Psychotherapy and Counseling Final

Pam is attempting to reduce her inequity at work by attending night school for further job training. In other words, she is trying to ____.

increase her inputs

The goal of the job characteristics model is to

increase intrinsic motivation in jobs

_______ is how an individual perceives the movement from performance to outcome

instrumentality

________ refers to the amount of effort that we invest in an activity

intensity

____________ results when an individual gains satisfaction and self-praise from an assignment

intrinsic motivation

_________ is defined as the physical and cognitive changes individuals make in the task or relational boundaries of their work

job crafting

Randall wants to put more variety into his assistant's job by combining specialized tasks of about the same level of difficulty. This is

job enlargement

of the following, ___________ is the most closely aligned with employees' perceptions of procedural justice

job performance

the three key elements of equity theory are outputs, inputs, and a(n)

comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

"what are the different needs that activate motivation's direction, intensity, and persistence?" this statement reflects which theories of motivation?

content

the two general categories of motivation theories are

content and process

Allen, the manager, is setting goals and giving feedback to his staff. He is employing expectancy theory.

true

in equity theory, you compare your outputs and inputs to those of another person

true

________ is not a content theory of motivation

expectancy theory

"how much do i value the rewards i receive?" the question addresses

our valence

Victor seems to want to control others and often manipulates people for his own gratification. He exhibits the need for

personal power

in ________ job design, managers change employees' tasks with the intent of increasing motivation and productivity

top-down

according to self-determination theory, a manager should provide tangible resources, time, contacts, and coaching to improve employee competence.

true

georgia, one of your employees, appears to be motivated by a high need for achievement. therefore, as her manager, you should put her in charge of projects

true

tamara has been putting in a lot of overtime. her supervisor keeps telling her that she will be rewarded. to date, tamara has seen no change in her status or pay. this reflects a

low instrumentality

wayne is on the production line for medical services inc. he has been there for five years and has won employee of the month more than anyone else. zander, his coworker, who has only been at medical services three years and hasn't even been nominated for employee of the month, just received a promotion. wayne perceives a

negative inequity

of the following, which is the most closely aligned with employees' perceptions of distributive justice?

organizational commitment

expectancy theory is a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness

false

which of the following is not a process theory of motivation?

acquired needs

a low valence means that the person

does not value the outcomes.

Manuel wanted friendly and close interpersonal relationships with his colleagues. According to McClelland's need theory, this desire is known as a need for

affiliation

Fiona was telling her friend about the freedom and discretion given to her in scheduling and deciding the procedures used to complete the tasks assigned to her. Which of the following job characteristics was she talking about?

autonomy

The idea behind the job characteristics model is that

core job characteristics lead to critical psychological states

Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to ____.

decreases his inputs

professor jones learns that faculty members in another college with the same degree, years of teaching experience, and publication record are making significantly more money. he considers this unfair. he is reacting to __________ justice.

distributive

an expectancy of zero means that the person

does not feel confident in his or her ability to do the job.

Nathan plans on applying Herzberg's theory to motivate employees. As such, the first step should be to

eliminate sources of dissatisfaction

Otto wants to develop a program to increase employee productivity. He suggests doubling each employee's production quota and providing a 2 percent bonus for meeting these expectations. According to expectancy theory, what result can Otto expect?

employee efforts will probably decrease

Peter offers his manager some suggestions for a new holiday display. His manager shrugs his shoulders and tells Peter that the display is all set. Then Sarah approaches the manager with an idea for the display, and the manager tells her that its a great idea. ___ theory is the model of motivation that explains how peter is striving for fairness and justice.

equity

Marion will receive a promotion and a raise if she completes a difficult assignment. This is an example of

extrinsic motivation

maslow's need hierarchy and herzberg's motivator-hygiene theories are both examples of process theories

false

people who have a high need for affiliation make the best managers

false

process theories of motivation include equity theory and herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory

false

the acquired needs identified by mcclelland include the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for esteem

false

the two types of motivation are goal-oriented and failure-avoiding

false

when a person perceived that his or her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant comparison person, he or she is experiencing negative inequity.

false

Carol is a recent high-school graduate with an excellent grade point average. After much thought, she decides to pursue a graduate degree in physics after she finishes her undergraduate degree and eventually become a professor. To attain this goal, she realizes that she must first study hard and do well in her undergraduate classes, then take the graduate entrance exam and apply to the best graduate programs in her field. Along the way, she wants to obtain an internship, as this will help her get into a quality graduate program. Which motivational mechanism of the goal-setting process does this scenario demonstrate?

