, which are disrupted in schizophrenia.

people with schizophrenia perform well on tests designed to tap functions promoted by the prefrontal region.

Early theorists viewed schizophrenia as stemming from family dynamics, particularly the presence of a cold, domineering mother, known as the avoidant mother. schizophrenogenic mother. schizotypal mother. overprotective mother.

schizophrenogenic mother.

What class of medication is most recommended for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders? anti-psychotics hormone supressants seratonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

seratonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A persistent, unrealistically intense fear of situations that might involve being scrutinized by, or even just exposed to, unfamiliar people, is called panic disorder. social anxiety disorder. an obsessive phobia. a specific phobia.

social anxiety disorder.

According to the DSM-5, a marked and disproportionate fear consistently triggered by certain objects or situations, such as snakes or heights, is called panic disorder. social phobia. specific phobia. agoraphobia.

specific phobia.

Sam is being treated with medication for schizophrenia. He involuntarily smacks his lips and seems unable to control his motor movements. Sam most probably is suffering from extrapyramidal side effects. tardive dyskinesia. dystonia. neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

tardive dyskinesia.

The DSM-IV-TR included ____ personality disorders, but the alternative model in the appendix of the DSM-5 includes ____ personality disorders. ten; six ten; eight eight; six eight; five

ten; six

What is the most typical course of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders over time? 3-5 years 6 months they are chronic at most 8 years

they are chronic

NOT ON EXAM 2 What is the major difference in the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and ASD? time course of symptoms severity of trauma type of symptoms there are no major differences NOT ON EXAM 2

time course of symptoms

T/F: Men have higher rates of suicide than women. True False

true

Postmortem studies of the brains of patients with schizophrenia consistently reveal enlarged frontal lobes. neurons. ventricles. synapses.

ventricles.

NOT ON EXAM 2 _______is to cognition as _______ is to feeling worry/anxiety fear/worry fright/fear panic/phobia NOT ON EXAM 2

worry/anxiety