psychopathology test 2

In reviewing the findings of inherited components of anxiety disorders, what appears to be inherited?

A general vulnerability factor

Bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Until recently, Jerry had always enjoyed being on his high school debate team, which had won several awards. But yesterday, as Jerry prepared for next week's event, he began to experience a heightened sense of nervousness. He noticed tightness in his chest and he felt dizzy. He had difficulty controlling his rapid breathing and began to feel an intense need to go outside for air. It is most likely that Jerry was experiencing symptoms of ________

A panic attack

Mr. Santiago, an 83-year old man, is admitted to a psychiatric hospital for severe depression and active suicidal ideation. His wife reports that he is mute and has remained in bed for the last four days. Which of the following treatments can potentially alter his mood the fastest?

Administration of ECT

Dr. Albornoz is a scientist researching the genetic variations of a particular gene among family members with a mood disorder. He intends to contrast these findings with a matched sample of families without the disorder. What method of study is Dr. Albornoz employing?

Association study

In children, the symptoms of mania may be close to those of ________

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A client who has habitual negative thoughts of being a failure and worthless would be described as having __________ in Aaron Beck's cognitive theory

Automatic thoughts

Sam has a spider phobia, and he has not gone to the woodshed since his wife complained of all the cobwebs in there. He has responded behaviorally with

Avoidance

Why do people with phobias continue to avoid the thing they fear?

Avoidance is reinforced by anxiety reduction

A major depressive episode is required for which of the following

Bipolar II disorder

Manic Episodes (mania)

Characterized by elevated mood, increased activity, diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts, and extreme distractibility for at least one week

Clyde and Sarah just watched their teammate fail at an important athletic competition. Clyde then succeeded at the competition, and Sarah became scared and failed. Based on this scenario, which of the following is most likely to be accurate?

Clyde had succeeded earlier in the same competition

Derealization or depersonalization (feelings of being detached from one's body or one's surroundings), fear of losing control or going crazy, and fear of dying are

Cognitive symptoms of panic attack

Betty is hyperaware of such bodily sensations as heart rate and respiration rate. When she perceives heart or breathing as getting faster she becomes afraid that she is having a heart attack. These thoughts make her symptoms worse and she has a panic attack. Betty's pattern of thinking best illustrates ______

Cognitive theory of panic

Farley works as a suicide hotline staffer. One evening, he received a call from a young woman who complained of suicidal ideation but felt no immediate risk of acting on her thoughts. Given this, Farley provided a referral for follow-up at the local community counseling center. Which type of suicide prevention does this scenario depict?

Crisis intervention

Cyclothymic disorder

Cyclical fluctuations that alternate between hypomanic + depressive symptoms

Which of the following is most likely to be seen in children who are at risk for depression?

Decreased left hemisphere activity

Selective mutism

Developmental disorder characterized by the individual's consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other situations

Separation anxiety disorder

Developmentally inappropriate + excessive anxiety concerning separation from someone to whom the child is emotionally attached

Panic attacks

Discrete period of intense fear and physical, not a mental disorder in DSM-5

Using neuroimaging studies, scientists have identified several contributory factors in the etiology of depression, including _________

Dysfunctional neurotransmitter pathways

The term "recurrent," as applied to mood disorders, means that the patient ________

Experiences several episodes, separated by periods of baseline typical mood

The goal of behavioral therapy in treating an anxiety disorder is to ______

Expose the client to the feared situation

Treatment for panic disorder

Exposure to symptoms not during a panic attack/learn symptoms

Mood disorders

Extremes of emotion Depression + Mania

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder

Four or more severe mood disturbances within a single year

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Frequent excessive worry + anxiety out of proportion to the actual situation about a number of events or activities (6 mo.) 3 out of 6 symptoms for adults 1 out of 6 symptoms for children

Bipolar I

Full-blown mania (often with major depression but not required)

"I have to worry about the future. It's always been a good strategy. If I worry, I'm able to avoid problems and negative consequences. It's kind of like trouble-shooting." A statement of this sort would most likely come from someone who has _________

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Amber feels anxious almost all the time. She finds herself worrying that her husband will leave her (although he has never shown any indication that he would), that she chose the wrong job, that her children might not be safe at their school, and that she might get sick and leave her family in financial ruin. She calls her husband almost every day to find out when he will be home. She complains to her physician that she is always tired but cannot sleep or relax. Amber's most likely diagnosis is ______

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Steve has combat-related PTSD. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

He has another anxiety disorder

Bipolar II

Hypomania or "mild mania" that lasts 4 consecutive days, followed with episodes of major depression Episodes are not severe enough for impairment

As a pharmacological approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) effect serotonin by ________

Increasing the amount of time serotonin remains in the synapse

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Intense psychological + physiological reaction to events or situations that symbolize or represent traumatic event

Cognitive theories of fear acquisition focus on ___________ as explanations for the condition

Interpretations of internal or external events

Henry's very first date turned out to be a disaster. After that, he never went on another date again, assuming they would all turn out the same. Which of the following best describes this scenario?

Learned helplessness

Betty came to a therapist complaining that she just doesn't enjoy life lately. She says that for the past couple of months, she finds she just doesn't feel like doing the things that she used to love to do. She has also lost a lot of weight and sleeps much more than usual but still feels tired all the time. She says she just can't concentrate on anything. However, she denies feeling sad. Betty's most likely diagnosis is _________

Major depressive disorder

Agoraphobia

Marked by intense fear or anxiety that occurs upon exposure to or in anticipation of a broad range of situations, often develops after panic disorder

Social anxiety disorder

Marked fear of social situations that may involve scrutiny by others

Maria has had a week of extreme "ups and downs." On Monday, after a wonderful weekend of homecoming events, she noticed herself feeling a bit blue and saddened. At first, she suspected it was just the letdown after all of the activities; however, her mood darkened until Friday when she found herself "over the moon" for no apparent reason. She was happy, care-free, full of energy, and exceedingly optimistic about her career. She even managed to whip out a 25-page research paper for her Research Methods class before nightfall. She loved these periods of boundless energy as they allowed her to accomplish much work with little need for sleep or eating. Given this overview of Maria's behavior during the week, what might be a clinical descriptor for it?