fostering strategies and action plans

to enhance a worker's expectancy, a manager could

give feedback and coach the employee.

which of the following statements about goals and goal setting is not true?

goals should be set at a level just beyond reachable "stretch" goals

Brian has a Master's degree in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He puts in long hours of hard work. Brian receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks of paid vacation every year. From Brian's perspective, which of the following is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship?

his master's degree in electrical engineering

Inez was content with her job at Pieces Packaging until the company added two levels of supervision, lowered bonuses, and decreased breaks. Her current dissatisfaction reflects ______ factors.

hygiene

Ted was dissatisfied with his job. He said that the company policy, supervision, and working conditions were responsible for his dissatisfaction. According to Frederick Herzberg's theory, these extrinsic factors that create job dissatisfaction are called:

hygiene factors

of the approaches to job design, __________ is the most recently evolved and attempts to merge earlier perspectives

i-deals

a firm trained its customer service representatives who handled telephone inquires to handle walk-in customers as well. the firm engaged in

job enlargement

Marcy left a large Fortune 500 company to go to a small start-up technology firm. Earlier in her career, Marcy wanted a high salary and corporate position, but now she wants something different. She wants to be part of something that will grow and she enjoys the flexibility a small firm offers. In addition, she is involved in decision making, so she almost feels like it's her own company. These differing needs represent steps in

maslow's need hierarchy

___________ states that motivation is a function of five basic needs that are met sequentially.

maslow's need hierarchy theory

job enrichment is based on the _______ theory of job satisfaction

motivator-hygiene

Mari has been out of work for eight months and is worried about providing for her family. She takes a job at a fast-food restaurant, even though the position is a step down from her previous job. According to Maslow's theory, Mari is motivated by ____ needs.

physiological

as the mother of two small children, jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum-wage level job. after paying rent and child care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the mont to pay the heating bill. more than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights, and she and the kids have gone to bed hungry. which of the five basic needs is jen struggling to meet?

physiological

In Maslow's needs hierarchy theory, _______ is the lowest level and __________ is the highest level.

physiological; self-actualization

Bettina will experience _______ if her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant comparison person.

positive inequity

the perceived fairness of the processes used to make allocation decisions is called _________ justice

procedural

a(n) ______ theory attempts to describe how various person and environmental factors affect motivation

process

which of the following is not an example of a hygiene behavior?

recognition

_________ theory assumes that competency, autonomy, and relatedness influence our behavior and well-being.

self-determination

__________ theory focuses on the needs that drive intrinsic motivation, which is longer lasting and has a more positive impact on task performance than extrinsic motivation

self-determination

ABC Company recently held a company picnic. _________ theory would suggest that this kind of event is good because it increases employees' ________.

self-determination; relatedness

Gerry, one of your subordinates, seems to care so much about being liked that he rarely states strong opinions in meetings of your department. Based on this, Gerry probably has a

strong need for affiliation

Ellen has worked on a project to market a new medication from beginning to end—advertising, packaging, etc. The design program wins an award. Ellen's _____ is high.

task identity

interactional justice is defined as the perceived fairness of

the quality of interpersonal treatment received

according to ________, the typical perspective held by managers is that employees dislike work, must be motivated, and can be motivated only with rewards and punishment ("carrots and sticks")

theory X

At Cornet Company, employees and teams had higher performance, greater job satisfaction, and increased organizational commitment when their managers showed ________ behaviors.

theory Y

the need for prestige and reputation is a part of the need for

esteem

Don believes that if he works hard and attends every class, he will get an A in his OB course. This belief is called a(n)

expectancy

___________ theory holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes

expectancy

Ken recently completed his MBA degree. He has received two job offers. Which of the following theories is most useful in predicting the choice that Ken will make?

expectancy theory

_______ are the elements of expectancy theory

expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat:

has more education and experience

in herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction arise from different sets of factors

true

joanna is motivated by the feeling that she's done the best she can do. this represents intrinsic motivation.

true

process theories are more dynamic than content theories

true

research does not support the two-factor aspect of herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory

true

Claire has a law degree and brings five years of experience to her current job. She bills more client hours than any other associate. Claire receives a salary of $125,000, a bonus, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Claire's perspective, which of the following is an output of the individual-organization exchange relationship?

two weeks paid vacation

in mcclelland's acquired needs theory,

we learn needs as we live our lives