Mixed state

While the diagnostic criteria for depression are the same for all age categories, children may show ________

More nonspecific physical complaints such as headache and stomach aches

Which of the following statements about anxiety disorders is NOT true?

Most anxiety disorders develop in early adulthood

Specific phobia

Most common anxiety disorder, marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

Research using fMRI studies of patients with bipolar disorder undergoing emotional + cognitive tasks has shown abnormal brain activity in

Multiple regions

PTSD symptoms

Negative alterations in mood, hyper arousal, exaggerated startle response, persistent avoidance of trauma related situations

Disruptive mood dysregulation (DMDD)

New DSM-5 disorder, severe recurrent temper outbursts for 6 to 18 year olds

A soldier returning from deployment overseas reports heightened anxiety, a sense of not being able to feel emotions, and re-experiencing a "video" in her mind of a horrific roadside bombing whenever she hears the local fire company siren go off. Although she has tried to remind herself that it is the same siren she has heard for years, the fear she experiences upon hearing it is overwhelming. Given this scenario, which of the following might be her diagnosis?

PTSD

Research indicates that serotonin is important in anxiety disorders. Partial evidence for this is found in biochemical challenge studies in which _______

Participants' serotonin levels are manipulated and their anxiety levels monitored

Clinical anxiety

Persistent and presence of functional impairment

David is seeing a doctor about his anxiety, and the doctor constantly asks David for details about his childhood relationship with his parents. This doctor is likely using which treatment orientation?

Psychodynamic

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks.

The signs of depression in youth include all of the following EXCEPT ________

Racing thoughts

Sergio served in Iraq and fought in several difficult battles. Now whenever he hears a car backfire, he jumps out of his chair thinking that he is under attack. Sergio is showing a classic symptom of PTSD called

Re-experiencing

Panic disorder

Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

Renina is a good-natured four-year-old who typically enjoys her 7:30 PM bedtime ritual. After the first day of preschool, Renina cries and refuses to stay in bed following her mother's goodnight kiss and demands to sleep in her parents' bed. After three unsuccessful attempts to entice Renina to sleep in her own bed, her mother gives in. This pattern is repeated every night. Which statement most appropriately applies to this scenario?

Renina's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement

Little Jake is strongly bonded to his mother. In fact, he has a difficult time letting her out of his sight. When his mother must leave him in daycare to go to work, the daycare provider calls because Jake is inconsolable. Since being placed in daycare, Jake has also refused to sleep alone. What disorder do Jake's symptoms suggest?

Separation anxiety disorder

The symptoms of persistent depressive disorder are similar to those of major depressive disorder except for _________

Severity

Characteristics of MDD

Single episode at least 2 weeks, increased hostility or irritability, considered episodic and likely to reoccur

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) encourages patients with bipolar disorder to _________

Sleep, eat, and take part in social activity on a regular schedule

Atypical depression

Sleeping or eating MORE than normal 40% experience

Stuart has never had a romantic partner. When he talks with his therapist, he says that he is afraid to ask anyone out because he becomes extremely anxious about initiating and maintaining conversations. He is most likely to have

Social anxiety disorder

Joshua is terrified of going to the doctor to receive his necessary immunizations. He most likely has which disorder?

Specific phobia

Martin is afraid to fly. He knows his boss wants him to take a trip for the business. Martin feels miserable, because he wants to keep his job but cannot even imagine getting on a plane. The most likely diagnosis for Martin is ________

Specific phobia, situational

The presence of an additional disorder may increase the likelihood of what behavior in people with a panic disorder?

Suicide

After being startled by a balloon that popped, you once again calm down. Which nervous systems, in order, are involved in this example?

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

Joe comes to the counseling center with complaints of "overwhelming anxiety" in social situations. After an initial interview, the psychologist asks Joe to complete a homework assignment: identify the nature of the situations in which he is anxious. He is asked to recall what happens just before he becomes anxious and what happens immediately after he becomes anxious. What would the psychologist be trying to find out about Joe's anxiety attacks?

The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it

The finding that people with one type of serotonin transporter gene and childhood maltreatment had higher rates of depression than either those without the gene or those with the gene without the maltreatment suggests that ________

The diathesis-stress model is likely

Mrs. B. tells her psychologist, "I cannot leave a certain region around my home without having terrible fears. I am terribly worried when I am in a car or bus. I am afraid I will have another one of those terrifying experiences." What disorder does Mrs. B probably have and what experience is she talking about?

The disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack

Passive suicidal ideation and active suicidal ideation may be discriminated from each other on the basis of _________

The presence or absence of a harm plan

Which of the following is accurate regarding anxiety disorders?

They are associated with decreased serotonin levels

Select the statement that is TRUE of mood disorders

They include conditions characterized by abnormally high moods

Treating PTSD

Trauma narrative (CBT) detailed description of traumatic event that was experienced but in a safe environment

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Two or more milder symptoms of MDD but at a chronic state, never manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes, symptoms can last 2+ yrs (adults) and 1+ yr (child)

Ronald is an artist who has periods where he enjoys being hyper and staying up all night to do his artwork. He's super happy and productive in these moods. He may be experiencing which of the following?

hypomania

Peripheral nervous system

sympathetic-triggered by fear + works body up parasympathetic-counteracts activation